Amini Protestoları: Devlet ve Toplum Arasında Yeni Bir Mutabakat Sözü

Yıl 2023, , 101 - 126, 30.06.2023

Merve Çalhan

https://doi.org/10.33201/iranian.1231791

Öz

Bu makale, 22 yaşındaki Mahsa Amini’nin ahlak polisi tarafından yapılan sorgulaması esnasında ölümünün ardından gelişen olayları analiz etmeyi hedeflemektedir. Protestolar, rejimin kesintisiz meşruiyetine en önemli tehdit olarak nitelendirilmiştir. Protestolar, Beyaz Çarşambalar hareketiyle kıyaslandığında, en uzun soluklu protesto hareketi olarak kayıtlara geçmiştir. Protestocular, kadınlara eşit hak talepleri için sokakları işgal etmişlerdir. Kalkışma yorumcular ve akademisyenler tarafından İran İslam Cumhuriyeti’nin varlığına önemli bir tehdit olarak tartışılmıştır. Bu cüretkar kalkışma denemesi önümüzdeki günlerde, İran’da daha kritik gelişmelere yol açabilir ve protestolar, İran’ın kemikleşmiş liderliğine önemli bir zorluk teşkil edebilir. Ancak, hükümetin devamlılığının tehdit altında olup olmadığı hala oldukça tartışılan bir konudur. Makalede, yaşanan protestoların belirleyici motifleri, protestonun sebepleri ve tecrübe edilen toplumsal hareket dalgasının toplumun farklı segmentleri arasındaki dialog kanallarının açılması üzerindeki etkisi politik süreç teorisinin temel bileşenleri üzerinden değerlendirilmiştir. Bu çerçevede, protestolarla ilgili İran ulusal basını ve uluslararası basında yer alan uzman yorumları, makale ve görüşler yorumlanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

İsyanlar, Sosyal hareketler, Sosyal medya, Genç nüfus, Z – kuşağı

Amini Protests: Vowing for a New Commitment Between Society and State

Öz

This article aims to contextualize Iran’s recent protests, following the death of 22-year-old Mahsa Amini while in the custody of Iran’s so-called morality police. The protests have amounted to be one of the most serious challenge to the regime’s uninterrupted legitimacy. The protests have been recorded as the longest standing one compared to the White Wednesdays Movement. Protesters have taken over the streets across the country to stand up for requesting equal rights for women. The attempt has been argued by critics and academics as posing a serious security challenge to presence of Islamic Republic. This courageous experiment could spur more significant developments in Iran over the coming days and weeks and the protesters may pose a major challenge to Iran’s entrenched leadership, however prediction of whether the survival of the government is at stake or not, is still very much debatable issue. In the article, distinctive features and reasons of Amini protests and the effects of launching dialogue channels among different segments of the society have been analyzed through main components of political process theory. In this framework of op-eds, reviews and reports which have been published in Iran national and international media platforms were interpreted.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Uprisings, Social movements, Social media, Young population, Generation – Z

Kaynakça

• Aarabi, K., & Shelley, J. (2022). Protests and polling insights from the streets of Iran: How removal of the hijab became a symbol of regime change. Tony Blair Institute for Global Change. https://institute.global/sites/default/files/articles/Protests-and-Polling-Insights-From-the-Streets-of-Iran-How-Removal-of-the-Hijab-Became-a-Symbol-of-Regime-Change.pdf
• Abdoh-Tabrizi, E. (2018, February 01). Iran's mass protests beyond class boundaries. Open Democracy. https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/north-africa-west-asia/iran-s-mass-protests-beyond-class-boundaries/
• Akbari, A. (2021). The threat of automating control: Surveillance of women’s clothing in Iran. In A. Završnik, & V. Badalič (Eds.), Automating Crime Prevention, Surveillance, and Military Operations (p. 183-203). Springer.
• Article 19 . (2020). Iran: Tightening the net 2020 after blood and shutdowns . Free Word Centre .
• Axworthy, M. (2013). Revolutionary Iran, a history of the Islamic Republic. Penguin Books .
• Basmechi, F. (2019). Hijab laws and white wednesdays: A qualitative analysis of attitudes toward compulsory hijab laws and anti-compulsory hijab movement. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344149698_HIJAB_LAWS_AND_WHITE_WEDNESDAYS_A_Qualitative_Analysis_of_Attitudes_toward_Compulsory_Hijab_Laws_and_Anti-Compulsory_Hijab_Movement
• Basso, S., Xynou , M., Filasto , A., & Meng, A. (2022). Iran blocks social media, app stores and encrypted DNS amid Mahsa Amini protests. Open Observatory of Network Interference. https://ooni.org/post/2022-iran-blocks-social-media-mahsa-amini-protests/
• Bayat, A. (1997). Un-civil society: The politics of the 'informal people'. Third World Quarterly, 18(1), 53-72. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3992901.
• Bayat, A. (2008). Sokak siyaseti: İran'da yoksul halk hareketleri. Phoenix Yayınevi.
• Bizaer, M. (2022, October 05). Iran's rising generation Z at the forefront of protests. MEI@75. https://www.mei.edu/publications/irans-rising-generation-z-forefront-protests
• Bozorgmehr , N. (2022, October 16). The revolutionary ambitions of Iran's generation Z. Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/9ef27dcc-38ed-472d-b198-d223bb7e888b
• Brinkhof , T. (2022, December 14). Iran's protest culture. Jstor Daily. https://daily.jstor.org/irans-protest-culture/
• Cannetti, T. (2022, November 07). An awakening moment: Why Iranian men are supporting the 'women, life, freedom' protests. SBS News. https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/an-awakening-moment-why-iranian-men-are-supporting-the-women-life-freedom-protests/z9xt9txsj
• Carl, N. (2021, 12). Whatever it takes to end it: Iran's shift toward more oppressive governance. American Enterprise Institute. https://www.aei.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Whatever-it-takes-to-end-it.pdf?x91208
• Cholov, M. (2022, October 24). Protests spread in Iran as president Raisi vows to crack down. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/sep/24/protests-spread-in-iran-as-president-raisi-vows-to-crack-down
• Dabashi, H. (2010). Iran, the green movement and the USA: The Fox and the Paradox . Zed Books .
• Dagres, H. (2022, November 1). Meet Iran's gen Z: The driving force behind the protests. Foreign Policy. https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/11/01/iran-protests-gen-z-mahsa-amini-social-media/
• Edabi, S. (2018, January 12). Der sturz des regimes hat begonnen [the demise of regime has started]. (M. Hesse, Interviewer). Frankfurter Rundschhau. https://www.fr.de/kultur/sturz-regimes-begonnen-10985953.html.
• Emirates Policy Center. (2022, October 09). 'Generation Z' leading the change in Iran: Regime's fears and plans to confront it : https://epc.ae/en/details/scenario/-generation-z-leading-the-change-in-iran-regime-s-fears-and-plans-to-confront-it
• Ershad, A. (2022, October 14). Iran: generation Z at the heart of the protest movement . The Observers. https://observers.france24.com/en/middle-east/20221014-iran-generation-z-at-the-heart-of-the-protest-movement
• Euronews. (2022, October 29). Iran protests: Europe's cities rally for Mahsa Amini and women's rights. https://www.euronews.com/2022/10/29/iran-protests-europes-cities-rally-for-mahsa-amini-and-womens-rights
• Fathollah-Nejad, A. (2020). The Islamic Republic of Iran four decades on: The 2017/18 protests amid a triple crisis. The Brookings Institution.
• G. Jones, S., & Newlee, D. (2019, November 08). Iran's protests and the threat to domestic stability. Center for Strategic & International Studies (CSIS) - CSIS Briefs. https://www.csis.org/analysis/irans-protests-and-threat-domestic-stability
• Ghobadi, P. (2022, October 14). Iran protests: Iran's gen Z realize life can be different. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-63213745
• Goulimaki, L. (2022, September 24). Hunderds rally in European cities to denounce Iran regime. i24 News. https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/international/europe/1664049524-hundreds-rally-in-european-cities-to-denounce-iran-regime
• Habibi, N. (2008, 10). The Iranian economy in the shadow of economic sanctions. Brandeis University Middle East Brief, 31, 1-7. https://bit.ly/3WRkIUX
• Human Rights Activists News Agency [HRANA]. (2022a). Iran protests in 2022. https://www.en-hrana.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/82-Day-WLF-Protest-in-Iran-2022-English.pdf
• HRANA. (2022b, December 18). Twelve people arrested allegedly for "publishing calls for protests on the internet'. https://www.en-hrana.org/twelve-people-arrested-allegedly-for-publishing-calls-for-protests-on-the-internet/
• İranwire . (2022, September 22). "Bi-sharaf!": A guide to the slogans heard at protests in Iran society and culture. https://iranwire.com/en/society/107735-guide-to-the-slogans-heard-at-protests-in-iran/
• ISPA. (2021, 02). 73.6 percent of people over the age of 18 in the country currently use social media/whatsapp messenger ranks first. http://ispa.ir/Default/Details/fa/2282
• Jackson, F. (2021, January 09). Iran bans import of UK and US COVID-19 vaccine, saying they are completely untrustworthy. France 24. https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20210109-iran-bans-import-of-uk-and-us-covid-19-vaccines-saying-they-re-completely-untrustworthy
• Jafari, S. (2021, December 04). The young Iranians fed up with nuclear talks, never ending sanctions. Middle East Eye. https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/iran-nuclear-talks-sanctions-young-iranians-fed-up
• Jones, S., & Newlee, D. (2019, 11). Iran's protests and the threat to domestic stability. Center for Strategic & International Studies. https://csis-website-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/publication/Jones_IranProtestsStability_FINAL.pdf
• Juneau, T. (2018). Iran’s costly intervention in Syria: A pyrrhic victory. Mediterranean Politics, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/13629395.2018.1479362
• Kahraman, A. (2020). The relationship of genaration Z with digital technology. International Anatolian Journal of Social Sciences, 4(2), 113-134. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ulasbid/issue/54857/756877
• Karaoğlu, O. (2022, December 19). Şii siyasi düşüncesi ve Şii teopolitiği. In O. Karaoğlu, & N. Erhan (Eds.), İran: Bir Ülkenin Akademik Anatomisi (p. 179-207). İnkilap Yayınevi.
• Knoema . (2021, December 13). Communication statistics of Iran. https://knoema.com/IRCOM2018/communication-statistics-of-iran?regionId=IR
• Malekpou, M. (2021). My camera is my weapon: The discursive development of Iranian women and cyber-feminisim. International Journal of English and Comparative Literary Studies, 2(2), 15-28. https://doi.org/10.47631/ijecls.v2i2.224
• Motamedi, M. (2022, October 07). Who is the dictator? Asks iran's Raisi as protests continue. Aljazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/12/7/whos-the-dictator-asks-irans-raisi-as-protests-continue
• Niakooee, S. A. (2020). Explaining the crisis of the green movement in Iran (2009-2017). Democracy and Security, https://doi.org/10.1080/17419166.2020.1716733
• OONI. (2022). OONI measurement aggregation toolkit (MAT). https://explorer.ooni.org/chart/mat?probe_cc=IR&test_name=web_connectivity&since=2022-11-01&until=2022-11-30&axis_x=measurement_start_day
• Rafizadeh , M. (2022, October 07). Iran's regime main challange comes from generation Z. Arab News. https://www.arabnews.com/node/2176686
• Saffari, S. (n.d.). Iran protests: Chancing dynamics between the Islamic Republic and the poor. Diverseasia. http://diverseasia.snu.ac.kr/?p=324
• Saidi, M. (2018, December 18). More protests, no progress: The 2018 Iran protests. American Enterprise Institute. https://www.aei.org/research-products/report/more-protests-no-progress-the-2018-iran-protests/
• Saidi, M., & Amir, D. (2018, December 18). More chants, more protests: the dey Iranian anti-regime protests. Critical Threats. https://www.criticalthreats.org/analysis/more-chants-more-protests-the-dey-iranian-anti-regime-protests
• Saric, I. (2022, October 07). "No going back": Gen Z at the forefront of protests in Iran. Axios. https://www.axios.com/2022/10/17/iran-protests-gen-z-mahsa-amini-death
• Shahi, A., & Abdoh-Tabrizi, E. (2020). Iran's 2019 -2020 demonstrations: The changing dynamics of political protests in Iran. Asian Affairs, 1(1), 1-41. https://www.academia.edu/36779736/Iran_Protests_Changing_Dynamics_between_the_Islamic_Republic_and_the_Poor
• Statista. (2022, January 18). Iran: age structure from 2011 to 2021. https://www.statista.com/statistics/294213/iran-age-structure/
• Strzyżyńska, W. (2022, September 22). Iran blocks capital's internet access as Amini protests grow. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/sep/22/iran-blocks-capitals-internet-access-as-amini-protests-grow
• Tafakori, S. (2021). Digital feminism beyond nativism and empire: Affective territories of recognition and competing claims to suffering in Iranian women’s campaigns. Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 47(1), 47-80. https://doi.org/10.1086/715649
• Tahmasebi-Birgani, V. (2010). Green women of Iran: The role of the women's movement during and after Iran's presidential election of 2009. Constellations An International Journal of Critical and Democratic Theory, 17(1), 78-86. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8675.2009.00576.x
• Teller, N. (2022, October 11). Gen Z are standing up to iran's regime. The Jerusalem Post. https://www.jpost.com/opinion/article-719328
• Tharoor, I. (2022, October 07). The gen Z rebellion against Iran's regime. Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/10/07/gen-z-rebellion-against-irans-regime/
• Turani, B. (2022, September 21). Regime's might versus determination of Iran's generation z. Iran International. https://www.iranintl.com/en/202209216336
• Worldometer. (2022, December 16). Iran population. https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/iran-population/
• Wright, R. (2022, October 26). Iran's new protest generation. The New Yorker. https://www.newyorker.com/culture/photo-booth/irans-new-protest-generation