Araştırma Makalesi
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Safevi İran’ında Popüler Anlatılarla Şiilik

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 385 - 406, 29.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.33201/iranian.1670695
https://izlik.org/JA28KZ72TA

Öz

Safevi Devleti'ni kuran Şah İsmail, On İki İmam adına hutbe okuttu ve Şiiliği resmi mezhep olarak ilan etti. İsmail, seleflerinin başaramadığını başararak İran'ı siyasi olarak birleştirmiş ve Şiiliği resmi mezhep olarak kabul etmişti. Safeviler resmi mezhebe uygun adımlar atarak tüm güç ve yetkilerini bu yönde harcamaya başladılar. Safeviler rakiplerini kötülemek, onlara psikolojik baskı uygulamak ya da tamamen ortadan kaldırmak gibi çeşitli yöntemler uygulamaya başlamış ve devlet otoritesini güçlendirdi. Şiiliğin resmen ilan edilmesiyle birlikte Ehl-i beyt merkezli dini ibadetlerin uygulanması ve Şiiliğin yayılmasını sağlayacak çeşitli eserlerin üretilmesi sağlandı. Bu faaliyetler şahların manevi himayesi altında yürütülmüştür. İran'da Osmanlıların ve Özbeklerin hâkimiyet kurma girişimlerine karşı Şiiliğin korunması, Safevi şahlarının dindarlık algılarını şekillendirmiştir. Şah İsmail döneminden itibaren halk arasında okunan destan türündeki eserlerin Şiiliğin yayılmasında önemli bir yere sahip olduğu söylenebilir. Popüler kültürü nasıl şekillendiği anlamak için destan türündeki eserlerde inanç unsurlarının çözümlenmesine odaklanılmıştır.Bu çalışmada Hamza-nâme, Ebumüslimnâme destanlarının Şiiliğe katkısı üzerinde durulacaktır.

Kaynakça

  • Afshari, M. (2021). Stories and tales: Entertainment as literature. In B. Utas (Ed.), A history of Persian literature (Vol. 5, pp. 379–454). I.B. Tauris.
  • Albayrak, N. (1997). Hamzanâme. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi (Cilt 15). Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları.
  • Babayan, K. (1994). The Safavid synthesis: From Qizilbash Islam to Imamite Shi‘ism. Iranian Studies, 27, 135–161.
  • Bayhaqī, A. b. Ḥ. b. ʿA. (2003). Shuʿab al-īmān (Vol. 5; A. ʿA. ʿA. Hamid, Ed.). Maktabat al-Rushd.
  • Brunner, R. (2005). The role of hadith as cultural memory in Shiʿi history. Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam, 30, 318–360.
  • Caferiyan, R. (2003). The immigrant manuscripts: A study of the migration of Shiʿi works from Arab regions to Iran in the early Safavid era. In A. J. Newman (Ed.), Society and culture in the Middle East: Studies on Iran in the Safavid period (pp. 351–369). Brill.
  • Calmard, J. (2003). Popular literature under the Safavids. In A. Newman (Ed.), Society and culture in the Middle East: Studies on Iran in the Safavid period (pp. 315–339). Brill.
  • Dumézil, G. (2016). Mit ve destan II (A. Berktay, Çev.). Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
  • Hagen, G. (2009). Heroes and saints in Anatolian Turkish literature. Oriente Moderno, 89(2), 349–361.
  • Halili, N. (1392). Goftemān-i necātbakhshī dar Īrān-i ʿaṣr-i Ṣafavī. [Yayınevi bilgisi yok].
  • Hanaway, W. (1991). Amir Arsalan and the question of genre. Iranian Studies, 24(1–4), 55–60.
  • Hanaway, W. (1970). Persian popular romances before the Safavid period (Doctoral dissertation, Columbia University).
  • Ibn al-Nadīm. (2010). Al-Fihrist (Y. A. Tawil, Ed.). Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya.
  • Johnson, R. S. (2004). The Tabarra’iyyan and early Safavids. Iranian Studies, 37(1), 47–71.
  • Karamustafa, A. T. (2015). Islamisation through the lens of the Saltuk-nāme. In A. C. S. Peacock, B. De Nicola, & S. N. Yıldız (Eds.), Islam and Christianity in medieval Anatolia (pp. 349–364). Ashgate.
  • Kufī, A. Ḥ. (2001). Qiṣṣa-yi Sayyid Junayd (Ḥ. Esmāʿīlī, Ed.).
  • Marzolph, U. (2010). Persian popular literature. In G. Kreyenbroek & U. Marzolph (Eds.), Oral literature of Iranian languages: Kurdish, Pashto, Balochi, Ossetic, Persian & Tajik (pp. 208–239). I.B. Tauris.
  • Marzolph, U. (1999). A treasury of formulatic narrative: The Persian popular romance Hoseyn-e Kord. Oral Tradition, 14(2), 279–303.
  • Moazzen, M. (2018). Formation of religious landscape: Shiʿi higher learning in Safavid Iran. Brill.
  • Newman, A. (2020). The limits of “orthodoxy”: Notes on the anti-Abu Muslim polemic of early 11th/17th-century Iran. In D. Hermann & M. Terrier (Eds.), Shiʿi Islam and Sufism: Classical views and modern perspectives (pp. 65–119). I.B. Tauris in association with The Institute of Ismaili Studies.
  • Parsadust, M. (1391). Shāh Ṭahmāsp-i avval. Şirket-i Sihāmī.
  • Qiṣṣa-yi Ḥamza. (1968). (J. Sheʿar, Ed.).
  • Safa, Z. (1365). Mājarā-yi taḥrīm-i Abū Muslim-nāma. Īrān-nāma, 18, 233–249.
  • Savory, R. (1965). The consolidation of Safavid Persia. Der Islam, 41, 71–94.
  • Tarsusī, A. Ṭ. (2001). Abū Muslim-nāma (Ḥ. Esmāʿīlī, Ed.).
  • Tor, D. G. (2011). The Islamisation of Iranian kingly ideals in the Persianate Fürstenspiegel. Iran, 49(1), 115–122.
  • Yamamoto, K. (2010). Naqqālī: Professional Iranian storytelling. In G. Kreyenbroek & U. Marzolph (Eds.), Oral literature of Iranian languages: Kurdish, Pashto, Balochi, Ossetic, Persian and Tajik (pp. 240–257). I.B. Tauris.
  • Yamamoto, K. (2022). Hamza versus Rustam: Comparing the Ḥamzanāma with the Shāhnāma. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 85(3), 355–375.
  • Yıldırım, R. (2015). In the name of Husayn’s blood: The memory of Karbala as ideological stimulus to the Safavid revolution. Journal of Persianate Studies, 8, 127–154.

Shiism With Popular Narratives in Safavid Iran

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 385 - 406, 29.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.33201/iranian.1670695
https://izlik.org/JA28KZ72TA

Öz

Shah Ismail, who founded the Safavid State, had a khutba read in the name of the Twelve Imams and declared Shiism as the official sect. Ismail accomplished what his predecessors failed to do: he united Iran politically and accepted Shiism as the official sect. The Safavids took steps by the official sect and started to spend all their power and authority in this direction. The Safavids started to apply various methods such as vilifying their rivals, putting psychological pressure on them or eliminating them completely and strengthened their state authority. With the official declaration of Shiism, the practice of religious worship centred on Ahl-e Beyt and the production of various works that would ensure the spread of Shiism was ensured. These activities were carried out under the spiritual patronage of the Shahs. The protection of Shiism in Iran against the attempts of the Ottomans and Uzbeks to establish dominance shaped the perceptions of religiosity of the Safavid shahs. It can be said that works in the epic genre, which have been read among the people since the reign of Shah Ismail, have an important place in the spread of Shiism. This study will focus on the contribution of the epics Hamze-nama and Abu-Moslem-nama to Shiism.

Kaynakça

  • Afshari, M. (2021). Stories and tales: Entertainment as literature. In B. Utas (Ed.), A history of Persian literature (Vol. 5, pp. 379–454). I.B. Tauris.
  • Albayrak, N. (1997). Hamzanâme. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi (Cilt 15). Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları.
  • Babayan, K. (1994). The Safavid synthesis: From Qizilbash Islam to Imamite Shi‘ism. Iranian Studies, 27, 135–161.
  • Bayhaqī, A. b. Ḥ. b. ʿA. (2003). Shuʿab al-īmān (Vol. 5; A. ʿA. ʿA. Hamid, Ed.). Maktabat al-Rushd.
  • Brunner, R. (2005). The role of hadith as cultural memory in Shiʿi history. Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam, 30, 318–360.
  • Caferiyan, R. (2003). The immigrant manuscripts: A study of the migration of Shiʿi works from Arab regions to Iran in the early Safavid era. In A. J. Newman (Ed.), Society and culture in the Middle East: Studies on Iran in the Safavid period (pp. 351–369). Brill.
  • Calmard, J. (2003). Popular literature under the Safavids. In A. Newman (Ed.), Society and culture in the Middle East: Studies on Iran in the Safavid period (pp. 315–339). Brill.
  • Dumézil, G. (2016). Mit ve destan II (A. Berktay, Çev.). Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
  • Hagen, G. (2009). Heroes and saints in Anatolian Turkish literature. Oriente Moderno, 89(2), 349–361.
  • Halili, N. (1392). Goftemān-i necātbakhshī dar Īrān-i ʿaṣr-i Ṣafavī. [Yayınevi bilgisi yok].
  • Hanaway, W. (1991). Amir Arsalan and the question of genre. Iranian Studies, 24(1–4), 55–60.
  • Hanaway, W. (1970). Persian popular romances before the Safavid period (Doctoral dissertation, Columbia University).
  • Ibn al-Nadīm. (2010). Al-Fihrist (Y. A. Tawil, Ed.). Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya.
  • Johnson, R. S. (2004). The Tabarra’iyyan and early Safavids. Iranian Studies, 37(1), 47–71.
  • Karamustafa, A. T. (2015). Islamisation through the lens of the Saltuk-nāme. In A. C. S. Peacock, B. De Nicola, & S. N. Yıldız (Eds.), Islam and Christianity in medieval Anatolia (pp. 349–364). Ashgate.
  • Kufī, A. Ḥ. (2001). Qiṣṣa-yi Sayyid Junayd (Ḥ. Esmāʿīlī, Ed.).
  • Marzolph, U. (2010). Persian popular literature. In G. Kreyenbroek & U. Marzolph (Eds.), Oral literature of Iranian languages: Kurdish, Pashto, Balochi, Ossetic, Persian & Tajik (pp. 208–239). I.B. Tauris.
  • Marzolph, U. (1999). A treasury of formulatic narrative: The Persian popular romance Hoseyn-e Kord. Oral Tradition, 14(2), 279–303.
  • Moazzen, M. (2018). Formation of religious landscape: Shiʿi higher learning in Safavid Iran. Brill.
  • Newman, A. (2020). The limits of “orthodoxy”: Notes on the anti-Abu Muslim polemic of early 11th/17th-century Iran. In D. Hermann & M. Terrier (Eds.), Shiʿi Islam and Sufism: Classical views and modern perspectives (pp. 65–119). I.B. Tauris in association with The Institute of Ismaili Studies.
  • Parsadust, M. (1391). Shāh Ṭahmāsp-i avval. Şirket-i Sihāmī.
  • Qiṣṣa-yi Ḥamza. (1968). (J. Sheʿar, Ed.).
  • Safa, Z. (1365). Mājarā-yi taḥrīm-i Abū Muslim-nāma. Īrān-nāma, 18, 233–249.
  • Savory, R. (1965). The consolidation of Safavid Persia. Der Islam, 41, 71–94.
  • Tarsusī, A. Ṭ. (2001). Abū Muslim-nāma (Ḥ. Esmāʿīlī, Ed.).
  • Tor, D. G. (2011). The Islamisation of Iranian kingly ideals in the Persianate Fürstenspiegel. Iran, 49(1), 115–122.
  • Yamamoto, K. (2010). Naqqālī: Professional Iranian storytelling. In G. Kreyenbroek & U. Marzolph (Eds.), Oral literature of Iranian languages: Kurdish, Pashto, Balochi, Ossetic, Persian and Tajik (pp. 240–257). I.B. Tauris.
  • Yamamoto, K. (2022). Hamza versus Rustam: Comparing the Ḥamzanāma with the Shāhnāma. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 85(3), 355–375.
  • Yıldırım, R. (2015). In the name of Husayn’s blood: The memory of Karbala as ideological stimulus to the Safavid revolution. Journal of Persianate Studies, 8, 127–154.
Toplam 29 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Fars Dili, Edebiyatı ve Kültürü
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Mehmet Dağlar 0000-0003-3044-4991

Gönderilme Tarihi 6 Nisan 2025
Kabul Tarihi 3 Eylül 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Aralık 2025
DOI https://doi.org/10.33201/iranian.1670695
IZ https://izlik.org/JA28KZ72TA
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Dağlar, M. (2025). Shiism With Popular Narratives in Safavid Iran. İran Çalışmaları Dergisi, 9(2), 385-406. https://doi.org/10.33201/iranian.1670695

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