The Impact of Learned Helplessness on Social Media-Induced Secondary Traumatic Stress: Mediation by Religious Coping and Moderation by Quality of Life

Öz

The use of social media, which has rapidly increased in recent years, directly or indirectly affects people's mental health. This study aims to determine the effect of learned helplessness (LH) on social media-induced secondary traumatic stress (STS-SM), and the role of quality of life and religious coping in this relationship in Türkiye. This cross-sectional study sample consisted of 397 Turkish Muslim adults. Results revealed significant links among LH, negative religious coping (NRC), and quality of life, with STS-SM. Moderation analyses revealed that perceived high quality of life moderated the positive effect of LH on STS-SM, while mediation analyses revealed that NRC partially mediated this relationship. The results support that disturbing content on social media can trigger traumatic stress, especially in individuals who feel helpless, and turn to negative religious coping, but the perceived high quality of life has a buffering effect.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Secondary traumatic stress
• social media
• learned helplessness
• religious coping
• quality of life

Öğrenilmiş Çaresizliğin Sosyal Medya Kaynaklı İkincil Travmatik Stres Üzerindeki Etkisi: Dini Başa Çıkmanın Aracı ve Yaşam Kalitesinin Düzenleyici Rolü

Öz

Son yıllarda hızla artan sosyal medya kullanımı, doğrudan ya da dolaylı olarak insanların ruh sağlığını etkilemektedir. Bu çalışma, öğrenilmiş çaresizliğin (ÖÇ) sosyal medya kaynaklı ikincil travmatik stres (SM-İTS) üzerindeki etkisini ve bu ilişkide yaşam kalitesi ile dini başa çıkmanın rolünü Türkiye bağlamında incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Kesitsel tarama desenli bu çalışmanın örneklemini 397 Türk Müslüman yetişkin oluşturmuştur. Sonuçlar, ÖÇ ile negatif dini başa çıkma (NDB) ve yaşam kalitesi ile SM-İTS arasında anlamlı ilişkiler olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Düzenleyici analizler, algılanan yüksek yaşam kalitesinin, ÖÇ’nin SM-İTS üzerindeki pozitif etkisini zayıflattığını göstermiştir; aracılık analizleri ise NDB’nin bu ilişkiye kısmen aracılık ettiğini ortaya koymuştur. Bulgular, sosyal medyada karşılaşılan rahatsız edici içeriklerin özellikle kendini çaresiz hisseden bireylerde travmatik stresi tetikleyebileceğini ve bu bireylerin negatif dini başa çıkma yöntemlerine yönelebildiklerini, ancak algılanan yüksek yaşam kalitesinin bu etkiyi hafifleten bir rol oynadığını desteklemektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• İkincil travmatik stres
• sosyal medya
• öğrenilmiş çaresizlik
• dini başa çıkma
• yaşam kalitesi

Kaynakça

1. Abramson, Lyn Y. - Seligman, Martin E. P. - Teasdale, John D. “Learned Helplessness in Humans: Critique and Reformulation”. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 87/1 (1978), 49-74. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.87.1.49
2. Abu Raiya, Hisham - Pargament, Kenneth I. - Mahoney, Annette - Stein, Catherine. “A Psychological Measure of Islamic Religiousness: Development and Evidence for Reliability and Validity”. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion 18/4 (2008), 291-315. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508610802229270
3. Abu-Raiya, Hisham - Pargament, Kenneth I. - Mahoney, Annette. “Examining Coping Methods with Stressful Interpersonal Events Experienced by Muslims Living in the United States Following the 9/11 Attacks”. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality 3/1 (2011), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020034
4. Abu-Raiya, Hisham - Pargament, Kenneth I. “Religious Coping among Diverse Religions: Commonalities and Divergences”. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality 7/1 (2015), 24-33. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037652
5. Alsamara, Kinda - Kakaje, Ameer - Soqia, Jameel - Ghareeb, Amjad - Watson, Loretta - Hadakie, Rana - Jawich, Kenda - Al-Homsi, Alaa - Forbes, David. “Exploring Women’s Religious Coping Strategies and Psychological Impact After the 2023 Earthquake in Syria”. Journal of Religion and Health 63 (2024), 2314-2326. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-024-02005-8
6. Ano, Gene G. - Vasconcelles, Erin B. “Religious Coping and Psychological Adjustment to Stress: A Meta-Analysis”. Journal of Clinical Psychology 61/4 (2005), 461-480. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20049
7. Ayten, Ali. Prososyal Davranışlarda Dindarlık ve Empatinin Rolü. İstanbul: Marmara University, Social Sciences Institute, Ph.D. Dissertation, 2009.
8. Badger, Karen - Royse, David - Craig, Carlton. “Hospital Social Workers and Indirect Trauma Exposure: An Exploratory Study of Contributing Factors”. Health & Social Work 33/1 (2008), 63-71. https://doi.org/10.1093/hsw/33.1.63

9. Balcı Çelik, Seher - Altınışık, Mustafa Selim. “Adaptation of Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale to Turkish for Social Media Users: Reliability and Validity Study”. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal 11/60 (2021), 1-12.
10. Bride, Brian E. “Prevalence of Secondary Traumatic Stress among Social Workers”. Social Work 52/1 (2007), 63-70. https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/52.1.63
11. Bryant-Davis, Thema - Ullman, Sarah E. - Tsong, Yuying - Gobin, Robyn. “Surviving the Storm: The Role of Social Support and Religious Coping in Sexual Assault Recovery of African American Women”. Violence Against Women 17/12 (2011), 1601-1618. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801211436138
12. Comstock, Casey - Platania, Judith. “The Role of Media-Induced Secondary Traumatic Stress on Perceptions of Distress”. American International Journal of Social Science 16/1 (2017), 1-10.
13. Conoscenti, Michael A. - Fanselow, Michael S. “Dissociation in Effective Treatment and Behavioral Phenotype Between Stress-Enhanced Fear Learning and Learned Helplessness”. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience 13 (2019), 104. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00104
14. De Luna, Joseph E. - Wang, David C. “Child Traumatic Stress and the Sacred: Neurobiologically Informed Interventions for Therapists and Parents”. Religions 12/3 (2021), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12030163
15. Ekşi, Halil - Sayın, Mine. “The Adaptation of Religious Coping Scale into Turkish Language: A Study of Bilingual Equivalance, Validity and Reliability”. AGP Humanities and Social Sciences Conference. Berlin: BAU International Berlin University, 2016. BAU International Berlin University, 19-22 May 2016, Germany.
16. Field, Andy. Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS Statistics. London: Sage Publications, 5. edition, 2017.
17. Figley, Charles R. Compassion Fatigue: Coping with Secondary Traumatic Stress Disorder in Those Who Treat the Traumatized. New York: Brunner/Mazel Publishers, 1995.
18. Gerber, Monica M. - Boals, Adriel - Schuettler, Darnell. “The Unique Contributions of Positive and Negative Religious Coping to Posttraumatic Growth and PTSD”. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality 3/4 (2011), 298-307. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023016
19. Greinacher, Anja - Derezza Greeven, Cassandra - Herzog, Wolfgang - Nikendei, Christoph. “Secondary Traumatization in First Responders: A Systematic Review”. European Journal of Psychotraumatology 10/1 (2019), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2018.1562840
20. Hayes, Andrew F. Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach. New York - London: The Guilford Press, 2. edition, 2018.
21. Hebert, Randy - Zdaniuk, Bozena - Schulz, Richard - Scheier, Michael. “Positive and Negative Religious Coping and Well-Being in Women with Breast Cancer”. Journal of Palliative Medicine 12/6 (2009), 537-545. https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2008.0250
22. Hiroto, Donald S. - Seligman, Martin E. “Generality of Learned Helplessness in Man”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 31/2 (1975), 311-327. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0076270
23. Koenig, Harold G. - George, Linda K. - Siegler, Ilene C. “The Use of Religion and Other Emotion-Regulating Coping Strategies among Older Adults”. The Gerontologist 28/3 (1988), 303-310. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/28.3.303
24. Kuckertz, Mary - Lind, Teresa - Lau, Anna S. - Motamedi, Mojdeh - Wright, Blanche - Le, Kenny - Brookman Frazee, Lauren. “Outside the Clinic Door: How Neighborhood Sociodemographic Disadvantage is Associated with Community Therapist Secondary Traumatic Stress and Emotional Exhaustion”. Evidence-Based Practice in Child and Adolescent Mental Health 9/1 (2024), 15-32. https://doi.org/10.1080/23794925.2024.2310512
25. Lamba, Nishtha - Khokhlova, Olga - Bhatia, Aditi - McHugh, Cillian. “Mental Health Hygiene during a Health Crisis: Exploring Factors Associated with Media-Induced Secondary Trauma in Relation to the COVID-19 Pandemic”. Health Psychology Open 10/2 (2023), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1177/20551029231199578
26. Lazarus, R S. “Coping Theory and Research: Past, Present, and Future”. Psychosomatic Medicine 55/3 (1993), 234-247. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-199305000-00002
27. Mancini, M.N. Development and Validation of the Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale in a Sample of Social Media Users. Cleveland, OH: Cleveland State University, Master’s Thesis, 2019.
28. Memon, Mumtaz Ali - Cheah, Jun-Hwa - Ramayah, T. - Ting, Hiram - Chuah, Francis - Cham, Tat Huei. “Moderation Analysis: Issues and Guidelines”. Journal of Applied Structural Equation Modeling 3/1 (2019), i-xi. https://doi.org/10.47263/JASEM.3(1)01
29. Naz, Irum - Sehrish, Ms. “Trauma, Helplessness, and Quality of Life among Arthritis Patients Moderated by Perceived Social Support”. International Journal of Innovations in Science and Technology 4/6 (2022), 105-109. https://doi.org/10.33411/IJIST/2022040512
30. Ogińska-Bulik, Nina - Gurowiec, Piotr Jerzy - Michalska, Paulina - Kędra, Edyta. “Prevalence and Predictors of Secondary Traumatic Stress Symptoms in Health Care Professionals Working with Trauma Victims: A Cross-Sectional Study”. PLoS One 16/2 (2021), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247596
31. Ormiston, Heather E. - Nygaard, Malena A. - Apgar, Sophia. “A Systematic Review of Secondary Traumatic Stress and Compassion Fatigue in Teachers”. School Mental Health 14 (2022), 802-817. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12310-022-09525-2
32. Overmier, J. Bruce - Seligman, Martin E. “Effects of Inescapable Shock upon Subsequent Escape and Avoidance Responding”. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 63/1 (1967), 28-33. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0024166
33. Palker-Corell, Ann - Marcus, David K. “Partner Abuse, Learned Helplessness, and Trauma Symptoms”. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 23/4 (2004), 445-462. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.23.4.445.40311
34. Pankowski, Daniel - Wytrychiewicz-Pankowska, Kinga. “Turning to Religion During COVID-19 (Part I): A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression of Studies on the Relationship Between Religious Coping and Mental Health Throughout COVID-19”. Journal of Religion and Health 62 (February 2023), 510-543. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-022-01703-5
35. Pargament, Kenneth - Smith, Bruce W. - Koenig, Harold G. - Perez, Lisa. “Patterns of Positive and Negative Religious Coping with Major Life Stressors”. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 37/4 (January 1998), 710-724. https://doi.org/10.2307/1388152
36. Pargament, Kenneth I. - Tarakeshwar, Nalini - Ellison, Christopher G. - Wulff, Keith M. “Religious Coping among the Religious: The Relationships between Religious Coping and Well-Being in a National Sample of Presbyterian Clergy, Elders, and Members”. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 40/3 (2001), 497-513. https://doi.org/10.1111/0021-8294.00073
37. Pargament, Kenneth I. - Koenig, Harold G. - Perez, Lisa M. “The Many Methods of Religious Coping: Development and Initial Validation of the RCOPE”. Journal of Clinical Psychology 56/4 (2000), 519-543. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4679(200004)56:4<519::AID-JCLP6>3.0.CO;2-1
38. Pargament, Kenneth I. The Psychology of Religion and Coping: Theory, Research, Practice. New York: Guilford Press, 1997.
39. Park, Crystal L. - Holt, Cheryl L. - Le, Daisy - Juliette, Christie - Williams, Beverly Rosa “Positive and Negative Religious Coping Styles as Prospective Predictors of Well-Being in African Americans”. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality 10/4 (2018), 318-326. https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000124
40. Pearson, Geraldine S. “Managing the Barrage: Secondary Trauma After Media Exposure to Violence”. Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association 30/1 (2024), 5-6. https://doi.org/10.1177/10783903231216706
41. Prati, Gabriele - Pietrantoni, Luca - Cicognani, Elvira. “Self-Efficacy Moderates the Relationship between Stress Appraisal and Quality of Life among Rescue Workers”. Anxiety, Stress & Coping 23/4 (2010), 463-470. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615800903431699
42. Quinless, Frances W. - Nelson, Mary Anne McDermott. “Development of a Measure of Learned Helplessness”. Nursing Research 37/1 (1988), 11-15. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006199-198801000-00003
43. Rayner, Samantha - Davis, Cindy - Moore, Matthew - Cadet, Tamara. “Secondary Traumatic Stress and Related Factors in Australian Social Workers and Psychologists”. Health & Social Work 45/2 (May 27, 2020), 122-130. https://doi.org/10.1093/hsw/hlaa001
44. Rigas, Nikolaos - Soldatou, Alexandra - Dagla, Maria - Nanou, Christina - Antoniou, Evangelia. “The Risk of the Development of Secondary Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder among Pediatric Health Care Providers: A Systematic Review”. Reports 6/1 (2023), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3390/reports6010009
45. Roggenbaum, Laura - Roggenbaum, Laura - Wang, David C. - Dryjanska, Laura - Holmes, Erica - Lewis, Blaire A. - Brown, Eric M. “Secondary Traumatic Stress, Religious Coping, and Medical Mistrust among African American Clergy and Religious Leaders”. Religions 14/6 (2023), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel14060793
46. Schuster, Mark A. - Stein, Bradley D. - Jaycox, Lisa H. - Collins, Rebecca L. - Marshall, Grant N. - Elliott, Marc N. et al. “A National Survey of Stress Reactions after the September 11, 2001, Terrorist Attacks”. The New England Journal of Medicine 345/20 (2001), 1507-1512. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200111153452024
47. Scott, Carol F. - Marcu, Gabriela - Anderson, Riana Elyse - Newman, Mark W. - Schoenebeck, Sarita. “Trauma-Informed Social Media: Towards Solutions for Reducing and Healing Online Harm”. Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 1-20. New York: Association for Computing Machinery, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1145/3544548.3581512
48. Secker, Rosie M. - Braithwaite, Elizabeth. “Social Media-Induced Secondary Traumatic Stress: Can Viewing News Relating to Knife Crime via Social Media Induce PTSD Symptoms”. Psychreg Journal of Psychology 5/2 (2021), 23-37. https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.5746737
49. Seligman, Martin E. P. Helplessness: On Depression, Development, and Death. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman and Company, 1975.
50. Seligman, Martin E .P. “Learned Helplessness”. Annual Review of Medicine 23/1 (1972), 407-412. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.me.23.020172.002203
51. Sykora, Martin. “Web 1.0 to Web 2.0: An Observational Study and Empirical Evidence for the Historical r(Evolution) of the Social Web”. International Journal of Web Engineering and Technology 12/1 (2017), 70-94. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJWET.2017.084024
52. Tuchinda, Nicole. “The Imperative for Trauma-Responsive Special Education”. New York University Law Review 95/3 (June 2020), 766-836.
53. Uysal, Veysel. Din Psikolojisi Açısından Dini Tutum Davranış ve Şahsiyet Özellikleri. İstanbul: Marmara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Vakfı (İFAV) Yayınları, 1996.
54. Vukčević Marković, Maša - Živanović, Marko. “Secondary Traumatisation in Service Providers Working with Refugees”. Forced Migration and Social Trauma: Interdisciplinary Perspectives from Psychoanalysis, Psychology, Sociology and Politics. Ed. Andreas Hamburger et al. 237-248. New York: Routledge, 2018.
55. Vukčević Marković, Maša - Živanović, Marko. “Coping with Secondary Traumatic Stress”. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19/19 (2022), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912881
56. Walker, Hannah E.- Wamser-Nanney, Rachel - Howell, Kathryn H. “Relationships Between Childhood Interpersonal Trauma, Religious Coping, Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms, and Resilience”. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 37/13-14 (2022), NP11296-NP11314. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260521991883
57. Yavaş, Tuba. Ortaöğretim Okul Yöneticileri ve Öğretmenlerinin Öğrenilmiş Çaresizlik, Tükenmişlik ve Öz-yeterlik Algılarının Örgütsel Öğrenme Düzeylerine Etkileri. Elazığ: Fırat University, Educational Sciences Institue, Ph.D. Dissertation, 2012.
58. Yıldırım, Murat - Kızılgeçit, Muhammet - Seçer, İsmail - Karabulut, Faruk - Angın, Yasemin - Dağcı, Abdullah - Vural, Muhammed Enes - Bayram, Nurun Nisa - Çinici, Murat. “Meaning in Life, Religious Coping, and Loneliness During the Coronavirus Health Crisis in Turkey”. Journal of Religion and Health 60 (2021), 2371-2385. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-020-01173-7