Aktif Algı Tartışmaları Bağlamında İbn Sînâ’da Mütehayyile

Öz

Felsefe tarihi, insan zihninin dış dünyadaki nesnel gerçekliğin yalnızca algılayıcısı olduğu iddiası ile insan zihninin dış dünyadaki nesnel gerçekliğin kurucusu olduğu iddiası arasındaki gerilimlere tanıklık eder. Nesne herhangi bir işleme tabi tutulmadan mı algılanır? Yoksa algı, zihinde belirli süreçler aracılığıyla mı oluşmaktadır? İbn Sînâ''nın da dahil olduğu klasik felsefi psikolojide, hem semavi nefslerin hem de insani nefslerin idrak ve hareketlerinde saf akli olan ile saf maddi olan arasında ilişki kurmayı sağlayan güçler olarak iç duyulara başvurulmaktadır. Söz konusu dönemde hayal gücü hakkındaki tartışmalar, işaret edilen sorular açısından olduğu kadar duyusal alandaki parçalılık, farklılık ve bireysellik ile akli alandaki basitlik, ortaklık ve genellik arasındaki gerilim alanlarına işaret etmesi bakımından da önemlidir. Bu makale, İbn Sînâcı yeni iç duyular şeması ve özellikle mütehayyilenin, onun aktif algı hakkındaki tutumunu nasıl etkilediğini analiz etmektedir. Bu amaçla, öncelikle İbn Sînâ ile yeni bir görünüm kazanan iç duyular şeması ortaya konulacaktır. İkinci olarak, İbn Sînâ'nın, özellikle aktif algı ile ilgili olarak, mütehayyilenin işlevlerini nasıl yeniden tanımladığı analiz edilecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• İbn Sînâ
• iç duyular
• mütehayyile
• aktif algı

Avicenna on Compositive Imagination in the Context of Active Perception Debates

Öz

The history of philosophy witnesses the tensions between the claim that the human mind is the mere perceiver of objective reality in the external world and the claim that the human mind is the founder of objective reality in the external world. Is the object perceived without any processing? Or is perception formed in the mind through certain processes? In classical philosophical psychology, including Avicenna's, the internal senses are referred to as the faculties that enable the relation between the purely rational and the purely material in the perception and movements of both celestial and human souls. The discussions about the imagination in this period are important not only in terms of the questions raised but also in terms of pointing to the areas of tension between the fragmentation, difference, and individuality in the sensory realm and the simplicity, commonality, and generality in the rational realm. This article analyses how Avicennian new internal senses scheme and especially compositive imagination influenced his position about active perception. To this end, firstly, the scheme of internal senses, which gained a new appearance with Avicenna, will be revealed. Secondly, how Avicenna redefines the functions of compositive imagination, especially regarding active perception, is analyzed.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Avicenna
• internal senses
• compositive imagination (mutakhayyilah)
• active perception

Kaynakça

1. Alpina, Tommaso. “Intellectual Knowledge, Active Intellect and Intellectual Memory in Avicenna’s Kitāb al-Nafs and Its Aristotelian Background”. Documenti e studi sulla tradizione filosofica medievale 25 (2014), 131-183.
2. Alpina, Tommaso. Subject, Definition, Activity: Framing Avicenna’s Science of the Soul. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2021.
3. Alwishah, Ahmed. Avicenna’s Philosophy of Mind, Self-Awareness and Intentionality. California: University of California, Ph.D. Dissertation, 2006.
4. Black, Deborah. “Avicenna on the Ontological and Epistemic Status of Fictional Beings”. Documenti e studi sulla tradizione filosofica medievale 8 (1997), 425-453.
5. Black, Deborah. “Estimation (Wahm) in Avicenna: The Logical and Psychological Dimensions”. Dialog 32/2 (1993), 219-258.
6. Black, Deborah. “Imagination and Estimation: Arabic Paradigms and Western Transformations”. Topoi 19 (2000), 59-75.
7. Black, Deborah. “Rational Imagination: Avicenna on the Cogitative Power”. Philosophical Psychology in Arabic Thought and the Latin Aristotelianism of the 13th Century. ed. L. X. López-Farjeat - J. A. Tellkamp. 59-81. Paris: Vrin, 2013.
8. Brann, Eva T. H. The World of the Imagination - Sum and Substance. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2017.

9. Bundy, Murray W. The Theory of Imagination in Classical and Mediaeval Thought. Illinois: The University of Illinois, 1927.
10. Cai, Zhenyu. “Mad Man, Sleeper and Fire: Avicenna on the Perception of the External”. Arabic Sciences and Philosophy 35/1 (2025), 53-70.
11. D’ancona, Cristina. “Degrees of Abstraction in Avicenna: How to Combine De Anima and Enneads”. Theories of Perception in Medieval and Early Modern Philosophy. ed. S. Knuuttila - P. Kӓrkkӓinen. 47-71. Berlin: Springer, 2008.
12. Davidson, Herbert. “Alfarabi and Avicenna on the Active Intellect”. Viator 3 (1972), 109-178.
13. Davidson, Herbert. AlFarabi, Avicenna, & Averroes, on Intellect, Their Cosmologies, Theories of the Active Intellect & Theories of Human Intellect. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.
14. Frank, Richard M. “Some Fragments of Ishaq’s Translation of the de Anima”. Cahiers de Byrsa 8 (1958-1959), 231-251.
15. Gilson, Étienne. “Les sources gréco-arabes de l’augustinisme avicennisant”. Archives d’Histoire Doctrinale et Littéraire du Moyen Age 4 (1929 - 1930), 1-107.
16. Gutas, Dimitri. “Avicenna: The Metaphysics of the Rational Soul”. The Muslim World 102/3-4 (2012), 417-425.
17. Gutas, Dimitri. “Imagination and Transcendental Knowledge in Avicenna”. Arabic Theology, Arabic Philosophy – From the Many to the One: Essays in Celebration of Richard M. Frank. ed. James E. Montgomery. 337-354. Leuven: Peeters Publishers, 2006.
18. Gutas, Dimitri. “Intellect Without Limits: The Absence of Mysticism in Avicenna”. Intellect and Imagination in Medieval Philosophy. ed. M. C. Pacheco - J. F. Meirinhos. 351-372. Turnhout: Brepols, 2006.
19. Gutas, Dimitri. “Intuition and Thinking: The Evolving Structure of Avicenna’s Epistemology”. Aspects of Avicenna. ed. R. Wisnovsky. 1-38. Princeton: Markus Wiener Publishers, 2001.
20. Gutas, Dimitri. Avicenna and the Aristotelian Tradition: Introduction to Reading Avicenna’s Philosophical Works. Leiden: Brill, 2014.
21. Hall, Robert E. “A Decisive Example of the Influence of Psychological Doctrine in Islamic Science and Culture: Some Relationships Between Ibn Sīnā’s Psychology, Other Branches of His Thought, and Islamic Teachings”. Journal for The History of Arabic Science 3 (1979), 46-84.
22. Hall, Robert E. “Intellect, Soul and Body in Ibn Sīnā: Systematic Synthesis and Development of the Aristotelian, Neoplatonic and Galenic Theories”. Interpreting Avicenna: Science and Philosophy in Medieval Islam. ed. Jon McGinnis. 62-86. Leiden: Brill, 2004.
23. Harvey, E. Ruth. The Inward Wits: Psychological Theory in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. London: The Warburg Institute University of London, 1975.
24. Hasse, Dag N. “Avicenna on Abstraction”. Aspects of Avicenna. ed. R. Wisnovsky. 39-72. Princeton: Markus Wiener Publishers, 2001.
25. Hasse, Dag N. Avicenna’s De Anima in the Latin West: The Formation of a Peripatetic Philosophy of the Soul 1160–1300. London: The Warburg Institute, 2000.
26. Ibn Sīnā, Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAlī. “Risālah fī l-nafs wa-baqāʾihā wa-maʿādihā”. Aḥwāl al-nafs. ed. Aḥmad Fuʾād al-Ahwānī. 45-143. Cairo: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Kutub al-ʿArabiyyah, 1952.
27. Ibn Sīnā, Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAlī. al-Ishārāt wa-l-tanbīhāt. ed. ʿAlī Riḍā Najafzādah. Tehran: Anjuman-i Āthār wa-Mafākhir-i Farhangī, 2005.
28. Ibn Sīnā, Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAlī. al-Mabdaʾ wa-l-maʿād. ed. ʿAbd Allāh Nūrānī. Tahrān: Mʾassasa-ʾi Muṭālaʿāt-i Islāmī Dāneshgāh-i Mak Gīl, 1984.
29. Ibn Sīnā, Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAlī. al-Mubāḥathāt. ed. Muḥsin Bīdārfar. Qum: Intishārāt-i Bīdār, 1371/1992.
30. Ibn Sīnā, Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAlī. al-Qānūn fī l-ṭibb. ed. Idwār al-Qashsh. Beirut: Mūʾassasat ʿIzz al-Dīn, 1993.
31. Ibn Sīnā, Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAlī. al-Taʿlīqāt. ed. Ḥusayn Mūsawiyān. Tehran: Muʾassasa-ʾi Pizūhishī-yi Ḥikmat wa-l-Falsafa-ʾi Īrān, 2013.
32. Ibn Sīnā, Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAlī. Kitāb al-Hidāyah. ed. Muḥammad ʿAbduh. Cairo: Maktabat al-Qāhirah al-Ḥadīthah, 1974.
33. Ibn Sīnā, Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAlī. Kitāb al-Najāh fī l-ḥikmah al-manṭiqiyyah wa-l-ṭabīʿiyyah wa-l-ilāhiyyah. ed. Mājid Fakhrī, Beirut: Dār al-Āfāq al-Jadīdah, 1985.
34. Ibn Sīnā, Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAlī. ʿUyūn al-ḥikmah. ed. Muḥammad Jabr - Muwaffaq Fawzī Jabr. Damascus: Dār al-Yanābīʿ, 1996.
35. Ivry, Alfred. “The Arabic Text of Aristotle’s de Anima and its Translator”. Oriens 36 (2001), 59-77.
36. Ivry, Alfred. “The Triangulating the Imagination-Avicenna, Maimonides, and Averroes”. Intellect and Imagination in Medieval Philosophy. ed. Maria Candida Pacheco - Jose F. Meirinhos. 667-676. Turnhout: Brepols, 2006.
37. Kaukua, Jari. “Avicenna on the Soul’s Activity in Perception”. Active Perception in the History of Philosophy – From Plato to Modern Philosophy. ed. José Filipe Silva - Mikko Yrjönsuuri. 99-116. Switzerland: Springer, 2014.
38. Kaukua, Jari. “Avicenna’s Outsourced Rationalism”. Journal of the History of Philosophy 58/2 (2020), 215-240.
39. Kearney, Richard. The Wake of Imagination. London: Routledge, 2003.
40. Kemp, Simon – Fletcher, Garth J. O. “The Medieval Theory of the Inner Senses”. The American Journal of Psychology 106/4 (1993), 559-576.
41. Kind, Amy. The Routledge Handbook of Philosophy of Imagination. London - New York: Routledge, 2016.
42. Klaus, Corcilius. “Activity, Passivity, and Perceptual Discrimination in Aristotle”. Active Perception in the History of Philosophy – From Plato to Modern Philosophy. ed. José Filipe Silva - Mikko Yrjönsuuri. 31-53. Switzerland: Springer, 2014.
43. Kocakaplan, Nursema. Fârâbî ve İbn Sînâ’da Tahayyül. İstanbul: Klasik Yayınları, 2024.
44. Kurun, İsmail. “Avicenna’s Intuitionist Rationalism”. History of Philosophy Quarterly 38/4 (2021), 317-336.
45. Lizzini, Olga. “L’âme chez Avicenne: quelques remarques autour de son statut épistémologique et de son fondament métaphysique”. Documenti e studi sulla tradizione filosofica medievale 21 (2010), 223-242.
46. McGinnis, Jon. “Making Abstraction less Abstract: The Logical, Psychological, and Metaphysical Dimensions of Avicenna’s Theory of Abstraction”. Proceedings of the American Catholic Philosophical Association 80 (2006), 169-183.
47. Nussbaum, Martha C. Aristotle’s ‘De Motu Animalium’. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978.
48. Ogden, Stephen R. “Avicenna’s Emanated Abstraction”. Philosopher’s Imprint 20/10 (2020), 1-26.
49. Pormann Peter E. “Avicenna on Medical Practice, Epistemology, and the Physiology of the Inner Senses”. Interpreting Avicenna – Critical Essays. ed. Peter Adamson. 91-108. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
50. Rahman Fazlur. Prophecy in Islam: Philosophy and Orthodoxy. London: Allen and Unwin, 1958.
51. Rahman, Fazlur. Avicenna’s De Anima, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1959.
52. Remes, Paulina. “Plato: Interaction Between the External Body and the Perceiver in the Timaeus”. Active Perception in the History of Philosophy - From Plato to Modern Philosophy. ed. José Filipe Silva - Mikko Yrjönsuuri. 9-30. Switzerland: Springer, 2014.
53. Silva, Jose Filipe – Yrjönsuuri, Mikko. “Introduction: The World as a Stereogram”. Active Perception in the History of Philosophy-From Plato to Modern Philosophy. ed. José Filipe Silva - Mikko Yrjönsuuri. 1-7. Switzerland: Springer, 2014.
54. Silva, José Filipe. “Augustine on Active Perception”. Active Perception in the History of Philosophy – From Plato to Modern Philosophy. ed. José Filipe Silva - Mikko Yrjönsuuri. 79-98. Switzerland: Springer, 2014.
55. Silva, José Filipe. “Medieval Theories of Active Perception: An Overview”. Active Perception in the History of Philosophy – From Plato to Modern Philosophy. ed. José Filipe Silva - Mikko Yrjönsuuri. 117-146. Switzerland: Springer, 2014.
56. Tachau, Katherine H. “Approaching Medieval Scholars’ Treatment of Cognition”. Intellect and Imagination in Medieval Philosophy. ed. Maria Candida Pacheco - Jose F. Meirinhos. 1-34. Turnhout: Brepols, 2006.
57. Taylor, Richard. “Avicenna and the Issue of the Intellectual Abstraction of Intelligibles”. Philosophy of Mind in the Early and High Middle Ages. ed. M. Cameron. 56-82. London - New York: Routledge, 2019.
58. Tiryaki, Mehmet Zahit. “Duyumsama, Soyutlama ve Duyulur Nitelikler: İbn Sînâ Nitelce Temsilcisi ya da Dışsalcısı Olabilir mi?”. Felsefe Arkivi 62 (2025), 59-76.
59. Tiryaki, Mehmet Zahit. “Tahayyül Kavramında İbn Sînâcı Dönüşümler”. Kavram Geliştirme – Sosyal Bilimlerde Yeni İmkanlar. ed. Kübra Bilgin Tiryaki - Lütfi Sunar. 199-252. Ankara: Nobel, 2016.
60. Tiryaki, Mehmet Zahit. İbn Sînâ Felsefesinde Mütehayyile/Müfekkire ve Vehim. İstanbul: Marmara University Social Sciences Institute, Ph.D. Dissertation, 2015.
61. Tuominen, Miira. “On Activity and Passivity in Perception: Aristotle, Philoponus, and Pseudo-Simplicius”. Active Perception in the History of Philosophy – From Plato to Modern Philosophy. ed. José Filipe Silva - Mikko Yrjönsuuri. 55-78. Switzerland: Springer, 2014.
62. Watson, Gerard. Phantasia in Classical Thought. Galway: Galway University Press, 1988.
63. Wedin, Michael V. Mind and Imagination in Aristotle. New Haven - London: Yale University Press, 1988.
64. Wolfson, Henry A. “The Internal Senses in Latin, Arabic, and Hebrew Philosophical Texts”. The Harvard Theological Review 28/2 (1935), 69-133.