Shāfiʿī Uṣūl Thought in Late Third-Century AH: Edition, Translation, and Interpretation of Chapters on Uṣūl al-fiqh in al-Wadāʾiʿ by Ibn Surayj (d. 306/918)

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 87 - 133, 01.10.2016

Nail Okuyucu

https://doi.org/10.12730/13091719.2016.71.141

Cited By: 1

Öz

Ibn Surayj, a prominent figure in the formative period of the Shāfiʿī law school, has played an important role in both the transformation of Shāfiʿī substantive law and the development of early Islamic legal theory. Ibn Surayj reportedly wrote approximately four hundred works, few of which are extant today. Thanks to his contribution to the school, he is known as “the second al-Shāfiʿī (al-Shāfiʿī al-ṣaghīr);” indeed, according to some modern scholars, Ibn Surayj is the true founder of the Shāfiʿī school and Islamic legal theory. Although Ibn Surayj’s works on Islamic law are no longer available, the later chapters of al-Wadāʾiʿ li-manṣūṣ al-sharāʾiʿ, one of his two extant works, bear the following titles: abrogation (naskh), prophetic traditions (sunan), single-transmitter report (khabar al-wāḥid), consensus (ijmāʿ), analogy (qiyās), and knowledge (ʿilm). This study presents the edition and translation of relevant titles in al-Wadāʾiʿ to provide Ibn Surayj’s views on uṣūl. In addition, this paper discusses Ibn Surayj’s place in the evolution of Islamic legal theory, and how Ibn Surayj interprets al-Shāfiʿī’s understanding of uṣūl.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Islamic legal theory, Shāfiʿī law school, Ibn Surayj, al-Wadāʾiʿ

Kaynakça

• al-Āmidī, Abū l-Ḥasan Sayf al-Dīn ʿAlī ibn Muḥammad. al-Iḥkām fī uṣūl al-aḥkām. 4 vols. Edited by Sayyid al-Jumaylī. Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-ʿArabī, 1984.
• Amīr Bādshāh, Muḥammad Amīn ibn Maḥmūd al-Bukhārī. Taysīr al-Taḥrīr. 4 vols. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, n.d.
• Apaydın, Yunus. “Kıyas.” In Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi (DİA) , XXV, 529-539.
• Aybakan, Bilal. Fıkıh İlminin Oluşum Sürecinde İcma. Istanbul: İz Yayıncılık, 2003.
• Aybakan, Bilal. “Şâfiî Mezhebi.” In Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi (DİA) , XXXVIII, 233-247.
• al-Bājī, Abū l-Walīd Sulaymān ibn Khalaf ibn Saʿd al-Tujībī. Iḥkām al-fuṣūl fī aḥkām al-uṣūl. 2 vols. Edited by ʿAbd al-Majīd Turkī. Beirut: Dār al-Gharb al-Islāmī, 1986.
• Bağdatlı İsmail Paşa [Ismāʿīl Pāshā al-Baghdādī]. Hadiyyat al-ʿārifīn asmāʾ al-muʾallifīn wa-āthār al-muṣannifīn. 2 vols. Edited by Kilisli Rifat Bilge, İbnülemin Mahmud Kemal İnal, and Avni Aktuç. Ankara: Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı, 1951.
• al-Bāqillānī, Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn al-Ṭayyib ibn Muḥammad al-Baṣrī. al-Taqrīb wa-l-irshād (al-ṣaghīr) . 3 vols. Edited by ʿAbd al-Hamīd ibn ʿAlī Abū Zunayd. Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Risālah, 1993.
• al-Baṣrī, Abū l-Ḥusayn Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī. al-Muʿtamad fī uṣūl al-fiqh. 2 vols. Edited by Khalīl al-Mays. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 1983.
• Bedir, Murteza. “er-Risâle.” In Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi (DİA) , XXXV, 117-119.
• Bedir, Murteza. “An Early Response to Shāfiʿī: ʿĪsā ibn Abān on the Prophetic Report (Khabar).” Islamic Law and Society 9, no. 3 (2002): 285-311. https://doi.org/10.1163/156851902320901170
• al-Buwayṭī, Abū Yaʿqūb Yūsuf ibn Yaḥyá al-Miṣrī. al-Mukhtaṣar. Istanbul: Murat Molla Library, Murad Molla, MS 1189.
• al-Dawīsh, Ṣāliḥ ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Ibrāhīm. Introduction to al-Wadāʾiʿ li-manṣūṣ al-sharāʾiʿ, by Abū l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad ibn ʿUmar Ibn Surayj, I, 1-84. Edited by Ṣāliḥ ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Ibrāhīm al-Dawīsh. Riyadh: n.p., 1990.
• Dutton, Yasin. The Origins of Islamic Law: The Quran, The Muwatta and Madinan Amal. Surrey: Curzon Press, 1999.
• al-Duwayḥī, Aḥmad ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muḥammad. ʿIlm uṣūl al-fiqh min al-tadwīn ilá nihāyat al-qarn al-rābiʿ al-ḥijrī: Dirāsah tārīkhiyyah istiqrāʾiyyah taḥlīliyyah. 2 vols. Riyadh: Jāmiʿat al-Imām Muhammad ibn Suʿūd al-Islāmiyyah, 2006.
• al-Ghazālī, Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad. Shifāʾ al-ghalīl fī bayān al-shabah wa-l-mukhīl wa-masālik al-taʿlīl. Edited by Ḥamad al-Kubaysī. Baghdad: Maṭbaʿat al-Irshād, 1970.
• Hasan, Ahmad Y. The Early Development of Islamic Jurisprudence. Islamabad: Islamic Research Institute, 1970.
• Ibn Amīr Ḥājj, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad. al-Taqrīr wa-l-taḥbīr. 3 vols. 2nd ed. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 1983.
• Ibn al-Dahhān, Abū Shujāʿ Fakhr al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī ibn Shuʿayb. Taqwīm al-naẓar fī masʾāil khilāfiyyah dhāʾiʿah wa-nubadh madhhabiyyah nāfiʿah. 5 vols. Edited by Ṣāliḥ ibn Nāṣir ibn Ṣāliḥ al-Khuzaym. Riyadh: Maktabat al-Rushd, 2001.
• Ibn Fūrak, Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan al-Anṣārī. Mujarrad maqālāt al-Shaykh Abī l-Ḥasan al-Ashʿarī. Edited by Daniel Gimaret. Beirut: Dār al-Mashriq, 1987.
• Ibn Hidāyat Allāh, Abū Bakr al-Ḥusaynī. Ṭabaqāt al-Shāfiʿiyyah. Edited by ʿĀdil Nuwayhiḍ. 3rd ed. Beirut: Dār al-Āfāq al-Jadīdah, 1982.
• Ibn al-Labbād, Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad. Kitāb al-radd ʿalá l-Shāfiʿī. Edited by ʿAbd al-Majīd ibn Ḥamdah. Tunis: Dār al-ʿArab li-l-Ṭibāʿah, 1986.
• Ibn al-Nadīm, Abū l-Faraj Muḥammad ibn Isḥāq. al-Fihrist. Edited by Ibrāhīm Ramaḍān. 2nd ed. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifah, 1997.
• Ibn al-Najjār, Abū l-Baqāʾ Taqī al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad al-Ḥanbalī. Sharḥ al-Kawkab al-munīr bi-mukhtaṣar al-Taḥrīr. 4 vols. Edited by Muḥammad al-Zuḥaylī and Nazīh Ḥammād. 2nd ed. Riyadh: Maktabat al-ʿUbaykān, 1997.
• Ibn Surayj, Abū l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad ibn ʿUmar. al-Wadāʾiʿ li-manṣūṣ al-sharāʾiʿ. Istanbul: Süleymaniye Library, Ayasofya, MS 1502.
• Ibn Surayj, Abū l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad ibn ʿUmar. al-Wadāʾiʿ li-manṣūṣ al-sharāʾiʿ. Edited by Ṣāliḥ ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Ibrāhīm al-Dawīsh. Riyadh: n.p., 1990.
• al-Isnawī, Abū Muḥammad Jamāl al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Raḥīm ibn al-Ḥasan. Ṭabaqāt al-Shāfiʿiyyah. 2 vols. Edited by Kamāl Yūsuf al-Ḥūt. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 2002.
• al-Jabūrī, Ḥusayn ibn Khalaf. “al-Imām Abū l-ʿAbbās ibn Surayj wa-ārāʾuhū l-uṣūliyyah.” Majallat al-Jāmiʿah al-Islāmiyyah bi-l-Madīnah al-Munawwarah 81-82 (1409): 143-196.
• Jackson, Sherman A. “Setting the Record Straight: Ibn Labbād’s Refutation of al-Shāfiʿī.” Journal of Islamic Studies 9, no. 2 (2000): 121-146. https://doi.org/10.1093/jis/11.2.121
• al-Jaṣṣāṣ, Abū Bakr Ahmad ibn ʿAlī al-Rāzī. al-Fuṣūl fī l-uṣūl. 4 vols. Edit-ed by ʿUjayl Jāsim al-Nashamī. Kuwait: Wizārat al-Awqāf wa-l-Shuʾūn al-Islāmiyyah, 1985.
• al-Juwaynī, Abū l-Maʿālī Rukn al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Malik ibn ʿAbd Allāh. al-Burhān fī uṣūl al-fiqh. 2 vols. in one vol. Edited by Abū ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Ṣalāḥ ibn Muḥammad Ibn ʿUwayḍah. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 1997.
• al-Juwaynī, Abū l-Maʿālī Rukn al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Malik ibn ʿAbd Allāh. al-Talkhīṣ fī uṣūl al-fiqh. 3 vols. Edited by ʿAbd Allāh Jawlam al-Nibālī and Shubayr Aḥmad al-ʿUmarī. Beirut: Dār al-Bashāʾir al-Islāmiyyah, 1996.
• Kātib Chalabī, Ḥājī Khalīfah Muṣtafá ibn ʿAbd Allāh. Kashf al-ẓunūn ʿan asāmī l-kutub wa-l-funūn. 2 vols. Edited by M. Şerefettin Yaltkaya and Kilisli Rifat Bilge. Ankara: Maârif Vekâleti, 1941.
• Kaḥḥālah, ʿUmar Riḍā. Muʿjam al-muʾallifīn: Tarājim muṣannifī l-kutub al-ʿArabiyyah. 13 vols. Beirut: Maktabat al-Muthanná, n.d.
• Lowry, Joseph E. “Does Shāfiʿī Have a Theory of Four Sources of Law?.” In Studies in Islamic Legal Theory, edited by Bernard G. Weiss, 23-50. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 2002.
• al-Maqdisī, Abū Shāmah Shihāb al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān. al-Muḥaqqaq min ʿilm al-uṣūl fī-mā yataʿallaqu bi-afʿāl al-Rasūl. Edited by Aḥmad Kuwaytī. al-Zarqāʾ: Dār al-Kutub al-Athariyyah & Riyadh: Dār al-Rāyah, 1989.
• Makdisi, George. “The Juridical Theology of Shâfi’î: Origins and Significance of Uṣûl al-Fiqh.” Studia Islamica 59 (1984): 5-47. https://doi.org/10.2307/1595294
• al-Mardāwī, Abū l-Ḥasan ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn ʿAlī ibn Sulaymān ibn Aḥmad. al-Taḥbīr sharḥ al-Taḥrīr fī uṣūl al-fiqh. 8 vols. Edited by ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Jabrīn, ʿIwaḍ ibn Muḥammad al-Qaranī, and Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad al-Sarrāḥ. Riyadh: Maktabat al-Rushd, 2000.
• al-Mardīnī, Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn ʿUthmān ibn ʿAlī. al-Anjum al-zāhirāt ʿalá ḥall alfāẓ al-Waraqāt fī uṣūl al-fiqh. Edited by ʿAbd al-Karīm ibn ʿAlī Muḥammad ibn al-Namlah. 3rd ed. Riyadh: Maktabat al-Rushd, 1999.
• al-Māwardī, Abū l-Ḥasan ʿAlī ibn Muḥammad. al-Ḥāwī al-kabīr fī fiqh madhhab al-Imām al-Shāfiʿī. 19 vols. Edited by ʿAlī Muḥammad Muʿawwaḍ and ʿĀdil Aḥmad ʿAbd al-Mawjūd. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 1994.
• al-Marwazī, Muḥammad ibn Naṣr. al-Sunnah. Edited by Abū Usāmah Salīm ibn ʿĪd al-Hilālī. Kuwait: Gharās li-l-Nashr, 2005.
• Melchert, Christopher. The Formation of Sunni Schools of Law (9th-10th Centuries C.E.) . Leiden: Brill, 1997.
• al-Muzanī, Abū Ibrāhīm Ismāʿīl ibn Yaḥyá. Kitāb al-amr wa-l-nahy ʿalá maʿná l-Imām al-Shāfiʿī min masʾāil al-Muzanī. Edited by Robert Brunschvig. “Le livre de l’ordre et de la défense d’al-Muzanī.” Bulletin d’études orientales 11 (1945): 145-196.
• Nagel, Tilman. “Ahmad b. ʿOmar b. Sorayj.” In Encyclopaedia Iranica, I, 643.
• al-Nawawī, Abū Zakariyyā Muḥyī al-Dīn Yaḥyá ibn Sharaf ibn Mūrī. al-Majmūʿ sharḥ al-Muhadhdhab. 20 vols. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, n.d.
• al-Nawawī, Abū Zakariyyā Muḥyī al-Dīn Yaḥyá ibn Sharaf ibn Mūrī. Tahdhīb al-asmāʾ wa-l-lughāt. 4 vols. Edited by ʿAbduh ʿAlī Kushk. Damascus: Dār al-Fayḥāʾ & Dār al-Manhal Nāshirūn, n.d.
• Okuyucu, Nail. Şâfiî Mezhebinin Teşekkül Süreci. Istanbul: Marmara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Vakfı Yayınları, 2015.
• Özen, Şükrü. “İslâm Hukukunda Aklîleşme Süreci: Başlangıçtan Hicri IV. Asrın Ortalarına Kadar.” PhD diss., Marmara University, 1995.
• Özen, Şükrü. “İbnü’l-Kassâr.” In Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi (DİA), XXI, 104-105.
• Özen, Şükrü. “İbn Süreyc.” In Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi (DİA) , XX, 363-366.
• Özen, Şükrü. “Îsâ b. Ebân.” In Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi (DİA) , XXII, 480-481.
• Özen, Şükrü. “Müzenî.” In Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi (DİA) , XXXII, 246-250.
• Özkan, Halit. “Takrîrî Sünnet ve Sahîh-i Buhârî’deki Takrîrler.” Master’s thesis, Marmara University, 2000.
• Özkan, Halit. “Takrir.” In Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi (DİA) , XXXIX, 469-471.
• Pala, Ali İhsan. İslâm Hukuk Metodolojisinde Emir ve Yasakların Yoru-mu. Ankara: Fecr Yayınları, 2009.
• Qāḍī ʿAbd al-Jabbār, Abū l-Ḥasan ʿImād al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Jabbār ibn Aḥmad. Faḍl al-iʿtizāl wa-ṭabaqāt al-Muʿtazilah. Edited by Fuʾād Sayyid. Tunis: al-Dār al-Tūnisiyyah, 1974.
• al-Rāzī, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn ʿUmar Fakhr al-Dīn. Manāqib al-Imām al-Shāfiʿī. Edited by Aḥmad Ḥijāzī al-Saqqā. Cairo: Maktabat al-Kulliyyāt al-Azhariyyah, 1986.
• Reinhart, A. Kevin. Before Revelation: The Boundaries of Muslim Moral Thought. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1995.
• Riyāḍīzāda, ʿAbd al-Laṭīf ibn Muḥammad. Asmāʾ al-kutub al-mutammim li-Kashf al-ẓunūn. Edited by Muḥammad Altūnjī. Cairo: Maktabat al-Khānjī, n.d.
• Ṣadr al-sharīʿah, ʿUbayd Allāh ibn Masʿūd ibn Maḥmūd al-Bukhārī al-Maḥbūbī. al-Tawḍīḥ. 2 vols. Edited by Zakariyyā ʿUmayrāt. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 1996.
• al-Sarakhsī, Shams al-aʾimmah Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn Abī Sahl. Uṣūl al-Sarakhsī. 2 vols. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifah, n.d.
• al-Sīnāwinī, Ḥasan ibn ʿUmar ibn ʿAbd Allāh. al-Aṣl al-jāmiʿ li-īḍāḥ al-durar al-manẓūmah fī silk Jamʿ al-jawāmiʿ. 2 vols. Tunis: Maṭbaʿat al-Nahḍah, 1928.
• Stewart, Devin. “Muḥammad b. Jarir al-Ṭabarī’s al-Bayān ʿan Uṣūl al-Aḥkām and the Genre of Uṣūl al-Fiqh in Ninth Century Baghdad.” In Abbasid Studies: Occasional Papers of the School of Abbasid Studies, edited by John Nawas, 321-349. Leuven: Peeters Publishers and the Department of Oriental Studies, 2004.
• Stewart, Devin. “Muḥammad b. Dāʾūd al-Ẓāhirī’s Manual of Jurisprudence: al-Wuṣūl ilā Maʿrifat al-Uṣūl.” In Studies in Islamic Legal Theory, edited by Bernard G. Weiss, 99-158. Leiden: Brill, 2002.
• al-Subkī, Abū Naṣr Tāj al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Wahhāb ibn Taqī al-Dīn. Ṭabaqāt al-Shāfiʿiyyah al-kubrá. 10 vols. Edited by Maḥmūd al-Ṭanāḥī and ʿAbd al-Fattāḥ Muḥammad al-Ḥulw. 2nd ed. Cairo: Hajr li-l-Ṭibāʿah wa-l-Nashr, 1993.
• al-Subkī, Abū Naṣr Tāj al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Wahhāb ibn Taqī al-Dīn. al-Ashbāh wa-l-naẓāʾir. 2 vols. Edited by ʿĀdil Aḥmad ʿAbd al-Mawjūd and ʿAlī Muḥammad Muʿawwaḍ. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 1991.
• al-Subkī, Abū l-Ḥasan Taqī al-Dīn ʿAlī ibn ʿAbd al-Kāfī. al-Ibhāj fī sharḥ al-Minhāj: ʿalá Minhāj al-wuṣūl ilá ʿilm al-uṣūl li-l-Qāḍī al-Bayḍāwī al-mutawaffá sanat 685 H. 3 vols. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 1995.
• al-Shāfiʿī, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Idrīs al-Muṭṭalibī al-Qurashī. al-Risālah. Edited by Aḥmad Shākir. Egypt: Maktabat al-Ḥalabī, 1940.
• al-Shawkānī, Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī al-Yamānī. Irshād al-fuḥūl ilá taḥqīq al-ḥaqq min ʿilm al-uṣūl. 2 vols. Edited by Aḥmad ʿIzzū ʿInāyah. Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-ʿArabī, 1999.
• al-Shīrāzī, Abū Isḥāq Ibrāhīm ibn ʿAlī. Sharḥ al-Lumaʿ. 2 vols. Edited by ʿAbd al-Majīd Turkī. Beirut: Dār al-Gharb al-Islāmī, 1988.
• al-Shīrāzī, Abū Isḥāq Ibrāhīm ibn ʿAlī. al-Tabṣirah fī uṣūl al-fiqh. Edited by Muḥammad Ḥasan Haytū. Damascus: Dār al-Fikr, 1403.
• al-Taftāzānī, Saʿd al-Dīn Masʿūd ibn ʿUmar al-Harawī. al-Talwīḥ ʿalá l-Tawḍīḥ. 2 vols. Cairo: Maktabat Ṣabīḥ, n.d.
• Yiğit, Metin. İlk Dönem Hanefî Kaynaklarına Göre Ebû Hanîfe’nin Usûl Anlayışında Sünnet. Istanbul: İz Yayıncılık, 2009.
• al-Zarkashī, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Badr al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Bahadur ibn ʿAbd Allāh. al-Baḥr al-muḥīṭ fī uṣūl al-fiqh. 6 vols. Edited by Abd al-Qādir ʿAbd Allāh al-ʿĀnī. 2nd ed. Kuwait: Wizārat al-Awqāf wa-l-Shuʾūn al-Islāmiyyah, 1992.
• al-Zarkashī, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Badr al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Bahadur ibn ʿAbd Allāh. al-Manthūr fī l-qawāʿid. 3 vols. Edited by Taysīr Fāʾiq Aḥmad Maḥmūd. 2nd ed. Kuwait: Wizārat al-Awqāf wa-l-Shuʾūn al-Islāmiyyah, 1985.
• al-Zarkashī, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Badr al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Bahadur ibn ʿAbd Allāh. Salāsil al-dhahab. Edited by Ṣafiyyah Aḥmad Khalīfah. Cairo: al-Hayʾah al-Miṣriyyah al-ʿĀmmah li-l-Kitāb, 2008.
• al-Ziriklī, Khayr al-Dīn. al-Aʿlām: qāmūs tarājim li-ashhar al-rijāl wa-l-nisāʾ min al-ʿArab wa-l-mustaʿribīn wa-l-mustashriqīn. 8 vols. 15th ed. Beirut: Dār al-ʿIlm li-l-Malāyīn, 2002.