Namaz ve Yahudilikteki Günlük İbadet

Öz

Yahudilikte günlük ibadet (tefila), İslam’daki namazla ilgili olarak süregelen bir tartışma konusudur. Bazıları Yahudi günlük ibadetlerinin özellikle şekil ve biçim açısından İslam’daki namazın (salât) kökeni olduğunu ve Hz. Muhammed’in namazı Yahudi kültür çevresinden öğrendiğini tartışmaktadır. Ancak Yahudilikte günlük ibadetlerin gelişimine dair tarihsel süreç bunun desteklememektedir; zira Hz. Muhammed’in peygamberliği döneminde İslam’daki namaza benzer bir şekil ve biçime rastlanmamaktadır. İlk elden Yahudi dinsel literatürü incelendiğinde Yahudilikte günlük ibadetlerin tapınaktaki günlük kurban ritüellerinden hareketle günde üç vakit olacak şekilde Yazıcı Ezra başkanlığındaki bir heyet tarafından düzenlendiği anlaşılır. İkinci Tapınağın yıkılışı sonrası günlük ibadet geleneğinde bazı değişiklikler oldu ve İslami dönemin başlangıcında günlük ibadetler genelde ayakta durmak suretiyle eda edilmekteydi. İlerleyen İslam egemenliği döneminde ise Yahudi kültüründeki günlük ibadet geleneği İslami uygulamalardan etkilendi. Sadece Anan ben David tarafından kurulan 8. yy Karailiği değil, ana gövde Rabbinik gelenek de İslam geleneğinden etkilendi. Böylelikle 12. yy’ın ünlü Yahudi din bilgini Maimonides, şekil ve biçim açısından ibadet öncesi temizlenme ritüelini ve ibadetleri yeniden düzenlemek suretiyle Rabbinik Yahudiliğin günlük ibadetlerini gözden geçirdi. Böylece kolların ve ayakların yıkanması, tam rükû ve secde gibi şekiller Ortaçağda Yahudiliğin hem Karailik hem de Rabbinik geleneğinde ortaya çıktı. Günümüz Yahudiliğine geldiğimizde, Rabbinik gelenek bağlısı Yemen ve Etiyopya Yahudiliği gibi bazı gruplarla Karai ve Samiri Yahudiliği haricinde Yahudilerin kahir çoğunluğu günlük ibadetlerini genelde ayakta icra ederler ve tam rükû ve secde gibi ritüellere yer vermezler. Bununla birlikte genelde Talmide Ha-Rambam olarak bilinen bazı revizyonist gruplar Yahudi günlük ibadetlerinin şeklini ve biçimini Ortaçağda Maimonides gibi Yahudi din bilginlerinin tanımlamalarından hareketle yeniden inşa etmeye çalışmaktadırlar.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Yahudilik,tefila,günlük ibadetler,Karailik,Rabbinik Yahudilik,Maimonides,namaz,İslam,Hz. Muhammed

Salât and the Daily Prayer in Judaism

Abstract

The daily prayer (tefilla) in Judaism is currently a debate of argument in connection to the daily prayers (salat) of Islam. Some argue that the Jewish daily prayers are the origin of Islamic prayers particularly in the context of form and shape, and that the Prophet Muhammed has learned it in a milieu of Jewish culture. However, the historical development of daily prayers in Judaism does not support this argument, since we do not trace such form and shape in Jewish daily prayers resembling salat in Islam at the period of prophecy of Muhammad. When the first-hand Jewish literature is examined it is seen that the daily prayers are arranged as three times daily rituals, mainly due to the daily sacrificial rituals in the temple, by an assemble headed by Ezra, the Scribe. After the destruction of the Second Temple, there has been some changes in the tradition of daily prayer, and at the very beginning of Islamic period it has been performing by standing in general. Later in Islamic domination period the tradition of daily prayers in Jewish culture has been influenced by Islamic customs. Not only the sect of Karaites of the 8^th century, founded by Anan ben David, but also the Rabbinic tradition, the main body, was influenced by the Muslim tradition. Hence Maimonides, the famous Jewish scholar of the 12^th century, reviewed the daily prayers of Rabbinic Judaism, reorganizing it as well as washing rituals in context of shape and form. Thus, such forms as washing arms and feet, full bowing down and prostration appeared in both Karaite and Rabbinic tradition of Judaism in the Middle Age. As for Judaism today, except for some groups such as Yemenite and Ethiopian Jews in Rabbinic context, and Karaite and Samaritan Jews in non-Rabbinic contexts, the majority of Jews perform their daily prayer rituals in standing and do not give place the ritual like full bowing down and prostration. However, some revisionist Jewish groups mainly known as Talmide Ha-Rambam try to reorganize the form and shape of Jewish daily prayer as it was described by Jewish scholars like Maimonides in the Middle Age.

Kaynakça

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