The Formation of Bengal Civilization: A Glimpse on the Socio-Cultural Assimilations Through Political Progressions in Bengal Delta

Öz

The Bengal Delta is a place of many migrations, cultural transformations, invasions and religious revolutions since prehistoric time. With the help of archaeological and historical records, this essay present the hypothesis that, albeit there were multiple waves of large and small scale socio-cultural assimilations, every socio-political change did not brought equal formidable outcome in the Delta. The study further illustrates that, the majority of cultural components were formulated by Indigenous-Aryan-Buddhist assimilations in early phase, whereas the Buddhist-Aryan-Islamic admixtures in relatively forbearing and gracious socio-political background of medieval period contributed the final part in the formation of Bengal Civilization.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Bengal Delta,Socio-cultural assimilation,Aryan,Mauryan,Medieval period

Bengal Medeniyeti'nin Oluşumu: Bengal Deltasında Siyasi İlerlemeler Yoluyla Sosyo-Kültürel Asimilasyonlara Bir Kısa Bakış

Öz

Bengal Deltası, tarih öncesi çağlardan beri birçok göç, kültürel dönüşümler, istilalar ve dini devrimlerin bulunduğu bir yer olmaktadır. Arkeolojik ve tarihsel kayıtların yardımı ile bu araştırma, büyük ve küçük ölçekli sosyo-kültürel asimilasyonların birden çok dalgası olsa da, her sosyo-politik değişim Delta'da aynı dereceli sonuçlara yol açmadığının hipotezini ortaya koymaktadır. Bu çalışma ayrıca, kültürel bileşenlerin çoğunluğunun ilk evrede yerli-Aryan-Budist asimilasyonları tarafından formüle edildiği ve Ortaçağ döneminin hoşgörülü ve zarif sosyo-politik arka planında yer alan Budist-Aryan-İslam harmanin Bengal Medeniyet oluşumunun nihai görevlerini yapmasını göstermektedir. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Bengal Delta,Sosyo-kültürel asimilasyon,Aryan,Maurya,Ortaçağ dönem

Kaynakça

1. Agrawal, S., Srivastava, S. K., Borkar, M. & Chaudhuri, T. K. (2008). Genetic affinities of north and northeastern populations of India: Inference from HLA-based study. Tissue Antigens, 72, 120-130.
2. Ahsan, S. M. K. (2015). ‘Prehistory’, In: Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh. (Online accessed on 28.07.2017).
3. Akter, J., Sarker, M. H., Popescu, I. & Roelvink, D. (2016). Evolution of the Bengal delta and its prevailing processes. Journal of Coastal Research, 32 (5), 1212-1226. https://doi.org/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-14-00232.1.
4. Alamgir, K. (2015). Bridges and culverts in medieval Bengal. Journal of Bengal Art, 20, 251-268.
5. Alamgir, K. (2011). Gateways in sultanate architecture of Bengal. Journal of Bengal Art, 16, 241-260.
6. Altekar, A. S. (1977). State and Government in Ancient India. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
7. Bagchi, J. (1993). The History and Culture of the Pālas of Bengal and Bihar, Cir. 750 A.D.-cir. 1200 A.D. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications.
8. Banerjee, S., Roy, S. K. & Talukder, B. (1992). Prehistoric fauna excavated from Hatikra district, Birbhum, West Bengal, India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 90 (1-4), 105-109.

9. Bhagat, P. (2004). India. Oxford: Oxfam GB.
10. Bhat, M. A. (2015). Position of women in the Indian society. Int. J. Humanities Social Sciences and Education (IJHSSE), 2 (5), 1-7.
11. Blench, R. (2008). Re-evaluating the linguistic prehistory of South Asia. In: Osada, T. & Uesugi, A. (eds.) Occasional Paper 3: Linguistics, Archaeology and the Human Past. Kyoto: Indus Project, Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. Pp. 159-178.
12. Chakrabarty, D. K. (2009). India: An Archaeological History: Palaeolithic Beginnings to Early Historic Foundations. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
13. Chakrabarti, D. K. (2001). Archaeological Geography of the Ganga Plain: The Lower and the Middle Ganga. Delhi: Permanent Black.
14. Chatterji, J. (2002). Bengal Divided: Hindu Communalism and Partition, 1932-1947. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
15. Chaudhuri, B. B. (2008). Peasant History of Late Pre-colonial and Colonial India. Vol.8. Delhi: Pearson Education India.
16. Chowdhury, A. M. (2015a). ‘Somapura Mahavihara’, In: Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh. (Online accessed on 09.08.2017).
17. Chowdhury, A. M. (2015b). ‘Husain Shah’, In: Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh. (Online accessed on 17.08.2017).
18. Chowdhury, A. M. (2011). Reflections on Islamisation in Bengal. Bangladesh e-Journal of Sociology, 8 (1), 45-50.
19. Chaurasia, R. S. (2002). History of Medieval India: From 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D. New Delhi, India: Atlantic Publishers & Distributors.
20. Eaton, R. M. (1996). The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760. Berkeley: University of California Press.
21. Edwardes, S. M. & Garrett, H. L. O. (1995). Mughal Rule in India. New Delhi, India: Atlantic Publishers & Distributors.
22. Gadgil, M., Joshi, N., Manoharan, S., Patil, S. & Prasad, U. V. S. (1998). Peopling of India. In: Balasubramanian, D. & Rao, N. (eds.) The Indian Human Heritage. Hyderabad: Universities Press. Pp. 100-129.
23. Ghosh, P. (2005). Temple to Love: Architecture and Devotion in Seventeenth-Century Bengal. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
24. Gupta, P. C. D. (1962). Excavations at Pandu Rajar Dhibi. Archaeological Survey of India. http://asi.nic.in/asi_books/42371.pdf
25. Haque, E. (ed.) (2001). Excavation at Wari-Bateshwar: A Preliminary Study. Dhaka: The International Centre for Study of Bengal Art.
26. Hasan, S. M. (1987a). Gaud and Hazrat Pandua: Romance in Brick and Stone. Dakha: Islamic Foundation Bangladesh.
27. Hasan, S. M. (1987b). Muslim Monuments of Bangladesh. 3rd ed. Dhaka: Islamic Foundation Bangladesh.
28. Hasan, S. M. (1981). Dacca, the City of Mosques. Dakha: Islamic Foundation Bangladesh.
29. Hasan, M. & Gupta, N. (ed.) (2004). India's Colonial Encounter: Essays in Memory of Eric Stokes. New Delhi: Manohar Publishers & Distributors.
30. Hoque, M. M., Ahsan, S. M. K. & Rahman, S. S. M. (1996). Pre-Muslim settlement and chronology of Savar region. Pratnatattva, 3, 10-11.
31. Hossain, M. M. (2006). Mahasthan: Anecdote to History. Dhaka: Dibyaprakash.
32. Jahan, S. H. (2016). Prehistoric archaeology in Bangladesh: an overview. In: Schug, G. R. & Walimbe, S. R. (eds.) A Companion to South Asia in the Past. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Pp. 401-411.
33. Jahan, S. H. (2015). ‘Bhitargarh’, In: Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh. (Online accessed on 03.07.2017).
34. Johnson, G. (1973). Partition, agitation and congress: Bengal 1904 To 1908. Modern Asian Studies, 7 (3), 533-588. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0026749X0000531X.
35. Joshi, S. (ed.) (2010). The Middle Class in Colonial India. Noida: Oxford University Press, India.
36. Karim, A. (1995). History of Bengal, Mughal Period. Rajshahi: Institute of Bangladesh Studies, University of Rajshahi.
37. Khan, M. R., Rana, R. K., & Siddiq, A. B. (2012). The Santals of Bangladesh, Parbatipur-Nawabganj, Dinazpur. (in Bangla language). Dhaka: Jahangirnagar University. ISBN: 978-984-33-4468-7.
38. Khan, M. R., Rana, R. K., Khan, A. & Siddiq, A. B. (2010). The Khasia of Bangladesh, Jaintapur Sylhet. (in Bangla language). Dhaka: Jahangirnagar University. ISBN: 978-984-33-1993-07.
39. Khatun, H. (2006). Iqlim Sonargaon: History, Jurisdiction, Monuments. Dhaka: Academic Press and Publishers.
40. Kulke, H. & Rothermund, D. (1998). A History of India. New York: Routledge.
41. Matta, B. A. K. (2005). Sher Shah Suri: A Fresh Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
42. Misra, B. B. (1980). The Bureaucracy in India: A Historical Analysis of Development up to 1947. Delhi: Oxford University Press.
43. Mukherjee, R. (2009). Mobility in the Bay of Bengal world: medieval raiders, traders, states and the slaves. Indian Historical Review, 36 (1), s. 109-129. https://doi.org/10.1177/037698360903600107.
44. O’Connell, J. T. (2011). Chaitanya Vaishnava devotion (bhakti) and ethics as socially integrative in Sultanate Bengal. Bangladesh e-Journal of Sociology, 8 (1), 51-63.
45. Qureshi, I. H. (1971). The Administration of the Sultanate of Delhi. New Delhi: Oriental Books Reprint Corporation.
46. Rashid, M. H. (2015). ‘Mainamati’, In: Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh. (Online accessed on 3.07.2017).
47. Roy, J. S. (2002). Prehistoric tools from Chaklapunji: an analysis based on typological comparison. Pratnatattva, 8, 43-48.
48. Roychoudhury, S. (ed.) (2012). Gaur: The Medieval City of Bengal c.1450-1565. (Special issue of ‘Pratna Samiksha: A Journal of Archaeology’, New Series, Vol. 3). Kolkata: Centre for Archaeological Studies and Training, Eastern India.
49. Sastri, H. (1986). Nalanda and its Epigraphic Material. New Delhi: Sri Satguru Publications.
50. Siddiq, A. B. & Habib, A. (2016). Ethno-archaeological notes on hunter-gatherer Munda people in tropical rainforests of north-eastern Bangladesh. Artuklu Human and Social Science Journal, 1 (1), 13-21. http://dergipark.gov.tr/download/article-file/281772
51. Sircar, D. C. (1974). Studies in the Political and Administrative Systems in Ancient and Medieval India. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
52. Stewart, C. (1813). The History of Bengal: From the First Mohammedan Invasion until the Virtual Conquest of that Country by the English, A.D. 1757. London: Black, Parry & Company.
53. Waiz, R. (2015). ‘Khanqah’, In: Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh. (Online accessed on 9.9.2017).