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Güç Dağılımı ve Kamplaşma: Dünya Savaşlarının Yapısal Bir Analizi

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 5, 2432 - 2452, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1793390

Öz

Bu çalışma, uluslararası sistemde meydana gelen kamplaşma olgusunu, mevcut kutupluluk literatürünün sınırlılıklarını ortaya koyarak, yapısal bir düzlemde açıklamak gayretindedir. Uluslararası sistemi yapısal düzeyde ele alan yaklaşımlar; genellikle tek kutuplu, iki kutuplu ve çok kutuplu sistemlerin aktörleri nasıl yönlendireceği ve bu durumun devlet davranışlarını nasıl etkileyeceğini tartışmaktadırlar. Fakat kutupluluk literatürü olarak adlandıracağımız bu çalışmaların geneli, uluslararası sistemi ele alırken yalnızca aktör sayısına odaklanma gibi bir eğilim göstermektedirler. Bu durum, sistemdeki kutup sayısı değişmediği hâlde değişen devlet davranışlarının göz ardı edilmesini de beraberinde getirmektedir. Bu yönüyle, uluslararası sistemde aktörlerin kimi zamanlarda dengeleme motivasyonu ile ittifaklara sıkıca bağlanıp (chain-ganging) kamplaşma sürecini ortaya çıkartmaları, kimi zaman da dengeleme işini diğer aktörlere devredip (buck-passing) ittifaklardan uzaklaşmaları gibi farklı davranışların tümü istikrarsızlık olarak görülmekte ve detaylı bir incelemeye tabi tutulmamaktadır. Bu noktada, çeşitli değerlendirmeler ortaya koyan saldırı-savunma dengesi teorisyenleri ise, çoğunlukla konuyu sistem düzeyinden birim düzeyine indirgemektedir. Bu durum, sistemdeki aktör sayısı değişmemesine rağmen değişen devlet davranışlarına neden olan yapısal faktörlerin ne olduğu sorusunu akla getirmektedir. Bu çalışma, uluslararası sistemdeki aktör sayısı değişmemesine rağmen değişen aktör davranışlarını anlayabilmek için yalnızca aktör sayısına değil, aktörler arasındaki güç dağılımına da bakılması gerektiğini öne sürmektedir. Kamplaşma konusunu yapısal bir değerlendirme ile açıklamak gayretinde olan bu çalışma, değişen aktör davranışlarını analiz etmek adına güç dağılımının simetrisi ve asimetrisi üzerinden yeni bir çerçeve ortaya koymaktadır. Bu yönüyle, gücün aktörler arasında kabaca eşit dağıldığı durumlar ile gücün bir taraf lehine üstün olduğu durumların aktör davranışları üzerindeki etkileri incelenmektedir. Bu doğrultuda teorik iddiaların test edilebilmesi için aynı sistem koşullarında meydana gelen iki büyük dünya savaşı, örnek vakalar olarak belirlenmiştir. Çalışmanın hipotezlerini sınamak adına, I. Dünya Savaşı’nda aktörlerin sıkı ittifaklar yaparak kamplaşması, II. Dünya Savaşı’nda ise aktörlerin ittifaklardan kaçınma eğilimleri değerlendirilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular, uluslararası sistemdeki devlet davranışlarını anlamada yalnızca kutup sayılarının değil, güç dağılımının temel yapısal faktör olduğunu göstermektedir.

Kaynakça

  • A. J. P. Taylor. (1961). The Origins of the Second World War. Penguin Group.
  • Anievas, A. (2011). The international political economy of appeasement: The social sources of British foreign policy during the 1930s. Review of International Studies, 37(2), 601-629.
  • Bell, P. M. H. (2014). The Origins of the Second World War in Europe (3rd ed). Taylor and Francis.
  • Brooks, S. G., & Wohlforth, W. C. (2023, Haziran). The Myth of Multipolarity. Foreign Affairs. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/united-states/china-multipolarity-myth
  • Carr, E. H., & Cox, M. (2001). The twenty years’ crisis, 1919-1939: An introduction to the study of international relations (reissued with a new introduction and additional material). Palgrave.
  • Christensen, T. J., & Snyder, J. (1990). Chain Gangs and Passed Bucks: Predicting Alliance Patterns in Multipolarity. International Organization, 44(2), 137-168.
  • Correlates of War Project, Singer, J. D., Bremer, S. A., & Stuckey, J. (2016). National Material Capabilities (NMC), Version 6.0 (Correlates of War Project; Versiyon 6.0) [Dataset].
  • Danilovic, V. (2010). When the Stakes Are High: Deterrence and Conflict Among Major Powers. University of Michigan Press.
  • De Mesquita, B. B. (1978). Systemic Polarization and the Occurrence and Duration of War. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 22(2), 241-267. https://doi.org/10.1177/002200277802200203
  • Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information, B. of P. A. (1930). The Neutrality Acts, 1930s. Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information, Bureau of Public Affairs. https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/id/99849.htm?utm_source=chatgpt.com
  • Deutsch, K. W., & Singer, J. D. (1964). Multipolar Power Systems and International Stability. World Politics, 16(3), 390-406.
  • Evera, S. V. (1984). The Cult of the Offensive and the Origins of the First World War. International Security, 9(1), 58. https://doi.org/10.2307/2538636
  • Evera, S. V. (1998). Offense, Defense, and the Causes of War. International Security, 22(4), 5-43.
  • Gilpin, R. (1981). War and Change in World Politics (1. bs). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511664267
  • Glaser, C. L., & Kaufmann, C. (1998). What is the Offense-Defense Balance and Can We Measure it? International Security, 22(4), 44. https://doi.org/10.2307/2539240
  • Goetschel, L. (1998). The Foreign and Security Policy Interests of Small States in Today’s Europe. Içinde L. Goetschel (Ed.), Small States Inside and Outside the European Union (ss. 13-31). Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2832-3_2
  • Gülboy, B. (2014). Mutlak Savaş: Binci Dünya Savaşı’nın Kökenleri Üzerine Clausewitzyen Bir Çözümleme. Uluslararası İlişkiler Kütüphanesi.
  • Hamilton, R. F., & Herwig, H. H. (2004). Decisions for War, 1914–1917 (1. bs). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511804854
  • Harknett, R. J., & Yalcin, H. B. (2012). The Struggle for Autonomy: A Realist Structural Theory of International Relations: Structural Autonomy. International Studies Review, 14(4), 499-521. https://doi.org/10.1111/misr.12010
  • Hopf, T. (1991). Polarity, the Offense-Defense Balance, and War. American Political Science Review, 85(2), 475-493. https://doi.org/10.2307/1963170
  • Hughes, J. L. (1988). The Origins of World War II in Europe: British Deterrence Failure and German Expansionism. Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 18(4), 851. https://doi.org/10.2307/204827
  • Jervis, R. (1978). Cooperation under the Security Dilemma. World Politics, 30(2), 167-214. https://doi.org/10.2307/2009958
  • Jonas, M. (1966). Isolationism in America, 1935–1941. Cornell University Press.
  • Kugler, J., & Organski, A. F. K. (1989). The Power Transition: A Retrospective and Prospective Evaluation. İçinde Handbook of War Studies. Michigan Uni. Press,.
  • McNeill, W. H. (2008). Dünya Tarihi (Alaeddin Şenel, Çev.; 15. bs). İmge Kitabevi.
  • Mearsheimer, J. J. (2001). The tragedy of great power politics (Updated edition). W.W. Norton & Company.
  • Mearsheimer, J. J. (2019). Bound to Fail: The Rise and Fall of the Liberal International Order. International Security, 43(4), 7-50. https://doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00342
  • Nye, J. S. (2011). The future of power (1. ed). PublicAffairs.
  • Posen, B. (1986). The sources of military doctrine: France, Britain, and Germany between the world wars (First printing, Cornell paperbacks). Cornell University Press.
  • Resnick, E. N. (2013). Hang Together or Hang Separately? Evaluating Rival Theories of Wartime Alliance Cohesion. Security Studies, 22(4), 672-706. https://doi.org/10.1080/09636412.2013.844520
  • Roberts, G. (1992). The Soviet Decision for a Pact with Nazi Germany. Soviet Studies, 44(1), 57-78.
  • Sagan, S. D. (1986). 1914 Revisited: Allies, Offense, and Instability. International Security, 11(2), 151. https://doi.org/10.2307/2538961
  • Schweller, R. L. (1993). Tripolarity and the Second World War. International Studies Quarterly, 37(1), 73. https://doi.org/10.2307/2600832
  • Shimshoni, J. (1990). Technology, Military Advantage, and World War I: A Case for Military Entrepreneurship. International Security, 15(3), 187. https://doi.org/10.2307/2538911
  • Siverson, R. M., & King, J. (1980). Attributes of National Alliance Membership and War Participation, 1815-1965. American Journal of Political Science, 24(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.2307/2110922
  • Small, M., & Singer, J. D. (1968). Alliance aggregation and the onset of war, 1815–1914. İçinde Quantitative international politics;: Insights and evidence (ss. 247-286). Free Press.
  • Snyder, G. H., & Diesing, P. (2015). Conflict Among Nations: Bargaining, Decision Making, and System Structure in International Crises. Princeton University Press.
  • Waltz, K. N. (1964). The Stability of a Bipolar World. Daedalus, 93(3), Article 3.
  • Waltz, K. N. (1979). Theory of international politics. Addison-Wesley Pub. Co.
  • Wayman, F. W. (1984). Bipolarity and War: The Role of Capability Concentration and Alliance Patterns among Major Powers, 1816-1965. Journal of Peace Research, 21(1), 61-78. https://doi.org/10.1177/002234338402100105
  • Wohlforth, W. C. (1999). The Stability of a Unipolar World. International Security, 24(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.1162/016228899560031
  • Wolfers, A., & Niebuhr, R. (1988). Discord and collaboration: Essays on international politics. The Johns Hopkins university press.
  • Yalçın, H. B. (2015). Uluslararası Sistem ve İstikrar: Kavramsal Bir Değerlendirme. Akademik İncelemeler Dergisi, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.17550/aid.74205

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 5, 2432 - 2452, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1793390

Öz

Kaynakça

  • A. J. P. Taylor. (1961). The Origins of the Second World War. Penguin Group.
  • Anievas, A. (2011). The international political economy of appeasement: The social sources of British foreign policy during the 1930s. Review of International Studies, 37(2), 601-629.
  • Bell, P. M. H. (2014). The Origins of the Second World War in Europe (3rd ed). Taylor and Francis.
  • Brooks, S. G., & Wohlforth, W. C. (2023, Haziran). The Myth of Multipolarity. Foreign Affairs. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/united-states/china-multipolarity-myth
  • Carr, E. H., & Cox, M. (2001). The twenty years’ crisis, 1919-1939: An introduction to the study of international relations (reissued with a new introduction and additional material). Palgrave.
  • Christensen, T. J., & Snyder, J. (1990). Chain Gangs and Passed Bucks: Predicting Alliance Patterns in Multipolarity. International Organization, 44(2), 137-168.
  • Correlates of War Project, Singer, J. D., Bremer, S. A., & Stuckey, J. (2016). National Material Capabilities (NMC), Version 6.0 (Correlates of War Project; Versiyon 6.0) [Dataset].
  • Danilovic, V. (2010). When the Stakes Are High: Deterrence and Conflict Among Major Powers. University of Michigan Press.
  • De Mesquita, B. B. (1978). Systemic Polarization and the Occurrence and Duration of War. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 22(2), 241-267. https://doi.org/10.1177/002200277802200203
  • Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information, B. of P. A. (1930). The Neutrality Acts, 1930s. Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information, Bureau of Public Affairs. https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/id/99849.htm?utm_source=chatgpt.com
  • Deutsch, K. W., & Singer, J. D. (1964). Multipolar Power Systems and International Stability. World Politics, 16(3), 390-406.
  • Evera, S. V. (1984). The Cult of the Offensive and the Origins of the First World War. International Security, 9(1), 58. https://doi.org/10.2307/2538636
  • Evera, S. V. (1998). Offense, Defense, and the Causes of War. International Security, 22(4), 5-43.
  • Gilpin, R. (1981). War and Change in World Politics (1. bs). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511664267
  • Glaser, C. L., & Kaufmann, C. (1998). What is the Offense-Defense Balance and Can We Measure it? International Security, 22(4), 44. https://doi.org/10.2307/2539240
  • Goetschel, L. (1998). The Foreign and Security Policy Interests of Small States in Today’s Europe. Içinde L. Goetschel (Ed.), Small States Inside and Outside the European Union (ss. 13-31). Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2832-3_2
  • Gülboy, B. (2014). Mutlak Savaş: Binci Dünya Savaşı’nın Kökenleri Üzerine Clausewitzyen Bir Çözümleme. Uluslararası İlişkiler Kütüphanesi.
  • Hamilton, R. F., & Herwig, H. H. (2004). Decisions for War, 1914–1917 (1. bs). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511804854
  • Harknett, R. J., & Yalcin, H. B. (2012). The Struggle for Autonomy: A Realist Structural Theory of International Relations: Structural Autonomy. International Studies Review, 14(4), 499-521. https://doi.org/10.1111/misr.12010
  • Hopf, T. (1991). Polarity, the Offense-Defense Balance, and War. American Political Science Review, 85(2), 475-493. https://doi.org/10.2307/1963170
  • Hughes, J. L. (1988). The Origins of World War II in Europe: British Deterrence Failure and German Expansionism. Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 18(4), 851. https://doi.org/10.2307/204827
  • Jervis, R. (1978). Cooperation under the Security Dilemma. World Politics, 30(2), 167-214. https://doi.org/10.2307/2009958
  • Jonas, M. (1966). Isolationism in America, 1935–1941. Cornell University Press.
  • Kugler, J., & Organski, A. F. K. (1989). The Power Transition: A Retrospective and Prospective Evaluation. İçinde Handbook of War Studies. Michigan Uni. Press,.
  • McNeill, W. H. (2008). Dünya Tarihi (Alaeddin Şenel, Çev.; 15. bs). İmge Kitabevi.
  • Mearsheimer, J. J. (2001). The tragedy of great power politics (Updated edition). W.W. Norton & Company.
  • Mearsheimer, J. J. (2019). Bound to Fail: The Rise and Fall of the Liberal International Order. International Security, 43(4), 7-50. https://doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00342
  • Nye, J. S. (2011). The future of power (1. ed). PublicAffairs.
  • Posen, B. (1986). The sources of military doctrine: France, Britain, and Germany between the world wars (First printing, Cornell paperbacks). Cornell University Press.
  • Resnick, E. N. (2013). Hang Together or Hang Separately? Evaluating Rival Theories of Wartime Alliance Cohesion. Security Studies, 22(4), 672-706. https://doi.org/10.1080/09636412.2013.844520
  • Roberts, G. (1992). The Soviet Decision for a Pact with Nazi Germany. Soviet Studies, 44(1), 57-78.
  • Sagan, S. D. (1986). 1914 Revisited: Allies, Offense, and Instability. International Security, 11(2), 151. https://doi.org/10.2307/2538961
  • Schweller, R. L. (1993). Tripolarity and the Second World War. International Studies Quarterly, 37(1), 73. https://doi.org/10.2307/2600832
  • Shimshoni, J. (1990). Technology, Military Advantage, and World War I: A Case for Military Entrepreneurship. International Security, 15(3), 187. https://doi.org/10.2307/2538911
  • Siverson, R. M., & King, J. (1980). Attributes of National Alliance Membership and War Participation, 1815-1965. American Journal of Political Science, 24(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.2307/2110922
  • Small, M., & Singer, J. D. (1968). Alliance aggregation and the onset of war, 1815–1914. İçinde Quantitative international politics;: Insights and evidence (ss. 247-286). Free Press.
  • Snyder, G. H., & Diesing, P. (2015). Conflict Among Nations: Bargaining, Decision Making, and System Structure in International Crises. Princeton University Press.
  • Waltz, K. N. (1964). The Stability of a Bipolar World. Daedalus, 93(3), Article 3.
  • Waltz, K. N. (1979). Theory of international politics. Addison-Wesley Pub. Co.
  • Wayman, F. W. (1984). Bipolarity and War: The Role of Capability Concentration and Alliance Patterns among Major Powers, 1816-1965. Journal of Peace Research, 21(1), 61-78. https://doi.org/10.1177/002234338402100105
  • Wohlforth, W. C. (1999). The Stability of a Unipolar World. International Security, 24(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.1162/016228899560031
  • Wolfers, A., & Niebuhr, R. (1988). Discord and collaboration: Essays on international politics. The Johns Hopkins university press.
  • Yalçın, H. B. (2015). Uluslararası Sistem ve İstikrar: Kavramsal Bir Değerlendirme. Akademik İncelemeler Dergisi, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.17550/aid.74205

Power Distribution and Polarization : A Structural Analysis of World Wars

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 5, 2432 - 2452, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1793390

Öz

This study provides a structural explanation for polarization in the international system by challenging the limitations of the existing polarity literature. Structural approaches to international relations typically debate how unipolar, bipolar, or multipolar configurations influence actor behavior and subsequent state actions. Approaches focusing solely on the number of great powers fail to offer a detailed account of divergent state behaviors, such as chain-ganging (tight alliances leading to polarization) and buck-passing (alliance avoidance), which occur even when the systemic pole count is constant. Furthermore, theorists employing the offense-defense balance framework often tend to reduce the issue from the system level to the unit level.This gap raises the question of which structural factors cause variations in state behavior despite a fixed number of great powers. This research argues that to understand the changing actor behaviors in the international system, one must look not only at the number of great powers but also at the distribution of power among them. To explain polarization structurally, this study introduces a new framework centered on the symmetry and asymmetry of power distribution. Specifically, it examines how conditions like a roughly equal distribution of power versus a clear power advantage for one side affect actor behavior.To test these theoretical claims, the two World Wars, which occurred under similar systemic conditions, are chosen as case studies. The study's hypotheses are tested by evaluating the tight alliances and resulting polarization of actors in World War I against the avoidance of alliances observed in World War II. The findings demonstrate that the nature of power distribution, rather than merely the number of poles, is the fundamental structural factor in understanding state behavior in the international system.

Kaynakça

  • A. J. P. Taylor. (1961). The Origins of the Second World War. Penguin Group.
  • Anievas, A. (2011). The international political economy of appeasement: The social sources of British foreign policy during the 1930s. Review of International Studies, 37(2), 601-629.
  • Bell, P. M. H. (2014). The Origins of the Second World War in Europe (3rd ed). Taylor and Francis.
  • Brooks, S. G., & Wohlforth, W. C. (2023, Haziran). The Myth of Multipolarity. Foreign Affairs. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/united-states/china-multipolarity-myth
  • Carr, E. H., & Cox, M. (2001). The twenty years’ crisis, 1919-1939: An introduction to the study of international relations (reissued with a new introduction and additional material). Palgrave.
  • Christensen, T. J., & Snyder, J. (1990). Chain Gangs and Passed Bucks: Predicting Alliance Patterns in Multipolarity. International Organization, 44(2), 137-168.
  • Correlates of War Project, Singer, J. D., Bremer, S. A., & Stuckey, J. (2016). National Material Capabilities (NMC), Version 6.0 (Correlates of War Project; Versiyon 6.0) [Dataset].
  • Danilovic, V. (2010). When the Stakes Are High: Deterrence and Conflict Among Major Powers. University of Michigan Press.
  • De Mesquita, B. B. (1978). Systemic Polarization and the Occurrence and Duration of War. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 22(2), 241-267. https://doi.org/10.1177/002200277802200203
  • Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information, B. of P. A. (1930). The Neutrality Acts, 1930s. Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information, Bureau of Public Affairs. https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/id/99849.htm?utm_source=chatgpt.com
  • Deutsch, K. W., & Singer, J. D. (1964). Multipolar Power Systems and International Stability. World Politics, 16(3), 390-406.
  • Evera, S. V. (1984). The Cult of the Offensive and the Origins of the First World War. International Security, 9(1), 58. https://doi.org/10.2307/2538636
  • Evera, S. V. (1998). Offense, Defense, and the Causes of War. International Security, 22(4), 5-43.
  • Gilpin, R. (1981). War and Change in World Politics (1. bs). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511664267
  • Glaser, C. L., & Kaufmann, C. (1998). What is the Offense-Defense Balance and Can We Measure it? International Security, 22(4), 44. https://doi.org/10.2307/2539240
  • Goetschel, L. (1998). The Foreign and Security Policy Interests of Small States in Today’s Europe. Içinde L. Goetschel (Ed.), Small States Inside and Outside the European Union (ss. 13-31). Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2832-3_2
  • Gülboy, B. (2014). Mutlak Savaş: Binci Dünya Savaşı’nın Kökenleri Üzerine Clausewitzyen Bir Çözümleme. Uluslararası İlişkiler Kütüphanesi.
  • Hamilton, R. F., & Herwig, H. H. (2004). Decisions for War, 1914–1917 (1. bs). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511804854
  • Harknett, R. J., & Yalcin, H. B. (2012). The Struggle for Autonomy: A Realist Structural Theory of International Relations: Structural Autonomy. International Studies Review, 14(4), 499-521. https://doi.org/10.1111/misr.12010
  • Hopf, T. (1991). Polarity, the Offense-Defense Balance, and War. American Political Science Review, 85(2), 475-493. https://doi.org/10.2307/1963170
  • Hughes, J. L. (1988). The Origins of World War II in Europe: British Deterrence Failure and German Expansionism. Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 18(4), 851. https://doi.org/10.2307/204827
  • Jervis, R. (1978). Cooperation under the Security Dilemma. World Politics, 30(2), 167-214. https://doi.org/10.2307/2009958
  • Jonas, M. (1966). Isolationism in America, 1935–1941. Cornell University Press.
  • Kugler, J., & Organski, A. F. K. (1989). The Power Transition: A Retrospective and Prospective Evaluation. İçinde Handbook of War Studies. Michigan Uni. Press,.
  • McNeill, W. H. (2008). Dünya Tarihi (Alaeddin Şenel, Çev.; 15. bs). İmge Kitabevi.
  • Mearsheimer, J. J. (2001). The tragedy of great power politics (Updated edition). W.W. Norton & Company.
  • Mearsheimer, J. J. (2019). Bound to Fail: The Rise and Fall of the Liberal International Order. International Security, 43(4), 7-50. https://doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00342
  • Nye, J. S. (2011). The future of power (1. ed). PublicAffairs.
  • Posen, B. (1986). The sources of military doctrine: France, Britain, and Germany between the world wars (First printing, Cornell paperbacks). Cornell University Press.
  • Resnick, E. N. (2013). Hang Together or Hang Separately? Evaluating Rival Theories of Wartime Alliance Cohesion. Security Studies, 22(4), 672-706. https://doi.org/10.1080/09636412.2013.844520
  • Roberts, G. (1992). The Soviet Decision for a Pact with Nazi Germany. Soviet Studies, 44(1), 57-78.
  • Sagan, S. D. (1986). 1914 Revisited: Allies, Offense, and Instability. International Security, 11(2), 151. https://doi.org/10.2307/2538961
  • Schweller, R. L. (1993). Tripolarity and the Second World War. International Studies Quarterly, 37(1), 73. https://doi.org/10.2307/2600832
  • Shimshoni, J. (1990). Technology, Military Advantage, and World War I: A Case for Military Entrepreneurship. International Security, 15(3), 187. https://doi.org/10.2307/2538911
  • Siverson, R. M., & King, J. (1980). Attributes of National Alliance Membership and War Participation, 1815-1965. American Journal of Political Science, 24(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.2307/2110922
  • Small, M., & Singer, J. D. (1968). Alliance aggregation and the onset of war, 1815–1914. İçinde Quantitative international politics;: Insights and evidence (ss. 247-286). Free Press.
  • Snyder, G. H., & Diesing, P. (2015). Conflict Among Nations: Bargaining, Decision Making, and System Structure in International Crises. Princeton University Press.
  • Waltz, K. N. (1964). The Stability of a Bipolar World. Daedalus, 93(3), Article 3.
  • Waltz, K. N. (1979). Theory of international politics. Addison-Wesley Pub. Co.
  • Wayman, F. W. (1984). Bipolarity and War: The Role of Capability Concentration and Alliance Patterns among Major Powers, 1816-1965. Journal of Peace Research, 21(1), 61-78. https://doi.org/10.1177/002234338402100105
  • Wohlforth, W. C. (1999). The Stability of a Unipolar World. International Security, 24(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.1162/016228899560031
  • Wolfers, A., & Niebuhr, R. (1988). Discord and collaboration: Essays on international politics. The Johns Hopkins university press.
  • Yalçın, H. B. (2015). Uluslararası Sistem ve İstikrar: Kavramsal Bir Değerlendirme. Akademik İncelemeler Dergisi, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.17550/aid.74205

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 5, 2432 - 2452, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1793390

Öz

Kaynakça

  • A. J. P. Taylor. (1961). The Origins of the Second World War. Penguin Group.
  • Anievas, A. (2011). The international political economy of appeasement: The social sources of British foreign policy during the 1930s. Review of International Studies, 37(2), 601-629.
  • Bell, P. M. H. (2014). The Origins of the Second World War in Europe (3rd ed). Taylor and Francis.
  • Brooks, S. G., & Wohlforth, W. C. (2023, Haziran). The Myth of Multipolarity. Foreign Affairs. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/united-states/china-multipolarity-myth
  • Carr, E. H., & Cox, M. (2001). The twenty years’ crisis, 1919-1939: An introduction to the study of international relations (reissued with a new introduction and additional material). Palgrave.
  • Christensen, T. J., & Snyder, J. (1990). Chain Gangs and Passed Bucks: Predicting Alliance Patterns in Multipolarity. International Organization, 44(2), 137-168.
  • Correlates of War Project, Singer, J. D., Bremer, S. A., & Stuckey, J. (2016). National Material Capabilities (NMC), Version 6.0 (Correlates of War Project; Versiyon 6.0) [Dataset].
  • Danilovic, V. (2010). When the Stakes Are High: Deterrence and Conflict Among Major Powers. University of Michigan Press.
  • De Mesquita, B. B. (1978). Systemic Polarization and the Occurrence and Duration of War. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 22(2), 241-267. https://doi.org/10.1177/002200277802200203
  • Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information, B. of P. A. (1930). The Neutrality Acts, 1930s. Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information, Bureau of Public Affairs. https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/id/99849.htm?utm_source=chatgpt.com
  • Deutsch, K. W., & Singer, J. D. (1964). Multipolar Power Systems and International Stability. World Politics, 16(3), 390-406.
  • Evera, S. V. (1984). The Cult of the Offensive and the Origins of the First World War. International Security, 9(1), 58. https://doi.org/10.2307/2538636
  • Evera, S. V. (1998). Offense, Defense, and the Causes of War. International Security, 22(4), 5-43.
  • Gilpin, R. (1981). War and Change in World Politics (1. bs). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511664267
  • Glaser, C. L., & Kaufmann, C. (1998). What is the Offense-Defense Balance and Can We Measure it? International Security, 22(4), 44. https://doi.org/10.2307/2539240
  • Goetschel, L. (1998). The Foreign and Security Policy Interests of Small States in Today’s Europe. Içinde L. Goetschel (Ed.), Small States Inside and Outside the European Union (ss. 13-31). Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2832-3_2
  • Gülboy, B. (2014). Mutlak Savaş: Binci Dünya Savaşı’nın Kökenleri Üzerine Clausewitzyen Bir Çözümleme. Uluslararası İlişkiler Kütüphanesi.
  • Hamilton, R. F., & Herwig, H. H. (2004). Decisions for War, 1914–1917 (1. bs). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511804854
  • Harknett, R. J., & Yalcin, H. B. (2012). The Struggle for Autonomy: A Realist Structural Theory of International Relations: Structural Autonomy. International Studies Review, 14(4), 499-521. https://doi.org/10.1111/misr.12010
  • Hopf, T. (1991). Polarity, the Offense-Defense Balance, and War. American Political Science Review, 85(2), 475-493. https://doi.org/10.2307/1963170
  • Hughes, J. L. (1988). The Origins of World War II in Europe: British Deterrence Failure and German Expansionism. Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 18(4), 851. https://doi.org/10.2307/204827
  • Jervis, R. (1978). Cooperation under the Security Dilemma. World Politics, 30(2), 167-214. https://doi.org/10.2307/2009958
  • Jonas, M. (1966). Isolationism in America, 1935–1941. Cornell University Press.
  • Kugler, J., & Organski, A. F. K. (1989). The Power Transition: A Retrospective and Prospective Evaluation. İçinde Handbook of War Studies. Michigan Uni. Press,.
  • McNeill, W. H. (2008). Dünya Tarihi (Alaeddin Şenel, Çev.; 15. bs). İmge Kitabevi.
  • Mearsheimer, J. J. (2001). The tragedy of great power politics (Updated edition). W.W. Norton & Company.
  • Mearsheimer, J. J. (2019). Bound to Fail: The Rise and Fall of the Liberal International Order. International Security, 43(4), 7-50. https://doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00342
  • Nye, J. S. (2011). The future of power (1. ed). PublicAffairs.
  • Posen, B. (1986). The sources of military doctrine: France, Britain, and Germany between the world wars (First printing, Cornell paperbacks). Cornell University Press.
  • Resnick, E. N. (2013). Hang Together or Hang Separately? Evaluating Rival Theories of Wartime Alliance Cohesion. Security Studies, 22(4), 672-706. https://doi.org/10.1080/09636412.2013.844520
  • Roberts, G. (1992). The Soviet Decision for a Pact with Nazi Germany. Soviet Studies, 44(1), 57-78.
  • Sagan, S. D. (1986). 1914 Revisited: Allies, Offense, and Instability. International Security, 11(2), 151. https://doi.org/10.2307/2538961
  • Schweller, R. L. (1993). Tripolarity and the Second World War. International Studies Quarterly, 37(1), 73. https://doi.org/10.2307/2600832
  • Shimshoni, J. (1990). Technology, Military Advantage, and World War I: A Case for Military Entrepreneurship. International Security, 15(3), 187. https://doi.org/10.2307/2538911
  • Siverson, R. M., & King, J. (1980). Attributes of National Alliance Membership and War Participation, 1815-1965. American Journal of Political Science, 24(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.2307/2110922
  • Small, M., & Singer, J. D. (1968). Alliance aggregation and the onset of war, 1815–1914. İçinde Quantitative international politics;: Insights and evidence (ss. 247-286). Free Press.
  • Snyder, G. H., & Diesing, P. (2015). Conflict Among Nations: Bargaining, Decision Making, and System Structure in International Crises. Princeton University Press.
  • Waltz, K. N. (1964). The Stability of a Bipolar World. Daedalus, 93(3), Article 3.
  • Waltz, K. N. (1979). Theory of international politics. Addison-Wesley Pub. Co.
  • Wayman, F. W. (1984). Bipolarity and War: The Role of Capability Concentration and Alliance Patterns among Major Powers, 1816-1965. Journal of Peace Research, 21(1), 61-78. https://doi.org/10.1177/002234338402100105
  • Wohlforth, W. C. (1999). The Stability of a Unipolar World. International Security, 24(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.1162/016228899560031
  • Wolfers, A., & Niebuhr, R. (1988). Discord and collaboration: Essays on international politics. The Johns Hopkins university press.
  • Yalçın, H. B. (2015). Uluslararası Sistem ve İstikrar: Kavramsal Bir Değerlendirme. Akademik İncelemeler Dergisi, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.17550/aid.74205

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 5, 2432 - 2452, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1793390

Öz

Kaynakça

  • A. J. P. Taylor. (1961). The Origins of the Second World War. Penguin Group.
  • Anievas, A. (2011). The international political economy of appeasement: The social sources of British foreign policy during the 1930s. Review of International Studies, 37(2), 601-629.
  • Bell, P. M. H. (2014). The Origins of the Second World War in Europe (3rd ed). Taylor and Francis.
  • Brooks, S. G., & Wohlforth, W. C. (2023, Haziran). The Myth of Multipolarity. Foreign Affairs. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/united-states/china-multipolarity-myth
  • Carr, E. H., & Cox, M. (2001). The twenty years’ crisis, 1919-1939: An introduction to the study of international relations (reissued with a new introduction and additional material). Palgrave.
  • Christensen, T. J., & Snyder, J. (1990). Chain Gangs and Passed Bucks: Predicting Alliance Patterns in Multipolarity. International Organization, 44(2), 137-168.
  • Correlates of War Project, Singer, J. D., Bremer, S. A., & Stuckey, J. (2016). National Material Capabilities (NMC), Version 6.0 (Correlates of War Project; Versiyon 6.0) [Dataset].
  • Danilovic, V. (2010). When the Stakes Are High: Deterrence and Conflict Among Major Powers. University of Michigan Press.
  • De Mesquita, B. B. (1978). Systemic Polarization and the Occurrence and Duration of War. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 22(2), 241-267. https://doi.org/10.1177/002200277802200203
  • Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information, B. of P. A. (1930). The Neutrality Acts, 1930s. Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information, Bureau of Public Affairs. https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/id/99849.htm?utm_source=chatgpt.com
  • Deutsch, K. W., & Singer, J. D. (1964). Multipolar Power Systems and International Stability. World Politics, 16(3), 390-406.
  • Evera, S. V. (1984). The Cult of the Offensive and the Origins of the First World War. International Security, 9(1), 58. https://doi.org/10.2307/2538636
  • Evera, S. V. (1998). Offense, Defense, and the Causes of War. International Security, 22(4), 5-43.
  • Gilpin, R. (1981). War and Change in World Politics (1. bs). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511664267
  • Glaser, C. L., & Kaufmann, C. (1998). What is the Offense-Defense Balance and Can We Measure it? International Security, 22(4), 44. https://doi.org/10.2307/2539240
  • Goetschel, L. (1998). The Foreign and Security Policy Interests of Small States in Today’s Europe. Içinde L. Goetschel (Ed.), Small States Inside and Outside the European Union (ss. 13-31). Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2832-3_2
  • Gülboy, B. (2014). Mutlak Savaş: Binci Dünya Savaşı’nın Kökenleri Üzerine Clausewitzyen Bir Çözümleme. Uluslararası İlişkiler Kütüphanesi.
  • Hamilton, R. F., & Herwig, H. H. (2004). Decisions for War, 1914–1917 (1. bs). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511804854
  • Harknett, R. J., & Yalcin, H. B. (2012). The Struggle for Autonomy: A Realist Structural Theory of International Relations: Structural Autonomy. International Studies Review, 14(4), 499-521. https://doi.org/10.1111/misr.12010
  • Hopf, T. (1991). Polarity, the Offense-Defense Balance, and War. American Political Science Review, 85(2), 475-493. https://doi.org/10.2307/1963170
  • Hughes, J. L. (1988). The Origins of World War II in Europe: British Deterrence Failure and German Expansionism. Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 18(4), 851. https://doi.org/10.2307/204827
  • Jervis, R. (1978). Cooperation under the Security Dilemma. World Politics, 30(2), 167-214. https://doi.org/10.2307/2009958
  • Jonas, M. (1966). Isolationism in America, 1935–1941. Cornell University Press.
  • Kugler, J., & Organski, A. F. K. (1989). The Power Transition: A Retrospective and Prospective Evaluation. İçinde Handbook of War Studies. Michigan Uni. Press,.
  • McNeill, W. H. (2008). Dünya Tarihi (Alaeddin Şenel, Çev.; 15. bs). İmge Kitabevi.
  • Mearsheimer, J. J. (2001). The tragedy of great power politics (Updated edition). W.W. Norton & Company.
  • Mearsheimer, J. J. (2019). Bound to Fail: The Rise and Fall of the Liberal International Order. International Security, 43(4), 7-50. https://doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00342
  • Nye, J. S. (2011). The future of power (1. ed). PublicAffairs.
  • Posen, B. (1986). The sources of military doctrine: France, Britain, and Germany between the world wars (First printing, Cornell paperbacks). Cornell University Press.
  • Resnick, E. N. (2013). Hang Together or Hang Separately? Evaluating Rival Theories of Wartime Alliance Cohesion. Security Studies, 22(4), 672-706. https://doi.org/10.1080/09636412.2013.844520
  • Roberts, G. (1992). The Soviet Decision for a Pact with Nazi Germany. Soviet Studies, 44(1), 57-78.
  • Sagan, S. D. (1986). 1914 Revisited: Allies, Offense, and Instability. International Security, 11(2), 151. https://doi.org/10.2307/2538961
  • Schweller, R. L. (1993). Tripolarity and the Second World War. International Studies Quarterly, 37(1), 73. https://doi.org/10.2307/2600832
  • Shimshoni, J. (1990). Technology, Military Advantage, and World War I: A Case for Military Entrepreneurship. International Security, 15(3), 187. https://doi.org/10.2307/2538911
  • Siverson, R. M., & King, J. (1980). Attributes of National Alliance Membership and War Participation, 1815-1965. American Journal of Political Science, 24(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.2307/2110922
  • Small, M., & Singer, J. D. (1968). Alliance aggregation and the onset of war, 1815–1914. İçinde Quantitative international politics;: Insights and evidence (ss. 247-286). Free Press.
  • Snyder, G. H., & Diesing, P. (2015). Conflict Among Nations: Bargaining, Decision Making, and System Structure in International Crises. Princeton University Press.
  • Waltz, K. N. (1964). The Stability of a Bipolar World. Daedalus, 93(3), Article 3.
  • Waltz, K. N. (1979). Theory of international politics. Addison-Wesley Pub. Co.
  • Wayman, F. W. (1984). Bipolarity and War: The Role of Capability Concentration and Alliance Patterns among Major Powers, 1816-1965. Journal of Peace Research, 21(1), 61-78. https://doi.org/10.1177/002234338402100105
  • Wohlforth, W. C. (1999). The Stability of a Unipolar World. International Security, 24(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.1162/016228899560031
  • Wolfers, A., & Niebuhr, R. (1988). Discord and collaboration: Essays on international politics. The Johns Hopkins university press.
  • Yalçın, H. B. (2015). Uluslararası Sistem ve İstikrar: Kavramsal Bir Değerlendirme. Akademik İncelemeler Dergisi, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.17550/aid.74205
Toplam 43 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Uluslararası İlişkiler Kuramları
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Semih Tınas 0000-0002-2541-642X

Gönderilme Tarihi 29 Eylül 2025
Kabul Tarihi 11 Aralık 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 14 Sayı: 5

Kaynak Göster

APA Tınas, S. (2025). Güç Dağılımı ve Kamplaşma: Dünya Savaşlarının Yapısal Bir Analizi. İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 14(5), 2432-2452. https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1793390
İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi  Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı (CC BY NC) ile lisanslanmıştır. 

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