Araştırma Makalesi
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Yıl 2023, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 1, 151 - 176, 31.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1212119

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Akcan, A. T. (2019). Türkiye’de yatırım ve askeri harcamalarının ekonomik büyümeye etkisi: 1982-2017 ARDL sınır testi yaklaşımı. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 15(2), 359-369.
  • Albalate, D., Bel, G., & Elias, F. (2012). Institutional determinants of military spending. Journal of Comparative Economics, 40(2), 279-290.
  • Alptekin, A., & Levine, P. (2012). Military expenditure and economic growth: A meta-analysis. European Journal of Political Economy, 28(4), 636-650.
  • Antonakis, N. (1997). Military Expenditure and economic growth in Greece, 1960-90. Journal of Peace Research, 34(1), 89-100.
  • Antonakis, N. (1999). Guns versus Butter:A Multisectoral Approach to Military Expenditure and Growth with Evidence from Greece, 1960-1993. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 43(4), 501-520.
  • Azam, M., Khan, F., Zaman, K., & Rasli, A. M. (2016). Military expenditures and unemployment nexus for selected South Asian countries. Social Indicators Research, 127(3), 1103-1117.
  • Baltagai, B. H. (2005). Econometric analysis of panel data. San Francisco: Johan Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
  • Canbay, Ş., & Mercan, D. (2017). Savunma harcamalarının ekonomik büyüme ve cari işlemler dengesine etkisi: Türkiye örneği. JOEEP: Journal of Emerging Economies and Policy, 2(2), 86-104.
  • Çetinkaya, M., Çetinkaya, A. T., & Aksoy, E. (2017). Askeri harcamalar özelinde kamu harcamaları ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi. Sosyal Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 17(33), 210-225.
  • Çil, N. (2018). Finansal Ekonometri. İstanbul: DER yayınları. d’Agostino, G., Dunne, J. P., & Pieroni, L. (2019). Military expenditure, endogeneity and economic growth. Defence and Peace Economics, 30(5), 509-524.
  • Dedebek, E., & Meriç, M. (2015). Avrupa Birliği ülkelerinde savunma harcamalarını belirleyen ekonomik ve sosyal faktörler: Panel veri analizi. Sayıştay Dergisi, (97), 89-104.
  • Dudley, L., & Montmarquette, C. (1981). The demand for military expenditures: An international comparison. Public Choice, 37(1), 5-31.
  • Dunne, J., Nikolaidou, E. and Smith, R. (2002), Military spending, investment and economic growth in small industrialising economies. South African Journal of Economics, 70: 789-790.
  • Dunne, J. P., & Nikolaidou, E. (2012). Defence spending and economic growth in the eu15. Defence and Peace Economics, 23(6), 537-548.
  • Erdinç, Z., & Aydınbaş, G. (2022). Ulusal ve uluslararası güvenlik kapsamında savunma harcamalarını etkileyen etmenler: OECD ülkeleri üzerine bir analiz. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, (34), 143-158.
  • Fay, E. M. (2020). Individual and contextual influences on public support for military spending in NATO. Defence and Peace Economics, 31(7), 762-785.
  • Gentilucci, E. (2020). A causality analysis. Military expenditures and economic growth in USA and China.
  • George, J., & Sandler, T. (2018). Demand for military spending in NATO, 1968–2015: A spatial panel approach. European Journal of Political Economy, 53, 222-236.
  • Gökhunar, R., & Yanıkkaya, H. (2004). Savunma harcamalarını belirleyen faktörler ve ekonomik büyümeye etkileri. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 59(01).
  • Gujarati, D., & Porter, D. C. (2009). Basic Econometrics (5th edition). West Point: McGraw-Hill Education .
  • Hatemi-J, A., Chang, T., Chen, W.-Y., Lin, F.-L., & Gupta, R. (2018). Asymmetric causality between military expenditures and economic growth in top six defense spenders. Quality & Quantity, 52(3), 1193-1207.
  • Hewitt, D. (1992). Military expenditures worldwide: determinants and trends, 1972–1988. Journal of Public Policy, 12(2), 105-152.
  • Hou, N., & Chen, B. (2013). Military expenditure and economic growth in developing countries: evidence from system GMM estimates. Defence and Peace Economics, 24(3), 183-193.
  • Hou, D. (2018). The determinants of military expenditure in Asia and Oceania, 1992–2016: a dynamic panel analysis. Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy, 24(3).
  • Josselin, D., & Malizard, J. (2022). Determinants of defense spending: The role of strategic factors in France. Defence and Peace Economics, 33(8), 938-955.
  • Im, K., & Pesaran, M. (2003). On the Panel Unit Roots Testin Using Nonlinear Instrumental Variables.
  • Karakurt, B., Şentürk, S. H., & Şahingöz, B. (2020). Türkiye’de savunma harcamaları, silah ithalatı ve dış borçlar arasındaki ilişkinin analizi: ARDL sınır testi yaklaşımı. International Journal of Public Finance, 5(2), 273-294.
  • Khalid, U., & Habimana, O. (2021). Military Spending and Economic Growth in Turkey: A Wavelet Approach. Defence and Peace Economics, 32(3), 362-376.
  • Kılıç, N. Ö., Açdoyuran, B., & Beşer, M. (2018). G-8 ülkelerinde askeri harcamalar ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi. Girişimcilik ve Kalkınma Dergisi, 13(2), 136-146.
  • Klein *, T. (2004). Military expenditure and economic growth: Peru 1970–1996. Defence and Peace Economics, 15(3), 275-288.
  • Korkmaz, Ö., & Bilgin, T. (2017). Askeri harcamalar ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişki: Türkiye ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin karşılaştırmalı analizi. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, (18), 289-316.
  • Kurt, Ü., & Kılıç, C. (2019). Küreselleşmenin savunma harcamaları üzerindeki etkisi: Türkiye için var analizi. Trakya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 21(1), 237-247.
  • Levin, A., Lin, C., & Chu. (1993). Unit Rott tests in panel data: new results. University of California at San Diego Discussion Paper, s. 93-56.
  • Levin, A., Lin, C., & Chu. (2002). Unit Root test in panel data: asympotic and finite-sample properties. Journal of Econometrics, s. 1-24.
  • Loayza, N., & Ranciere, R. (2006). Financial development, financial fragility, and growth. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, s. 1051-1076.
  • Maher, M., & Zhao, Y. (2022). Do political instability and military expenditure undermine economic growth in Egypt? Evidence from the ARDL approach. Defence and Peace Economics, 33(8), 956-979.
  • Manamperi, N. (2016). Does military expenditure hinder economic growth? Evidence from Greece and Turkey. Journal of Policy Modeling, 38(6), 1171-1193.
  • McDonald, B. D. (2021). A human capital model of the defense-growth relationship. The Social Science Journal, 58(2), 247-261.
  • Michael, C., & Stelios, R. (2020). The effect of military spending on income inequality: evidence from NATO countries. Empirical Economics, 58(3), 1305-1337.
  • Murdoch, J. C., & Sandler, T. (1984). Complementarity, free riding, and the military expenditures of NATO allies. Journal of Public Economics, 25(1), 83-101.
  • Odehnal, J., & Neubauer, J. (2020). Economic, security, and political determinants of military spending in NATO countries. Defence and Peace Economics, 31(5), 517-531.
  • Pesaran, M. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross section dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 265-312.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General diagnostic test for cross section dependence in panels. Cambridge: Cambridge Working Papper.
  • Pieroni, L. (2009). Military expenditure and economic growth. Defence and Peace Economics, 20(4), 327-339.
  • Ram, R. (1995). Chapter 10 Defense expenditure and economic growth. In Handbook of Defense Economics (Vol. 1, pp. 251-274). Elsevier.
  • Saba, C. S., & Ngepah, N. (2019). A cross-regional analysis of military expenditure, state fragility and economic growth in Africa. Quality & Quantity, 53(6), 2885-2915.
  • Samargand, N., Fidrmuc, J., & Ghosh, S. (2014). Is the relationship between financial development and economic growth monotonic? Evidence from a sample of middle income countries. Munich: Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich.
  • Seiglie, C. (1992). Chapter 8 - Determinants of Military Expenditures. In W. Isard & C. H. Anderton (Eds.), Economics of Arms Reduction and the Peace Process (pp. 183-202). North-Holland.
  • Solarin, S. A. (2018). Determinants of military expenditure and the role of globalisation in a cross-country analysis. Defence and Peace Economics, 29(7), 853-870.
  • Tatoğlu, F. Y. (2018). Panel zaman serileri analizi. İstanbul: Beta.
  • Topal, M. H. (2018). Türkiye’de askeri harcamalar ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişkinin bir analizi (1960-2016). Maliye Dergisi, 174, 175-202.
  • Torun, M., Eroğlu, E., & Bayrak, R. (2021). Savunma harcamalarının ekonomik büyümeye etkisi: NATO ülkeleri üzerinde panel veri analizi. Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 19(40), 489-507.
  • Ward, M. D., Penubarti, M., Cohen, J. S., & Lofdahl, C. L. (1995). Guns and growth around the globe. International Interactions, 21(2), 181-201.
  • Wooldridge, J. M. (2012). Introductory econometrics: a modern approach. South-Western : Cengage Learning.
  • Yardımcı, M. C. (2022). Relationship Between Military Expenditures and Economic Growth: Testing the Validity of The Benoit Hypothesis. JOEEP: Journal of Emerging Economies and Policy, 7(1), 436-445.
  • Yildirim†, J., Sezgin, S., & Öcal, N. (2005). Military expenditure and economic growth in Middle Eastern Countries: A dynamic panel data analysis. Defence and Peace Economics, 16(4), 283-295.
  • Yıldız, B., & Akbulut Yıldız, G. (2019). Ortadoğu ülkelerinde askeri harcamalar ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişki: bootstrap panel granger nedensellik analizi. Sayıştay Dergisi, (112), 53-74.
Yıl 2023, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 1, 151 - 176, 31.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1212119

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Akcan, A. T. (2019). Türkiye’de yatırım ve askeri harcamalarının ekonomik büyümeye etkisi: 1982-2017 ARDL sınır testi yaklaşımı. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 15(2), 359-369.
  • Albalate, D., Bel, G., & Elias, F. (2012). Institutional determinants of military spending. Journal of Comparative Economics, 40(2), 279-290.
  • Alptekin, A., & Levine, P. (2012). Military expenditure and economic growth: A meta-analysis. European Journal of Political Economy, 28(4), 636-650.
  • Antonakis, N. (1997). Military Expenditure and economic growth in Greece, 1960-90. Journal of Peace Research, 34(1), 89-100.
  • Antonakis, N. (1999). Guns versus Butter:A Multisectoral Approach to Military Expenditure and Growth with Evidence from Greece, 1960-1993. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 43(4), 501-520.
  • Azam, M., Khan, F., Zaman, K., & Rasli, A. M. (2016). Military expenditures and unemployment nexus for selected South Asian countries. Social Indicators Research, 127(3), 1103-1117.
  • Baltagai, B. H. (2005). Econometric analysis of panel data. San Francisco: Johan Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
  • Canbay, Ş., & Mercan, D. (2017). Savunma harcamalarının ekonomik büyüme ve cari işlemler dengesine etkisi: Türkiye örneği. JOEEP: Journal of Emerging Economies and Policy, 2(2), 86-104.
  • Çetinkaya, M., Çetinkaya, A. T., & Aksoy, E. (2017). Askeri harcamalar özelinde kamu harcamaları ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi. Sosyal Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 17(33), 210-225.
  • Çil, N. (2018). Finansal Ekonometri. İstanbul: DER yayınları. d’Agostino, G., Dunne, J. P., & Pieroni, L. (2019). Military expenditure, endogeneity and economic growth. Defence and Peace Economics, 30(5), 509-524.
  • Dedebek, E., & Meriç, M. (2015). Avrupa Birliği ülkelerinde savunma harcamalarını belirleyen ekonomik ve sosyal faktörler: Panel veri analizi. Sayıştay Dergisi, (97), 89-104.
  • Dudley, L., & Montmarquette, C. (1981). The demand for military expenditures: An international comparison. Public Choice, 37(1), 5-31.
  • Dunne, J., Nikolaidou, E. and Smith, R. (2002), Military spending, investment and economic growth in small industrialising economies. South African Journal of Economics, 70: 789-790.
  • Dunne, J. P., & Nikolaidou, E. (2012). Defence spending and economic growth in the eu15. Defence and Peace Economics, 23(6), 537-548.
  • Erdinç, Z., & Aydınbaş, G. (2022). Ulusal ve uluslararası güvenlik kapsamında savunma harcamalarını etkileyen etmenler: OECD ülkeleri üzerine bir analiz. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, (34), 143-158.
  • Fay, E. M. (2020). Individual and contextual influences on public support for military spending in NATO. Defence and Peace Economics, 31(7), 762-785.
  • Gentilucci, E. (2020). A causality analysis. Military expenditures and economic growth in USA and China.
  • George, J., & Sandler, T. (2018). Demand for military spending in NATO, 1968–2015: A spatial panel approach. European Journal of Political Economy, 53, 222-236.
  • Gökhunar, R., & Yanıkkaya, H. (2004). Savunma harcamalarını belirleyen faktörler ve ekonomik büyümeye etkileri. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 59(01).
  • Gujarati, D., & Porter, D. C. (2009). Basic Econometrics (5th edition). West Point: McGraw-Hill Education .
  • Hatemi-J, A., Chang, T., Chen, W.-Y., Lin, F.-L., & Gupta, R. (2018). Asymmetric causality between military expenditures and economic growth in top six defense spenders. Quality & Quantity, 52(3), 1193-1207.
  • Hewitt, D. (1992). Military expenditures worldwide: determinants and trends, 1972–1988. Journal of Public Policy, 12(2), 105-152.
  • Hou, N., & Chen, B. (2013). Military expenditure and economic growth in developing countries: evidence from system GMM estimates. Defence and Peace Economics, 24(3), 183-193.
  • Hou, D. (2018). The determinants of military expenditure in Asia and Oceania, 1992–2016: a dynamic panel analysis. Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy, 24(3).
  • Josselin, D., & Malizard, J. (2022). Determinants of defense spending: The role of strategic factors in France. Defence and Peace Economics, 33(8), 938-955.
  • Im, K., & Pesaran, M. (2003). On the Panel Unit Roots Testin Using Nonlinear Instrumental Variables.
  • Karakurt, B., Şentürk, S. H., & Şahingöz, B. (2020). Türkiye’de savunma harcamaları, silah ithalatı ve dış borçlar arasındaki ilişkinin analizi: ARDL sınır testi yaklaşımı. International Journal of Public Finance, 5(2), 273-294.
  • Khalid, U., & Habimana, O. (2021). Military Spending and Economic Growth in Turkey: A Wavelet Approach. Defence and Peace Economics, 32(3), 362-376.
  • Kılıç, N. Ö., Açdoyuran, B., & Beşer, M. (2018). G-8 ülkelerinde askeri harcamalar ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi. Girişimcilik ve Kalkınma Dergisi, 13(2), 136-146.
  • Klein *, T. (2004). Military expenditure and economic growth: Peru 1970–1996. Defence and Peace Economics, 15(3), 275-288.
  • Korkmaz, Ö., & Bilgin, T. (2017). Askeri harcamalar ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişki: Türkiye ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin karşılaştırmalı analizi. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, (18), 289-316.
  • Kurt, Ü., & Kılıç, C. (2019). Küreselleşmenin savunma harcamaları üzerindeki etkisi: Türkiye için var analizi. Trakya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 21(1), 237-247.
  • Levin, A., Lin, C., & Chu. (1993). Unit Rott tests in panel data: new results. University of California at San Diego Discussion Paper, s. 93-56.
  • Levin, A., Lin, C., & Chu. (2002). Unit Root test in panel data: asympotic and finite-sample properties. Journal of Econometrics, s. 1-24.
  • Loayza, N., & Ranciere, R. (2006). Financial development, financial fragility, and growth. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, s. 1051-1076.
  • Maher, M., & Zhao, Y. (2022). Do political instability and military expenditure undermine economic growth in Egypt? Evidence from the ARDL approach. Defence and Peace Economics, 33(8), 956-979.
  • Manamperi, N. (2016). Does military expenditure hinder economic growth? Evidence from Greece and Turkey. Journal of Policy Modeling, 38(6), 1171-1193.
  • McDonald, B. D. (2021). A human capital model of the defense-growth relationship. The Social Science Journal, 58(2), 247-261.
  • Michael, C., & Stelios, R. (2020). The effect of military spending on income inequality: evidence from NATO countries. Empirical Economics, 58(3), 1305-1337.
  • Murdoch, J. C., & Sandler, T. (1984). Complementarity, free riding, and the military expenditures of NATO allies. Journal of Public Economics, 25(1), 83-101.
  • Odehnal, J., & Neubauer, J. (2020). Economic, security, and political determinants of military spending in NATO countries. Defence and Peace Economics, 31(5), 517-531.
  • Pesaran, M. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross section dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 265-312.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General diagnostic test for cross section dependence in panels. Cambridge: Cambridge Working Papper.
  • Pieroni, L. (2009). Military expenditure and economic growth. Defence and Peace Economics, 20(4), 327-339.
  • Ram, R. (1995). Chapter 10 Defense expenditure and economic growth. In Handbook of Defense Economics (Vol. 1, pp. 251-274). Elsevier.
  • Saba, C. S., & Ngepah, N. (2019). A cross-regional analysis of military expenditure, state fragility and economic growth in Africa. Quality & Quantity, 53(6), 2885-2915.
  • Samargand, N., Fidrmuc, J., & Ghosh, S. (2014). Is the relationship between financial development and economic growth monotonic? Evidence from a sample of middle income countries. Munich: Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich.
  • Seiglie, C. (1992). Chapter 8 - Determinants of Military Expenditures. In W. Isard & C. H. Anderton (Eds.), Economics of Arms Reduction and the Peace Process (pp. 183-202). North-Holland.
  • Solarin, S. A. (2018). Determinants of military expenditure and the role of globalisation in a cross-country analysis. Defence and Peace Economics, 29(7), 853-870.
  • Tatoğlu, F. Y. (2018). Panel zaman serileri analizi. İstanbul: Beta.
  • Topal, M. H. (2018). Türkiye’de askeri harcamalar ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişkinin bir analizi (1960-2016). Maliye Dergisi, 174, 175-202.
  • Torun, M., Eroğlu, E., & Bayrak, R. (2021). Savunma harcamalarının ekonomik büyümeye etkisi: NATO ülkeleri üzerinde panel veri analizi. Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 19(40), 489-507.
  • Ward, M. D., Penubarti, M., Cohen, J. S., & Lofdahl, C. L. (1995). Guns and growth around the globe. International Interactions, 21(2), 181-201.
  • Wooldridge, J. M. (2012). Introductory econometrics: a modern approach. South-Western : Cengage Learning.
  • Yardımcı, M. C. (2022). Relationship Between Military Expenditures and Economic Growth: Testing the Validity of The Benoit Hypothesis. JOEEP: Journal of Emerging Economies and Policy, 7(1), 436-445.
  • Yildirim†, J., Sezgin, S., & Öcal, N. (2005). Military expenditure and economic growth in Middle Eastern Countries: A dynamic panel data analysis. Defence and Peace Economics, 16(4), 283-295.
  • Yıldız, B., & Akbulut Yıldız, G. (2019). Ortadoğu ülkelerinde askeri harcamalar ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişki: bootstrap panel granger nedensellik analizi. Sayıştay Dergisi, (112), 53-74.
Yıl 2023, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 1, 151 - 176, 31.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1212119

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Akcan, A. T. (2019). Türkiye’de yatırım ve askeri harcamalarının ekonomik büyümeye etkisi: 1982-2017 ARDL sınır testi yaklaşımı. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 15(2), 359-369.
  • Albalate, D., Bel, G., & Elias, F. (2012). Institutional determinants of military spending. Journal of Comparative Economics, 40(2), 279-290.
  • Alptekin, A., & Levine, P. (2012). Military expenditure and economic growth: A meta-analysis. European Journal of Political Economy, 28(4), 636-650.
  • Antonakis, N. (1997). Military Expenditure and economic growth in Greece, 1960-90. Journal of Peace Research, 34(1), 89-100.
  • Antonakis, N. (1999). Guns versus Butter:A Multisectoral Approach to Military Expenditure and Growth with Evidence from Greece, 1960-1993. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 43(4), 501-520.
  • Azam, M., Khan, F., Zaman, K., & Rasli, A. M. (2016). Military expenditures and unemployment nexus for selected South Asian countries. Social Indicators Research, 127(3), 1103-1117.
  • Baltagai, B. H. (2005). Econometric analysis of panel data. San Francisco: Johan Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
  • Canbay, Ş., & Mercan, D. (2017). Savunma harcamalarının ekonomik büyüme ve cari işlemler dengesine etkisi: Türkiye örneği. JOEEP: Journal of Emerging Economies and Policy, 2(2), 86-104.
  • Çetinkaya, M., Çetinkaya, A. T., & Aksoy, E. (2017). Askeri harcamalar özelinde kamu harcamaları ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi. Sosyal Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 17(33), 210-225.
  • Çil, N. (2018). Finansal Ekonometri. İstanbul: DER yayınları. d’Agostino, G., Dunne, J. P., & Pieroni, L. (2019). Military expenditure, endogeneity and economic growth. Defence and Peace Economics, 30(5), 509-524.
  • Dedebek, E., & Meriç, M. (2015). Avrupa Birliği ülkelerinde savunma harcamalarını belirleyen ekonomik ve sosyal faktörler: Panel veri analizi. Sayıştay Dergisi, (97), 89-104.
  • Dudley, L., & Montmarquette, C. (1981). The demand for military expenditures: An international comparison. Public Choice, 37(1), 5-31.
  • Dunne, J., Nikolaidou, E. and Smith, R. (2002), Military spending, investment and economic growth in small industrialising economies. South African Journal of Economics, 70: 789-790.
  • Dunne, J. P., & Nikolaidou, E. (2012). Defence spending and economic growth in the eu15. Defence and Peace Economics, 23(6), 537-548.
  • Erdinç, Z., & Aydınbaş, G. (2022). Ulusal ve uluslararası güvenlik kapsamında savunma harcamalarını etkileyen etmenler: OECD ülkeleri üzerine bir analiz. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, (34), 143-158.
  • Fay, E. M. (2020). Individual and contextual influences on public support for military spending in NATO. Defence and Peace Economics, 31(7), 762-785.
  • Gentilucci, E. (2020). A causality analysis. Military expenditures and economic growth in USA and China.
  • George, J., & Sandler, T. (2018). Demand for military spending in NATO, 1968–2015: A spatial panel approach. European Journal of Political Economy, 53, 222-236.
  • Gökhunar, R., & Yanıkkaya, H. (2004). Savunma harcamalarını belirleyen faktörler ve ekonomik büyümeye etkileri. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 59(01).
  • Gujarati, D., & Porter, D. C. (2009). Basic Econometrics (5th edition). West Point: McGraw-Hill Education .
  • Hatemi-J, A., Chang, T., Chen, W.-Y., Lin, F.-L., & Gupta, R. (2018). Asymmetric causality between military expenditures and economic growth in top six defense spenders. Quality & Quantity, 52(3), 1193-1207.
  • Hewitt, D. (1992). Military expenditures worldwide: determinants and trends, 1972–1988. Journal of Public Policy, 12(2), 105-152.
  • Hou, N., & Chen, B. (2013). Military expenditure and economic growth in developing countries: evidence from system GMM estimates. Defence and Peace Economics, 24(3), 183-193.
  • Hou, D. (2018). The determinants of military expenditure in Asia and Oceania, 1992–2016: a dynamic panel analysis. Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy, 24(3).
  • Josselin, D., & Malizard, J. (2022). Determinants of defense spending: The role of strategic factors in France. Defence and Peace Economics, 33(8), 938-955.
  • Im, K., & Pesaran, M. (2003). On the Panel Unit Roots Testin Using Nonlinear Instrumental Variables.
  • Karakurt, B., Şentürk, S. H., & Şahingöz, B. (2020). Türkiye’de savunma harcamaları, silah ithalatı ve dış borçlar arasındaki ilişkinin analizi: ARDL sınır testi yaklaşımı. International Journal of Public Finance, 5(2), 273-294.
  • Khalid, U., & Habimana, O. (2021). Military Spending and Economic Growth in Turkey: A Wavelet Approach. Defence and Peace Economics, 32(3), 362-376.
  • Kılıç, N. Ö., Açdoyuran, B., & Beşer, M. (2018). G-8 ülkelerinde askeri harcamalar ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi. Girişimcilik ve Kalkınma Dergisi, 13(2), 136-146.
  • Klein *, T. (2004). Military expenditure and economic growth: Peru 1970–1996. Defence and Peace Economics, 15(3), 275-288.
  • Korkmaz, Ö., & Bilgin, T. (2017). Askeri harcamalar ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişki: Türkiye ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin karşılaştırmalı analizi. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, (18), 289-316.
  • Kurt, Ü., & Kılıç, C. (2019). Küreselleşmenin savunma harcamaları üzerindeki etkisi: Türkiye için var analizi. Trakya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 21(1), 237-247.
  • Levin, A., Lin, C., & Chu. (1993). Unit Rott tests in panel data: new results. University of California at San Diego Discussion Paper, s. 93-56.
  • Levin, A., Lin, C., & Chu. (2002). Unit Root test in panel data: asympotic and finite-sample properties. Journal of Econometrics, s. 1-24.
  • Loayza, N., & Ranciere, R. (2006). Financial development, financial fragility, and growth. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, s. 1051-1076.
  • Maher, M., & Zhao, Y. (2022). Do political instability and military expenditure undermine economic growth in Egypt? Evidence from the ARDL approach. Defence and Peace Economics, 33(8), 956-979.
  • Manamperi, N. (2016). Does military expenditure hinder economic growth? Evidence from Greece and Turkey. Journal of Policy Modeling, 38(6), 1171-1193.
  • McDonald, B. D. (2021). A human capital model of the defense-growth relationship. The Social Science Journal, 58(2), 247-261.
  • Michael, C., & Stelios, R. (2020). The effect of military spending on income inequality: evidence from NATO countries. Empirical Economics, 58(3), 1305-1337.
  • Murdoch, J. C., & Sandler, T. (1984). Complementarity, free riding, and the military expenditures of NATO allies. Journal of Public Economics, 25(1), 83-101.
  • Odehnal, J., & Neubauer, J. (2020). Economic, security, and political determinants of military spending in NATO countries. Defence and Peace Economics, 31(5), 517-531.
  • Pesaran, M. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross section dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 265-312.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General diagnostic test for cross section dependence in panels. Cambridge: Cambridge Working Papper.
  • Pieroni, L. (2009). Military expenditure and economic growth. Defence and Peace Economics, 20(4), 327-339.
  • Ram, R. (1995). Chapter 10 Defense expenditure and economic growth. In Handbook of Defense Economics (Vol. 1, pp. 251-274). Elsevier.
  • Saba, C. S., & Ngepah, N. (2019). A cross-regional analysis of military expenditure, state fragility and economic growth in Africa. Quality & Quantity, 53(6), 2885-2915.
  • Samargand, N., Fidrmuc, J., & Ghosh, S. (2014). Is the relationship between financial development and economic growth monotonic? Evidence from a sample of middle income countries. Munich: Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich.
  • Seiglie, C. (1992). Chapter 8 - Determinants of Military Expenditures. In W. Isard & C. H. Anderton (Eds.), Economics of Arms Reduction and the Peace Process (pp. 183-202). North-Holland.
  • Solarin, S. A. (2018). Determinants of military expenditure and the role of globalisation in a cross-country analysis. Defence and Peace Economics, 29(7), 853-870.
  • Tatoğlu, F. Y. (2018). Panel zaman serileri analizi. İstanbul: Beta.
  • Topal, M. H. (2018). Türkiye’de askeri harcamalar ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişkinin bir analizi (1960-2016). Maliye Dergisi, 174, 175-202.
  • Torun, M., Eroğlu, E., & Bayrak, R. (2021). Savunma harcamalarının ekonomik büyümeye etkisi: NATO ülkeleri üzerinde panel veri analizi. Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 19(40), 489-507.
  • Ward, M. D., Penubarti, M., Cohen, J. S., & Lofdahl, C. L. (1995). Guns and growth around the globe. International Interactions, 21(2), 181-201.
  • Wooldridge, J. M. (2012). Introductory econometrics: a modern approach. South-Western : Cengage Learning.
  • Yardımcı, M. C. (2022). Relationship Between Military Expenditures and Economic Growth: Testing the Validity of The Benoit Hypothesis. JOEEP: Journal of Emerging Economies and Policy, 7(1), 436-445.
  • Yildirim†, J., Sezgin, S., & Öcal, N. (2005). Military expenditure and economic growth in Middle Eastern Countries: A dynamic panel data analysis. Defence and Peace Economics, 16(4), 283-295.
  • Yıldız, B., & Akbulut Yıldız, G. (2019). Ortadoğu ülkelerinde askeri harcamalar ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişki: bootstrap panel granger nedensellik analizi. Sayıştay Dergisi, (112), 53-74.
Yıl 2023, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 1, 151 - 176, 31.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1212119

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Akcan, A. T. (2019). Türkiye’de yatırım ve askeri harcamalarının ekonomik büyümeye etkisi: 1982-2017 ARDL sınır testi yaklaşımı. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 15(2), 359-369.
  • Albalate, D., Bel, G., & Elias, F. (2012). Institutional determinants of military spending. Journal of Comparative Economics, 40(2), 279-290.
  • Alptekin, A., & Levine, P. (2012). Military expenditure and economic growth: A meta-analysis. European Journal of Political Economy, 28(4), 636-650.
  • Antonakis, N. (1997). Military Expenditure and economic growth in Greece, 1960-90. Journal of Peace Research, 34(1), 89-100.
  • Antonakis, N. (1999). Guns versus Butter:A Multisectoral Approach to Military Expenditure and Growth with Evidence from Greece, 1960-1993. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 43(4), 501-520.
  • Azam, M., Khan, F., Zaman, K., & Rasli, A. M. (2016). Military expenditures and unemployment nexus for selected South Asian countries. Social Indicators Research, 127(3), 1103-1117.
  • Baltagai, B. H. (2005). Econometric analysis of panel data. San Francisco: Johan Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
  • Canbay, Ş., & Mercan, D. (2017). Savunma harcamalarının ekonomik büyüme ve cari işlemler dengesine etkisi: Türkiye örneği. JOEEP: Journal of Emerging Economies and Policy, 2(2), 86-104.
  • Çetinkaya, M., Çetinkaya, A. T., & Aksoy, E. (2017). Askeri harcamalar özelinde kamu harcamaları ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi. Sosyal Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 17(33), 210-225.
  • Çil, N. (2018). Finansal Ekonometri. İstanbul: DER yayınları. d’Agostino, G., Dunne, J. P., & Pieroni, L. (2019). Military expenditure, endogeneity and economic growth. Defence and Peace Economics, 30(5), 509-524.
  • Dedebek, E., & Meriç, M. (2015). Avrupa Birliği ülkelerinde savunma harcamalarını belirleyen ekonomik ve sosyal faktörler: Panel veri analizi. Sayıştay Dergisi, (97), 89-104.
  • Dudley, L., & Montmarquette, C. (1981). The demand for military expenditures: An international comparison. Public Choice, 37(1), 5-31.
  • Dunne, J., Nikolaidou, E. and Smith, R. (2002), Military spending, investment and economic growth in small industrialising economies. South African Journal of Economics, 70: 789-790.
  • Dunne, J. P., & Nikolaidou, E. (2012). Defence spending and economic growth in the eu15. Defence and Peace Economics, 23(6), 537-548.
  • Erdinç, Z., & Aydınbaş, G. (2022). Ulusal ve uluslararası güvenlik kapsamında savunma harcamalarını etkileyen etmenler: OECD ülkeleri üzerine bir analiz. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, (34), 143-158.
  • Fay, E. M. (2020). Individual and contextual influences on public support for military spending in NATO. Defence and Peace Economics, 31(7), 762-785.
  • Gentilucci, E. (2020). A causality analysis. Military expenditures and economic growth in USA and China.
  • George, J., & Sandler, T. (2018). Demand for military spending in NATO, 1968–2015: A spatial panel approach. European Journal of Political Economy, 53, 222-236.
  • Gökhunar, R., & Yanıkkaya, H. (2004). Savunma harcamalarını belirleyen faktörler ve ekonomik büyümeye etkileri. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 59(01).
  • Gujarati, D., & Porter, D. C. (2009). Basic Econometrics (5th edition). West Point: McGraw-Hill Education .
  • Hatemi-J, A., Chang, T., Chen, W.-Y., Lin, F.-L., & Gupta, R. (2018). Asymmetric causality between military expenditures and economic growth in top six defense spenders. Quality & Quantity, 52(3), 1193-1207.
  • Hewitt, D. (1992). Military expenditures worldwide: determinants and trends, 1972–1988. Journal of Public Policy, 12(2), 105-152.
  • Hou, N., & Chen, B. (2013). Military expenditure and economic growth in developing countries: evidence from system GMM estimates. Defence and Peace Economics, 24(3), 183-193.
  • Hou, D. (2018). The determinants of military expenditure in Asia and Oceania, 1992–2016: a dynamic panel analysis. Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy, 24(3).
  • Josselin, D., & Malizard, J. (2022). Determinants of defense spending: The role of strategic factors in France. Defence and Peace Economics, 33(8), 938-955.
  • Im, K., & Pesaran, M. (2003). On the Panel Unit Roots Testin Using Nonlinear Instrumental Variables.
  • Karakurt, B., Şentürk, S. H., & Şahingöz, B. (2020). Türkiye’de savunma harcamaları, silah ithalatı ve dış borçlar arasındaki ilişkinin analizi: ARDL sınır testi yaklaşımı. International Journal of Public Finance, 5(2), 273-294.
  • Khalid, U., & Habimana, O. (2021). Military Spending and Economic Growth in Turkey: A Wavelet Approach. Defence and Peace Economics, 32(3), 362-376.
  • Kılıç, N. Ö., Açdoyuran, B., & Beşer, M. (2018). G-8 ülkelerinde askeri harcamalar ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi. Girişimcilik ve Kalkınma Dergisi, 13(2), 136-146.
  • Klein *, T. (2004). Military expenditure and economic growth: Peru 1970–1996. Defence and Peace Economics, 15(3), 275-288.
  • Korkmaz, Ö., & Bilgin, T. (2017). Askeri harcamalar ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişki: Türkiye ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin karşılaştırmalı analizi. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, (18), 289-316.
  • Kurt, Ü., & Kılıç, C. (2019). Küreselleşmenin savunma harcamaları üzerindeki etkisi: Türkiye için var analizi. Trakya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 21(1), 237-247.
  • Levin, A., Lin, C., & Chu. (1993). Unit Rott tests in panel data: new results. University of California at San Diego Discussion Paper, s. 93-56.
  • Levin, A., Lin, C., & Chu. (2002). Unit Root test in panel data: asympotic and finite-sample properties. Journal of Econometrics, s. 1-24.
  • Loayza, N., & Ranciere, R. (2006). Financial development, financial fragility, and growth. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, s. 1051-1076.
  • Maher, M., & Zhao, Y. (2022). Do political instability and military expenditure undermine economic growth in Egypt? Evidence from the ARDL approach. Defence and Peace Economics, 33(8), 956-979.
  • Manamperi, N. (2016). Does military expenditure hinder economic growth? Evidence from Greece and Turkey. Journal of Policy Modeling, 38(6), 1171-1193.
  • McDonald, B. D. (2021). A human capital model of the defense-growth relationship. The Social Science Journal, 58(2), 247-261.
  • Michael, C., & Stelios, R. (2020). The effect of military spending on income inequality: evidence from NATO countries. Empirical Economics, 58(3), 1305-1337.
  • Murdoch, J. C., & Sandler, T. (1984). Complementarity, free riding, and the military expenditures of NATO allies. Journal of Public Economics, 25(1), 83-101.
  • Odehnal, J., & Neubauer, J. (2020). Economic, security, and political determinants of military spending in NATO countries. Defence and Peace Economics, 31(5), 517-531.
  • Pesaran, M. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross section dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 265-312.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General diagnostic test for cross section dependence in panels. Cambridge: Cambridge Working Papper.
  • Pieroni, L. (2009). Military expenditure and economic growth. Defence and Peace Economics, 20(4), 327-339.
  • Ram, R. (1995). Chapter 10 Defense expenditure and economic growth. In Handbook of Defense Economics (Vol. 1, pp. 251-274). Elsevier.
  • Saba, C. S., & Ngepah, N. (2019). A cross-regional analysis of military expenditure, state fragility and economic growth in Africa. Quality & Quantity, 53(6), 2885-2915.
  • Samargand, N., Fidrmuc, J., & Ghosh, S. (2014). Is the relationship between financial development and economic growth monotonic? Evidence from a sample of middle income countries. Munich: Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich.
  • Seiglie, C. (1992). Chapter 8 - Determinants of Military Expenditures. In W. Isard & C. H. Anderton (Eds.), Economics of Arms Reduction and the Peace Process (pp. 183-202). North-Holland.
  • Solarin, S. A. (2018). Determinants of military expenditure and the role of globalisation in a cross-country analysis. Defence and Peace Economics, 29(7), 853-870.
  • Tatoğlu, F. Y. (2018). Panel zaman serileri analizi. İstanbul: Beta.
  • Topal, M. H. (2018). Türkiye’de askeri harcamalar ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişkinin bir analizi (1960-2016). Maliye Dergisi, 174, 175-202.
  • Torun, M., Eroğlu, E., & Bayrak, R. (2021). Savunma harcamalarının ekonomik büyümeye etkisi: NATO ülkeleri üzerinde panel veri analizi. Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 19(40), 489-507.
  • Ward, M. D., Penubarti, M., Cohen, J. S., & Lofdahl, C. L. (1995). Guns and growth around the globe. International Interactions, 21(2), 181-201.
  • Wooldridge, J. M. (2012). Introductory econometrics: a modern approach. South-Western : Cengage Learning.
  • Yardımcı, M. C. (2022). Relationship Between Military Expenditures and Economic Growth: Testing the Validity of The Benoit Hypothesis. JOEEP: Journal of Emerging Economies and Policy, 7(1), 436-445.
  • Yildirim†, J., Sezgin, S., & Öcal, N. (2005). Military expenditure and economic growth in Middle Eastern Countries: A dynamic panel data analysis. Defence and Peace Economics, 16(4), 283-295.
  • Yıldız, B., & Akbulut Yıldız, G. (2019). Ortadoğu ülkelerinde askeri harcamalar ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişki: bootstrap panel granger nedensellik analizi. Sayıştay Dergisi, (112), 53-74.
Yıl 2023, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 1, 151 - 176, 31.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1212119

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Akcan, A. T. (2019). Türkiye’de yatırım ve askeri harcamalarının ekonomik büyümeye etkisi: 1982-2017 ARDL sınır testi yaklaşımı. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 15(2), 359-369.
  • Albalate, D., Bel, G., & Elias, F. (2012). Institutional determinants of military spending. Journal of Comparative Economics, 40(2), 279-290.
  • Alptekin, A., & Levine, P. (2012). Military expenditure and economic growth: A meta-analysis. European Journal of Political Economy, 28(4), 636-650.
  • Antonakis, N. (1997). Military Expenditure and economic growth in Greece, 1960-90. Journal of Peace Research, 34(1), 89-100.
  • Antonakis, N. (1999). Guns versus Butter:A Multisectoral Approach to Military Expenditure and Growth with Evidence from Greece, 1960-1993. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 43(4), 501-520.
  • Azam, M., Khan, F., Zaman, K., & Rasli, A. M. (2016). Military expenditures and unemployment nexus for selected South Asian countries. Social Indicators Research, 127(3), 1103-1117.
  • Baltagai, B. H. (2005). Econometric analysis of panel data. San Francisco: Johan Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
  • Canbay, Ş., & Mercan, D. (2017). Savunma harcamalarının ekonomik büyüme ve cari işlemler dengesine etkisi: Türkiye örneği. JOEEP: Journal of Emerging Economies and Policy, 2(2), 86-104.
  • Çetinkaya, M., Çetinkaya, A. T., & Aksoy, E. (2017). Askeri harcamalar özelinde kamu harcamaları ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi. Sosyal Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 17(33), 210-225.
  • Çil, N. (2018). Finansal Ekonometri. İstanbul: DER yayınları. d’Agostino, G., Dunne, J. P., & Pieroni, L. (2019). Military expenditure, endogeneity and economic growth. Defence and Peace Economics, 30(5), 509-524.
  • Dedebek, E., & Meriç, M. (2015). Avrupa Birliği ülkelerinde savunma harcamalarını belirleyen ekonomik ve sosyal faktörler: Panel veri analizi. Sayıştay Dergisi, (97), 89-104.
  • Dudley, L., & Montmarquette, C. (1981). The demand for military expenditures: An international comparison. Public Choice, 37(1), 5-31.
  • Dunne, J., Nikolaidou, E. and Smith, R. (2002), Military spending, investment and economic growth in small industrialising economies. South African Journal of Economics, 70: 789-790.
  • Dunne, J. P., & Nikolaidou, E. (2012). Defence spending and economic growth in the eu15. Defence and Peace Economics, 23(6), 537-548.
  • Erdinç, Z., & Aydınbaş, G. (2022). Ulusal ve uluslararası güvenlik kapsamında savunma harcamalarını etkileyen etmenler: OECD ülkeleri üzerine bir analiz. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, (34), 143-158.
  • Fay, E. M. (2020). Individual and contextual influences on public support for military spending in NATO. Defence and Peace Economics, 31(7), 762-785.
  • Gentilucci, E. (2020). A causality analysis. Military expenditures and economic growth in USA and China.
  • George, J., & Sandler, T. (2018). Demand for military spending in NATO, 1968–2015: A spatial panel approach. European Journal of Political Economy, 53, 222-236.
  • Gökhunar, R., & Yanıkkaya, H. (2004). Savunma harcamalarını belirleyen faktörler ve ekonomik büyümeye etkileri. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 59(01).
  • Gujarati, D., & Porter, D. C. (2009). Basic Econometrics (5th edition). West Point: McGraw-Hill Education .
  • Hatemi-J, A., Chang, T., Chen, W.-Y., Lin, F.-L., & Gupta, R. (2018). Asymmetric causality between military expenditures and economic growth in top six defense spenders. Quality & Quantity, 52(3), 1193-1207.
  • Hewitt, D. (1992). Military expenditures worldwide: determinants and trends, 1972–1988. Journal of Public Policy, 12(2), 105-152.
  • Hou, N., & Chen, B. (2013). Military expenditure and economic growth in developing countries: evidence from system GMM estimates. Defence and Peace Economics, 24(3), 183-193.
  • Hou, D. (2018). The determinants of military expenditure in Asia and Oceania, 1992–2016: a dynamic panel analysis. Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy, 24(3).
  • Josselin, D., & Malizard, J. (2022). Determinants of defense spending: The role of strategic factors in France. Defence and Peace Economics, 33(8), 938-955.
  • Im, K., & Pesaran, M. (2003). On the Panel Unit Roots Testin Using Nonlinear Instrumental Variables.
  • Karakurt, B., Şentürk, S. H., & Şahingöz, B. (2020). Türkiye’de savunma harcamaları, silah ithalatı ve dış borçlar arasındaki ilişkinin analizi: ARDL sınır testi yaklaşımı. International Journal of Public Finance, 5(2), 273-294.
  • Khalid, U., & Habimana, O. (2021). Military Spending and Economic Growth in Turkey: A Wavelet Approach. Defence and Peace Economics, 32(3), 362-376.
  • Kılıç, N. Ö., Açdoyuran, B., & Beşer, M. (2018). G-8 ülkelerinde askeri harcamalar ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi. Girişimcilik ve Kalkınma Dergisi, 13(2), 136-146.
  • Klein *, T. (2004). Military expenditure and economic growth: Peru 1970–1996. Defence and Peace Economics, 15(3), 275-288.
  • Korkmaz, Ö., & Bilgin, T. (2017). Askeri harcamalar ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişki: Türkiye ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin karşılaştırmalı analizi. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, (18), 289-316.
  • Kurt, Ü., & Kılıç, C. (2019). Küreselleşmenin savunma harcamaları üzerindeki etkisi: Türkiye için var analizi. Trakya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 21(1), 237-247.
  • Levin, A., Lin, C., & Chu. (1993). Unit Rott tests in panel data: new results. University of California at San Diego Discussion Paper, s. 93-56.
  • Levin, A., Lin, C., & Chu. (2002). Unit Root test in panel data: asympotic and finite-sample properties. Journal of Econometrics, s. 1-24.
  • Loayza, N., & Ranciere, R. (2006). Financial development, financial fragility, and growth. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, s. 1051-1076.
  • Maher, M., & Zhao, Y. (2022). Do political instability and military expenditure undermine economic growth in Egypt? Evidence from the ARDL approach. Defence and Peace Economics, 33(8), 956-979.
  • Manamperi, N. (2016). Does military expenditure hinder economic growth? Evidence from Greece and Turkey. Journal of Policy Modeling, 38(6), 1171-1193.
  • McDonald, B. D. (2021). A human capital model of the defense-growth relationship. The Social Science Journal, 58(2), 247-261.
  • Michael, C., & Stelios, R. (2020). The effect of military spending on income inequality: evidence from NATO countries. Empirical Economics, 58(3), 1305-1337.
  • Murdoch, J. C., & Sandler, T. (1984). Complementarity, free riding, and the military expenditures of NATO allies. Journal of Public Economics, 25(1), 83-101.
  • Odehnal, J., & Neubauer, J. (2020). Economic, security, and political determinants of military spending in NATO countries. Defence and Peace Economics, 31(5), 517-531.
  • Pesaran, M. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross section dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 265-312.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General diagnostic test for cross section dependence in panels. Cambridge: Cambridge Working Papper.
  • Pieroni, L. (2009). Military expenditure and economic growth. Defence and Peace Economics, 20(4), 327-339.
  • Ram, R. (1995). Chapter 10 Defense expenditure and economic growth. In Handbook of Defense Economics (Vol. 1, pp. 251-274). Elsevier.
  • Saba, C. S., & Ngepah, N. (2019). A cross-regional analysis of military expenditure, state fragility and economic growth in Africa. Quality & Quantity, 53(6), 2885-2915.
  • Samargand, N., Fidrmuc, J., & Ghosh, S. (2014). Is the relationship between financial development and economic growth monotonic? Evidence from a sample of middle income countries. Munich: Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich.
  • Seiglie, C. (1992). Chapter 8 - Determinants of Military Expenditures. In W. Isard & C. H. Anderton (Eds.), Economics of Arms Reduction and the Peace Process (pp. 183-202). North-Holland.
  • Solarin, S. A. (2018). Determinants of military expenditure and the role of globalisation in a cross-country analysis. Defence and Peace Economics, 29(7), 853-870.
  • Tatoğlu, F. Y. (2018). Panel zaman serileri analizi. İstanbul: Beta.
  • Topal, M. H. (2018). Türkiye’de askeri harcamalar ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişkinin bir analizi (1960-2016). Maliye Dergisi, 174, 175-202.
  • Torun, M., Eroğlu, E., & Bayrak, R. (2021). Savunma harcamalarının ekonomik büyümeye etkisi: NATO ülkeleri üzerinde panel veri analizi. Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 19(40), 489-507.
  • Ward, M. D., Penubarti, M., Cohen, J. S., & Lofdahl, C. L. (1995). Guns and growth around the globe. International Interactions, 21(2), 181-201.
  • Wooldridge, J. M. (2012). Introductory econometrics: a modern approach. South-Western : Cengage Learning.
  • Yardımcı, M. C. (2022). Relationship Between Military Expenditures and Economic Growth: Testing the Validity of The Benoit Hypothesis. JOEEP: Journal of Emerging Economies and Policy, 7(1), 436-445.
  • Yildirim†, J., Sezgin, S., & Öcal, N. (2005). Military expenditure and economic growth in Middle Eastern Countries: A dynamic panel data analysis. Defence and Peace Economics, 16(4), 283-295.
  • Yıldız, B., & Akbulut Yıldız, G. (2019). Ortadoğu ülkelerinde askeri harcamalar ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişki: bootstrap panel granger nedensellik analizi. Sayıştay Dergisi, (112), 53-74.

The Impact of Growth and Population on Military Expenditures in Nato Member States: The Panel Ardl Test

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 1, 151 - 176, 31.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1212119

Öz

The impact of economic growth on military expenditures and the relationship between these two variables has been the subject of numerous studies for a long time. Especially with the end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the military expenditures of the countries that make up NATO have become more interesting. According to data compiled by the SIPRI, military expenditures in 2021 were $2.113 billion dollars. This number has increased since 1994. The relationship between military expenditures, economic growth and the country's population has been seriously studied by both policy makers and researchers in recent years. Military expenditures have both positive and negative contributions to the economy. Military expenditures, which have a significant share in public expenditures, can potentially stimulate growth. On the other hand, it is natural that increases in growth and population will also affect military expenditures.
In the study, observations of Military Expenditures (ME), Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Population (POP) variables were collected for 25 years between 1997 and 2021 for 26 NATO countries and a balanced panel data set containing 650 observations was created. In the research, tests for cross-section dependence, unit root, ARDL, and error correction were conducted, respectively. Since it is seen that all of the variables are not stationary at the level and are integrated series at different degrees, it was decided to use the Panel ARDL model, which allows to examine the relationships between stationary variables of different orders, in the estimation of the research model. Evaluating the coefficients calculated for the ARDL model together, we can say that Country GDP values have positive effects on Country ME in the short and long run, while country population does not have a significant effect in the short run but has a positive effect in the long run.

Kaynakça

  • Akcan, A. T. (2019). Türkiye’de yatırım ve askeri harcamalarının ekonomik büyümeye etkisi: 1982-2017 ARDL sınır testi yaklaşımı. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 15(2), 359-369.
  • Albalate, D., Bel, G., & Elias, F. (2012). Institutional determinants of military spending. Journal of Comparative Economics, 40(2), 279-290.
  • Alptekin, A., & Levine, P. (2012). Military expenditure and economic growth: A meta-analysis. European Journal of Political Economy, 28(4), 636-650.
  • Antonakis, N. (1997). Military Expenditure and economic growth in Greece, 1960-90. Journal of Peace Research, 34(1), 89-100.
  • Antonakis, N. (1999). Guns versus Butter:A Multisectoral Approach to Military Expenditure and Growth with Evidence from Greece, 1960-1993. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 43(4), 501-520.
  • Azam, M., Khan, F., Zaman, K., & Rasli, A. M. (2016). Military expenditures and unemployment nexus for selected South Asian countries. Social Indicators Research, 127(3), 1103-1117.
  • Baltagai, B. H. (2005). Econometric analysis of panel data. San Francisco: Johan Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
  • Canbay, Ş., & Mercan, D. (2017). Savunma harcamalarının ekonomik büyüme ve cari işlemler dengesine etkisi: Türkiye örneği. JOEEP: Journal of Emerging Economies and Policy, 2(2), 86-104.
  • Çetinkaya, M., Çetinkaya, A. T., & Aksoy, E. (2017). Askeri harcamalar özelinde kamu harcamaları ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi. Sosyal Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 17(33), 210-225.
  • Çil, N. (2018). Finansal Ekonometri. İstanbul: DER yayınları. d’Agostino, G., Dunne, J. P., & Pieroni, L. (2019). Military expenditure, endogeneity and economic growth. Defence and Peace Economics, 30(5), 509-524.
  • Dedebek, E., & Meriç, M. (2015). Avrupa Birliği ülkelerinde savunma harcamalarını belirleyen ekonomik ve sosyal faktörler: Panel veri analizi. Sayıştay Dergisi, (97), 89-104.
  • Dudley, L., & Montmarquette, C. (1981). The demand for military expenditures: An international comparison. Public Choice, 37(1), 5-31.
  • Dunne, J., Nikolaidou, E. and Smith, R. (2002), Military spending, investment and economic growth in small industrialising economies. South African Journal of Economics, 70: 789-790.
  • Dunne, J. P., & Nikolaidou, E. (2012). Defence spending and economic growth in the eu15. Defence and Peace Economics, 23(6), 537-548.
  • Erdinç, Z., & Aydınbaş, G. (2022). Ulusal ve uluslararası güvenlik kapsamında savunma harcamalarını etkileyen etmenler: OECD ülkeleri üzerine bir analiz. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, (34), 143-158.
  • Fay, E. M. (2020). Individual and contextual influences on public support for military spending in NATO. Defence and Peace Economics, 31(7), 762-785.
  • Gentilucci, E. (2020). A causality analysis. Military expenditures and economic growth in USA and China.
  • George, J., & Sandler, T. (2018). Demand for military spending in NATO, 1968–2015: A spatial panel approach. European Journal of Political Economy, 53, 222-236.
  • Gökhunar, R., & Yanıkkaya, H. (2004). Savunma harcamalarını belirleyen faktörler ve ekonomik büyümeye etkileri. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 59(01).
  • Gujarati, D., & Porter, D. C. (2009). Basic Econometrics (5th edition). West Point: McGraw-Hill Education .
  • Hatemi-J, A., Chang, T., Chen, W.-Y., Lin, F.-L., & Gupta, R. (2018). Asymmetric causality between military expenditures and economic growth in top six defense spenders. Quality & Quantity, 52(3), 1193-1207.
  • Hewitt, D. (1992). Military expenditures worldwide: determinants and trends, 1972–1988. Journal of Public Policy, 12(2), 105-152.
  • Hou, N., & Chen, B. (2013). Military expenditure and economic growth in developing countries: evidence from system GMM estimates. Defence and Peace Economics, 24(3), 183-193.
  • Hou, D. (2018). The determinants of military expenditure in Asia and Oceania, 1992–2016: a dynamic panel analysis. Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy, 24(3).
  • Josselin, D., & Malizard, J. (2022). Determinants of defense spending: The role of strategic factors in France. Defence and Peace Economics, 33(8), 938-955.
  • Im, K., & Pesaran, M. (2003). On the Panel Unit Roots Testin Using Nonlinear Instrumental Variables.
  • Karakurt, B., Şentürk, S. H., & Şahingöz, B. (2020). Türkiye’de savunma harcamaları, silah ithalatı ve dış borçlar arasındaki ilişkinin analizi: ARDL sınır testi yaklaşımı. International Journal of Public Finance, 5(2), 273-294.
  • Khalid, U., & Habimana, O. (2021). Military Spending and Economic Growth in Turkey: A Wavelet Approach. Defence and Peace Economics, 32(3), 362-376.
  • Kılıç, N. Ö., Açdoyuran, B., & Beşer, M. (2018). G-8 ülkelerinde askeri harcamalar ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi. Girişimcilik ve Kalkınma Dergisi, 13(2), 136-146.
  • Klein *, T. (2004). Military expenditure and economic growth: Peru 1970–1996. Defence and Peace Economics, 15(3), 275-288.
  • Korkmaz, Ö., & Bilgin, T. (2017). Askeri harcamalar ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişki: Türkiye ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin karşılaştırmalı analizi. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, (18), 289-316.
  • Kurt, Ü., & Kılıç, C. (2019). Küreselleşmenin savunma harcamaları üzerindeki etkisi: Türkiye için var analizi. Trakya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 21(1), 237-247.
  • Levin, A., Lin, C., & Chu. (1993). Unit Rott tests in panel data: new results. University of California at San Diego Discussion Paper, s. 93-56.
  • Levin, A., Lin, C., & Chu. (2002). Unit Root test in panel data: asympotic and finite-sample properties. Journal of Econometrics, s. 1-24.
  • Loayza, N., & Ranciere, R. (2006). Financial development, financial fragility, and growth. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, s. 1051-1076.
  • Maher, M., & Zhao, Y. (2022). Do political instability and military expenditure undermine economic growth in Egypt? Evidence from the ARDL approach. Defence and Peace Economics, 33(8), 956-979.
  • Manamperi, N. (2016). Does military expenditure hinder economic growth? Evidence from Greece and Turkey. Journal of Policy Modeling, 38(6), 1171-1193.
  • McDonald, B. D. (2021). A human capital model of the defense-growth relationship. The Social Science Journal, 58(2), 247-261.
  • Michael, C., & Stelios, R. (2020). The effect of military spending on income inequality: evidence from NATO countries. Empirical Economics, 58(3), 1305-1337.
  • Murdoch, J. C., & Sandler, T. (1984). Complementarity, free riding, and the military expenditures of NATO allies. Journal of Public Economics, 25(1), 83-101.
  • Odehnal, J., & Neubauer, J. (2020). Economic, security, and political determinants of military spending in NATO countries. Defence and Peace Economics, 31(5), 517-531.
  • Pesaran, M. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross section dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 265-312.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General diagnostic test for cross section dependence in panels. Cambridge: Cambridge Working Papper.
  • Pieroni, L. (2009). Military expenditure and economic growth. Defence and Peace Economics, 20(4), 327-339.
  • Ram, R. (1995). Chapter 10 Defense expenditure and economic growth. In Handbook of Defense Economics (Vol. 1, pp. 251-274). Elsevier.
  • Saba, C. S., & Ngepah, N. (2019). A cross-regional analysis of military expenditure, state fragility and economic growth in Africa. Quality & Quantity, 53(6), 2885-2915.
  • Samargand, N., Fidrmuc, J., & Ghosh, S. (2014). Is the relationship between financial development and economic growth monotonic? Evidence from a sample of middle income countries. Munich: Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich.
  • Seiglie, C. (1992). Chapter 8 - Determinants of Military Expenditures. In W. Isard & C. H. Anderton (Eds.), Economics of Arms Reduction and the Peace Process (pp. 183-202). North-Holland.
  • Solarin, S. A. (2018). Determinants of military expenditure and the role of globalisation in a cross-country analysis. Defence and Peace Economics, 29(7), 853-870.
  • Tatoğlu, F. Y. (2018). Panel zaman serileri analizi. İstanbul: Beta.
  • Topal, M. H. (2018). Türkiye’de askeri harcamalar ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişkinin bir analizi (1960-2016). Maliye Dergisi, 174, 175-202.
  • Torun, M., Eroğlu, E., & Bayrak, R. (2021). Savunma harcamalarının ekonomik büyümeye etkisi: NATO ülkeleri üzerinde panel veri analizi. Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 19(40), 489-507.
  • Ward, M. D., Penubarti, M., Cohen, J. S., & Lofdahl, C. L. (1995). Guns and growth around the globe. International Interactions, 21(2), 181-201.
  • Wooldridge, J. M. (2012). Introductory econometrics: a modern approach. South-Western : Cengage Learning.
  • Yardımcı, M. C. (2022). Relationship Between Military Expenditures and Economic Growth: Testing the Validity of The Benoit Hypothesis. JOEEP: Journal of Emerging Economies and Policy, 7(1), 436-445.
  • Yildirim†, J., Sezgin, S., & Öcal, N. (2005). Military expenditure and economic growth in Middle Eastern Countries: A dynamic panel data analysis. Defence and Peace Economics, 16(4), 283-295.
  • Yıldız, B., & Akbulut Yıldız, G. (2019). Ortadoğu ülkelerinde askeri harcamalar ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişki: bootstrap panel granger nedensellik analizi. Sayıştay Dergisi, (112), 53-74.

Nato Üyesi Ülkelerde Askeri Harcamaya Büyüme ve Nüfusun Etkisi: Panel Ardl Testi

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 1, 151 - 176, 31.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1212119

Öz

Ekonomik büyümenin askeri harcamalar üzerindeki etkisi ve bu iki değişken arasındaki ilişki uzun zamandır üzerinde çok sayıda araştırmanın yapıldığı bir konudur. Özellikle soğuk savaşın sona ermesi ve Sovyetler Birliği’nin dağılması ile birlikte NATO’yu oluşturan ülkelerin askeri harcamalarının durumu daha da ilgi çekici hale gelmiştir. Stockholm Uluslararası Barış Araştırma Enstitüsü’nün (SIPRI) verilerine göre 2021 yılı askeri harcamaları 2.113 milyar ABD doları olarak gerçekleşmiştir. Bu rakam 1994 yılından beri artış göstermektedir. Askeri harcamalar ile ekonomik büyüme ve ülke nüfusu arasındaki ilişki son yıllarda hem politika yapıcılar hem de araştırmacılar tarafından ciddi olarak incelenmektedir. Askeri harcamaların ekonomiye hem olumlu hem de olumsuz katkıları vardır. Kamu harcamaları içinde önemli bir paya sahip olan askeri harcamalar büyümeyi canlandırma potansiyeline sahiptir. Diğer taraftan büyümede ve nüfusta yaşanacak artışların da askeri harcamaları etkilemesi doğaldır.
Çalışmada Askeri Harcamalar (ME), Gayri Safi Yurt İçi Hasıla (GDP) ve Nüfus (POP) değişkenlerine ait gözlemler 26 NATO ülkesi için 1997 ile 2021 yılları arasında 25 yıllık olarak toplanarak 650 adet gözlem içeren dengeli bir panel veri seti oluşturulmuştur. Çalışmada sırasıyla yatay kesit bağımlılık, birim kök, ARDL ve hata düzeltme testleri yapılmıştır. Değişkenlerin tamamının düzeyde durağan olmadığı ve farklı derecede tümleşik seriler olduğu görüldüğünden araştırma modelinin tahmininde farklı mertebede durağan değişkenler arasındaki ilişkileri incelemeye olanak sağlayan Panel ARDL modelinden faydalanılmasına karar verilmiştir. ARDL modeli için hesaplanan katsayılar birlikte değerlendirildiğinde Ülke Gayri Safi Yurt İçi Hasıla değerlerinin Ülke Askeri Harcamaları üzerinde kısa ve uzun dönemde pozitif etkilerinin saptandığı, ülke nüfusunun ise kısa dönemde anlamlı bir etkisinin görülmediği fakat uzun dönemde pozitif bir etkisinin olduğu söylenebilir.

Kaynakça

  • Akcan, A. T. (2019). Türkiye’de yatırım ve askeri harcamalarının ekonomik büyümeye etkisi: 1982-2017 ARDL sınır testi yaklaşımı. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 15(2), 359-369.
  • Albalate, D., Bel, G., & Elias, F. (2012). Institutional determinants of military spending. Journal of Comparative Economics, 40(2), 279-290.
  • Alptekin, A., & Levine, P. (2012). Military expenditure and economic growth: A meta-analysis. European Journal of Political Economy, 28(4), 636-650.
  • Antonakis, N. (1997). Military Expenditure and economic growth in Greece, 1960-90. Journal of Peace Research, 34(1), 89-100.
  • Antonakis, N. (1999). Guns versus Butter:A Multisectoral Approach to Military Expenditure and Growth with Evidence from Greece, 1960-1993. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 43(4), 501-520.
  • Azam, M., Khan, F., Zaman, K., & Rasli, A. M. (2016). Military expenditures and unemployment nexus for selected South Asian countries. Social Indicators Research, 127(3), 1103-1117.
  • Baltagai, B. H. (2005). Econometric analysis of panel data. San Francisco: Johan Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
  • Canbay, Ş., & Mercan, D. (2017). Savunma harcamalarının ekonomik büyüme ve cari işlemler dengesine etkisi: Türkiye örneği. JOEEP: Journal of Emerging Economies and Policy, 2(2), 86-104.
  • Çetinkaya, M., Çetinkaya, A. T., & Aksoy, E. (2017). Askeri harcamalar özelinde kamu harcamaları ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi. Sosyal Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 17(33), 210-225.
  • Çil, N. (2018). Finansal Ekonometri. İstanbul: DER yayınları. d’Agostino, G., Dunne, J. P., & Pieroni, L. (2019). Military expenditure, endogeneity and economic growth. Defence and Peace Economics, 30(5), 509-524.
  • Dedebek, E., & Meriç, M. (2015). Avrupa Birliği ülkelerinde savunma harcamalarını belirleyen ekonomik ve sosyal faktörler: Panel veri analizi. Sayıştay Dergisi, (97), 89-104.
  • Dudley, L., & Montmarquette, C. (1981). The demand for military expenditures: An international comparison. Public Choice, 37(1), 5-31.
  • Dunne, J., Nikolaidou, E. and Smith, R. (2002), Military spending, investment and economic growth in small industrialising economies. South African Journal of Economics, 70: 789-790.
  • Dunne, J. P., & Nikolaidou, E. (2012). Defence spending and economic growth in the eu15. Defence and Peace Economics, 23(6), 537-548.
  • Erdinç, Z., & Aydınbaş, G. (2022). Ulusal ve uluslararası güvenlik kapsamında savunma harcamalarını etkileyen etmenler: OECD ülkeleri üzerine bir analiz. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, (34), 143-158.
  • Fay, E. M. (2020). Individual and contextual influences on public support for military spending in NATO. Defence and Peace Economics, 31(7), 762-785.
  • Gentilucci, E. (2020). A causality analysis. Military expenditures and economic growth in USA and China.
  • George, J., & Sandler, T. (2018). Demand for military spending in NATO, 1968–2015: A spatial panel approach. European Journal of Political Economy, 53, 222-236.
  • Gökhunar, R., & Yanıkkaya, H. (2004). Savunma harcamalarını belirleyen faktörler ve ekonomik büyümeye etkileri. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 59(01).
  • Gujarati, D., & Porter, D. C. (2009). Basic Econometrics (5th edition). West Point: McGraw-Hill Education .
  • Hatemi-J, A., Chang, T., Chen, W.-Y., Lin, F.-L., & Gupta, R. (2018). Asymmetric causality between military expenditures and economic growth in top six defense spenders. Quality & Quantity, 52(3), 1193-1207.
  • Hewitt, D. (1992). Military expenditures worldwide: determinants and trends, 1972–1988. Journal of Public Policy, 12(2), 105-152.
  • Hou, N., & Chen, B. (2013). Military expenditure and economic growth in developing countries: evidence from system GMM estimates. Defence and Peace Economics, 24(3), 183-193.
  • Hou, D. (2018). The determinants of military expenditure in Asia and Oceania, 1992–2016: a dynamic panel analysis. Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy, 24(3).
  • Josselin, D., & Malizard, J. (2022). Determinants of defense spending: The role of strategic factors in France. Defence and Peace Economics, 33(8), 938-955.
  • Im, K., & Pesaran, M. (2003). On the Panel Unit Roots Testin Using Nonlinear Instrumental Variables.
  • Karakurt, B., Şentürk, S. H., & Şahingöz, B. (2020). Türkiye’de savunma harcamaları, silah ithalatı ve dış borçlar arasındaki ilişkinin analizi: ARDL sınır testi yaklaşımı. International Journal of Public Finance, 5(2), 273-294.
  • Khalid, U., & Habimana, O. (2021). Military Spending and Economic Growth in Turkey: A Wavelet Approach. Defence and Peace Economics, 32(3), 362-376.
  • Kılıç, N. Ö., Açdoyuran, B., & Beşer, M. (2018). G-8 ülkelerinde askeri harcamalar ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi. Girişimcilik ve Kalkınma Dergisi, 13(2), 136-146.
  • Klein *, T. (2004). Military expenditure and economic growth: Peru 1970–1996. Defence and Peace Economics, 15(3), 275-288.
  • Korkmaz, Ö., & Bilgin, T. (2017). Askeri harcamalar ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişki: Türkiye ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin karşılaştırmalı analizi. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, (18), 289-316.
  • Kurt, Ü., & Kılıç, C. (2019). Küreselleşmenin savunma harcamaları üzerindeki etkisi: Türkiye için var analizi. Trakya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 21(1), 237-247.
  • Levin, A., Lin, C., & Chu. (1993). Unit Rott tests in panel data: new results. University of California at San Diego Discussion Paper, s. 93-56.
  • Levin, A., Lin, C., & Chu. (2002). Unit Root test in panel data: asympotic and finite-sample properties. Journal of Econometrics, s. 1-24.
  • Loayza, N., & Ranciere, R. (2006). Financial development, financial fragility, and growth. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, s. 1051-1076.
  • Maher, M., & Zhao, Y. (2022). Do political instability and military expenditure undermine economic growth in Egypt? Evidence from the ARDL approach. Defence and Peace Economics, 33(8), 956-979.
  • Manamperi, N. (2016). Does military expenditure hinder economic growth? Evidence from Greece and Turkey. Journal of Policy Modeling, 38(6), 1171-1193.
  • McDonald, B. D. (2021). A human capital model of the defense-growth relationship. The Social Science Journal, 58(2), 247-261.
  • Michael, C., & Stelios, R. (2020). The effect of military spending on income inequality: evidence from NATO countries. Empirical Economics, 58(3), 1305-1337.
  • Murdoch, J. C., & Sandler, T. (1984). Complementarity, free riding, and the military expenditures of NATO allies. Journal of Public Economics, 25(1), 83-101.
  • Odehnal, J., & Neubauer, J. (2020). Economic, security, and political determinants of military spending in NATO countries. Defence and Peace Economics, 31(5), 517-531.
  • Pesaran, M. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross section dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 265-312.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General diagnostic test for cross section dependence in panels. Cambridge: Cambridge Working Papper.
  • Pieroni, L. (2009). Military expenditure and economic growth. Defence and Peace Economics, 20(4), 327-339.
  • Ram, R. (1995). Chapter 10 Defense expenditure and economic growth. In Handbook of Defense Economics (Vol. 1, pp. 251-274). Elsevier.
  • Saba, C. S., & Ngepah, N. (2019). A cross-regional analysis of military expenditure, state fragility and economic growth in Africa. Quality & Quantity, 53(6), 2885-2915.
  • Samargand, N., Fidrmuc, J., & Ghosh, S. (2014). Is the relationship between financial development and economic growth monotonic? Evidence from a sample of middle income countries. Munich: Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich.
  • Seiglie, C. (1992). Chapter 8 - Determinants of Military Expenditures. In W. Isard & C. H. Anderton (Eds.), Economics of Arms Reduction and the Peace Process (pp. 183-202). North-Holland.
  • Solarin, S. A. (2018). Determinants of military expenditure and the role of globalisation in a cross-country analysis. Defence and Peace Economics, 29(7), 853-870.
  • Tatoğlu, F. Y. (2018). Panel zaman serileri analizi. İstanbul: Beta.
  • Topal, M. H. (2018). Türkiye’de askeri harcamalar ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişkinin bir analizi (1960-2016). Maliye Dergisi, 174, 175-202.
  • Torun, M., Eroğlu, E., & Bayrak, R. (2021). Savunma harcamalarının ekonomik büyümeye etkisi: NATO ülkeleri üzerinde panel veri analizi. Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 19(40), 489-507.
  • Ward, M. D., Penubarti, M., Cohen, J. S., & Lofdahl, C. L. (1995). Guns and growth around the globe. International Interactions, 21(2), 181-201.
  • Wooldridge, J. M. (2012). Introductory econometrics: a modern approach. South-Western : Cengage Learning.
  • Yardımcı, M. C. (2022). Relationship Between Military Expenditures and Economic Growth: Testing the Validity of The Benoit Hypothesis. JOEEP: Journal of Emerging Economies and Policy, 7(1), 436-445.
  • Yildirim†, J., Sezgin, S., & Öcal, N. (2005). Military expenditure and economic growth in Middle Eastern Countries: A dynamic panel data analysis. Defence and Peace Economics, 16(4), 283-295.
  • Yıldız, B., & Akbulut Yıldız, G. (2019). Ortadoğu ülkelerinde askeri harcamalar ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişki: bootstrap panel granger nedensellik analizi. Sayıştay Dergisi, (112), 53-74.
Toplam 57 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Ekonomi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Kübra Akyol Özcan 0000-0002-1158-7017

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 19 Mart 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Mart 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 12 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Akyol Özcan, K. (2023). Nato Üyesi Ülkelerde Askeri Harcamaya Büyüme ve Nüfusun Etkisi: Panel Ardl Testi. İnsan Ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 12(1), 151-176. https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1212119
İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi  Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı (CC BY NC) ile lisanslanmıştır.