Araştırma Makalesi
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Akifer Güvenliği ve Uluslararası Çatışmalarda Akiferlerin Yeri

Yıl 2024, , 21 - 36, 05.04.2024
https://doi.org/10.26650/jes.2024.1394303

Öz

Suyun insanoğlu için yaşamsal önemde bir kaynak olduğu yadsınamaz bir gerçekliktir. Aynı şekilde bu gerçeklik göz önünde bulundurulduğunda su kaynaklarının güvenliği ve temiz su kaynaklarına erişimin sağlanması konularının devletlerin iç ve dış politikalarının en önemli gündem maddesini oluşturduğu görülmektedir. Bir başka deyişle gerek iklim değişikliği gerekse insan kaynaklı nedenlerden ötürü temiz su kaynaklarının tehdit altında olduğu görülmektedir. Bu meyanda bu çalışmada temiz su kaynakları bakımından zengin olan akifer kaynaklarının uluslararası ilişkilerdeki yerine temas edilmiştir. Siyasi tarihe bakıldığında dünyanın birçok farklı bölgesinde akifer kaynaklarına sahip olabilmek amacıyla devletlerin birbirleriyle mücadele içerisinde oldukları görülmektedir. Çalışmada önemli akifer kaynakları arasında yer alan Güney Asya ve Güney Amerika bölgelerinde bulunan Brahmaputra ve Guarani akifer sistemleri incelenmeye tabi tutulmuştur. Devletlerin bu akifer sistemlerine yönelik dış politika stratejilerine bakıldığında Brahmaputra akifer sistemi üzerinde çatışmanın; buna karşın Guarani akifer sistemi üzerinde ise her ne kadar başlangıçta bir çatışma stratejisi izlenmiş olsa da zamanla Bölgesel Güvenlik Kompleksi Teorisi çerçevesinde iş birliğine dönük bir dış politika stratejisi izledikleri görülmektedir. Çalışmada belli başlı akifer sistemleri ile çatışma kavramı arasında nasıl bir ilişki olduğu niteliksel araştırma yöntemleri kullanılmak suretiyle ortaya koyulması çalışılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Amore, Luiz. “The Guarani Aquifer: From Knowledge to Water Management.”, Water Resources Development, c. XXVII/3, 2011. 463-476. google scholar
  • Biba, Sebastian. “Desecuritization in China’s Behavior towards Its Transboundary Rivers: the Mekong River, the Brahmaputra River, and the Irtysh and Ili Rivers.”, Journal of Contemporary China, c. XXIII, 2013. 21-43. google scholar
  • Brichieri-Colombi, Stephen ve Bradnock, Robert W. “Geopolitics, water and development in South Asia: cooperative development in the Ganges&Brahmaputra delta.”, The Geographical Journal, c. CLXIX/1, 2003. 43-64. google scholar
  • Da Silva, Luis Paulo Batista ve Hussein, Hussam. “Production of scale in regional hydropolitics: An analysis of La Plata River Basin and the Guarani Aquifer System in South America.”, Geoforum, c. XCIX, 2019. 42-53. google scholar
  • Deka, Bhaskar Jyoti. “Hydro-Politics Between India And China: The ‘Brahma-Hypothesis’ And Securing The Brahmaputra.”, Asian Affairs, c. LII/2, 2021. 1-17. google scholar
  • Gleick, Peter H. “Water and Conflict: Fresh Water Resources and International Security.”, International Security, c. XVIII/1, 1993. 79-112. google scholar
  • Goswami, Namrata. “China’s ‘Aggressive’ Territorial Claim on India’s Arunachal Pradesh: A Response to Changing Power Dynamics in Asia.”, Strategic Analysis, c. XXXV/5, Eylül 2011. 781-792. google scholar
  • Güney, Emrullah, Nurdan İnan. Geo-Yerbilim Sözlüğü. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık, 2018. google scholar
  • Ho, Selina. “River Politics: China’s policies in the Mekong and the Brahmaputra in comparative perspective.”, Journal of Contemporary China, c. XXIII/85, 2014. 1-20. google scholar
  • Hussein, Hussam. “The Guarani Aquifer System, highly present but not high profile: A hydropolitical analysis of transboundary groundwater governance.”, Environmental Science and Policy, c. LXXXIII, 2018. 54-62. google scholar
  • Kemper, Karin E., Eduardo Mestre, Luiz Amore. “Management of the Guarani Aquifer System.”, Water International, c. XXVIII/2, 2003. 185-200. google scholar
  • Köpke, Sören. “The Hydropolitics of the Brahmaputra: A Political Ecology of Water.”, ENTITLE-Conference Undisciplined Commons, Stockholm, Mart 2016. google scholar
  • Kreamer, David Kenneth. “The Past, Present, and Future of Water Conflict and International Security.”, Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education, No. 149, 2012. 88-96. google scholar
  • Rahman, Mirza Zulfiqur. “Geopolitics of Sino-Indian Transboundary Water Management In The Yarlung Tsangpo and The Brahmaputra.”, Mondes en developpement, No. 177, 2017. 63-77. google scholar
  • Richey, Alexandra S., Brian F. Thomas, Min-Hui Lo, John T. Reager, James S. Famiglietti, Katalyn Voss, Sean Swenson, Matthew Rodell. “Quantifying renewable groundwater stress with GRACE.”, Water Resources Research, c. LI, 2015. 5217-5238. google scholar
  • Tinker, Catherine Jean. “The Guarani Aquifer Accord- Cooperation in South America towards Prevention of Harm and Sustainable. Equitable Use of Underground Transboundary Water.”, The Law and Practice of International Courts and Tribunals, c. XV/2, 2016. 249-263. google scholar
  • Villar, Pilar Carolina, Wagner Costa Ribeiro. “The Agreement on the Guarani Aquifer: a new paradigm for transboundary groundwater management?.”, Water International, c. XXXVI/5, 2011. 646-660. google scholar
  • Vörösmarty, Charles J., P. B. McIntyre, M. O. Gessner, D. Dudgeon, A. Prusevich, P. Green, S. Glidden, S. E. Bunn, C. A. Sullivan, C. Reidy Liermann, P. M. Davies. “Global threats to human water security and river biodiversity.”, Nature, c. CDLXVII, 2010. 555-561. google scholar
  • Xie, Lei, Yanbing Zhang, Jagannath P. Panda. “Mismatched Diplomacy: China-India Water Relations Over the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna River Basin.”, Journal of Contemporary China, c. XXVII/109, 2018. 32-46. google scholar
  • Yasuda, Yumiko, Douglas Hill, Dipankar Aich, Patrick Huntjens, Ashok Swain. “Multi-track water diplomacy: current and potential future cooperation over the Brahmaputra River Basin.”, Water International, 2018, 642-664. DOI: 10.1080/02508060.2018.1503446. google scholar
  • Arunachal Pradesh. “National Water Policy.” Erişim 21 Kasım 2023. http://wrdarunachal.nic.in/assets/documents/guidelines/National%20Water%20Policy%202012.pdf google scholar
  • Su Hakkı. “NASA: Dünyanın en büyük akiferlerinin üçte birinden fazlası hızla tüketiliyor.” Erişim 21 Kasım 2023. https://www.suhakki.org/2015/06/nasa-dunyanin-en-buyuk-akiferlerinin-ucte-birinden-fazlasi-hizla-tuketiliyor/ google scholar
  • Storymaps. “Mapping China-India Hydropolitics.” Erişim 21 Kasım 2023. https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/9463f2ceb5bd4364be80caf41b4a772e google scholar
  • Betterworldsolutions. “The guarani aquifer important source of fresh water for brazil.” Erişim 22 Kasım 2023. https://www.betterworldsolutions.eu/the-guarani-aquifer-important-source-of-fresh-water-for-brazil/ google scholar

Aquifer Security and the Place of the Aquifer in International Conflicts

Yıl 2024, , 21 - 36, 05.04.2024
https://doi.org/10.26650/jes.2024.1394303

Öz

It is a well-established fact that water is an essential resource for human survival. Consequently, addressing issues related to water resource security and ensuring access to clean water is a top priority for both domestic and foreign policies of nations. Essentially, the availability of clean water is threatened by factors like climate change and human activities. This has led to discussions about the significance of aquifer resources, which hold abundant clean water, in the realm of international relations. Historical analysis reveals that states have often competed for control over aquifer resources in various parts of the world. This study focuses on the Brahmaputra and Guarani aquifer systems in South Asia and South America, respectively, which are among the most significant aquifer resources. By examining the foreign policy approaches of states toward these aquifer systems, it is observed that while conflicts have arisen over the Brahmaputra aquifer system, a shift toward cooperative strategies has occurred over time regarding the Guarani Aquifer System, following the principles of the Regional Security Complex Theory. The aim of this study is to explore the relationship between specific aquifer systems and the concept of conflict through qualitative research methods.

Kaynakça

  • Amore, Luiz. “The Guarani Aquifer: From Knowledge to Water Management.”, Water Resources Development, c. XXVII/3, 2011. 463-476. google scholar
  • Biba, Sebastian. “Desecuritization in China’s Behavior towards Its Transboundary Rivers: the Mekong River, the Brahmaputra River, and the Irtysh and Ili Rivers.”, Journal of Contemporary China, c. XXIII, 2013. 21-43. google scholar
  • Brichieri-Colombi, Stephen ve Bradnock, Robert W. “Geopolitics, water and development in South Asia: cooperative development in the Ganges&Brahmaputra delta.”, The Geographical Journal, c. CLXIX/1, 2003. 43-64. google scholar
  • Da Silva, Luis Paulo Batista ve Hussein, Hussam. “Production of scale in regional hydropolitics: An analysis of La Plata River Basin and the Guarani Aquifer System in South America.”, Geoforum, c. XCIX, 2019. 42-53. google scholar
  • Deka, Bhaskar Jyoti. “Hydro-Politics Between India And China: The ‘Brahma-Hypothesis’ And Securing The Brahmaputra.”, Asian Affairs, c. LII/2, 2021. 1-17. google scholar
  • Gleick, Peter H. “Water and Conflict: Fresh Water Resources and International Security.”, International Security, c. XVIII/1, 1993. 79-112. google scholar
  • Goswami, Namrata. “China’s ‘Aggressive’ Territorial Claim on India’s Arunachal Pradesh: A Response to Changing Power Dynamics in Asia.”, Strategic Analysis, c. XXXV/5, Eylül 2011. 781-792. google scholar
  • Güney, Emrullah, Nurdan İnan. Geo-Yerbilim Sözlüğü. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık, 2018. google scholar
  • Ho, Selina. “River Politics: China’s policies in the Mekong and the Brahmaputra in comparative perspective.”, Journal of Contemporary China, c. XXIII/85, 2014. 1-20. google scholar
  • Hussein, Hussam. “The Guarani Aquifer System, highly present but not high profile: A hydropolitical analysis of transboundary groundwater governance.”, Environmental Science and Policy, c. LXXXIII, 2018. 54-62. google scholar
  • Kemper, Karin E., Eduardo Mestre, Luiz Amore. “Management of the Guarani Aquifer System.”, Water International, c. XXVIII/2, 2003. 185-200. google scholar
  • Köpke, Sören. “The Hydropolitics of the Brahmaputra: A Political Ecology of Water.”, ENTITLE-Conference Undisciplined Commons, Stockholm, Mart 2016. google scholar
  • Kreamer, David Kenneth. “The Past, Present, and Future of Water Conflict and International Security.”, Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education, No. 149, 2012. 88-96. google scholar
  • Rahman, Mirza Zulfiqur. “Geopolitics of Sino-Indian Transboundary Water Management In The Yarlung Tsangpo and The Brahmaputra.”, Mondes en developpement, No. 177, 2017. 63-77. google scholar
  • Richey, Alexandra S., Brian F. Thomas, Min-Hui Lo, John T. Reager, James S. Famiglietti, Katalyn Voss, Sean Swenson, Matthew Rodell. “Quantifying renewable groundwater stress with GRACE.”, Water Resources Research, c. LI, 2015. 5217-5238. google scholar
  • Tinker, Catherine Jean. “The Guarani Aquifer Accord- Cooperation in South America towards Prevention of Harm and Sustainable. Equitable Use of Underground Transboundary Water.”, The Law and Practice of International Courts and Tribunals, c. XV/2, 2016. 249-263. google scholar
  • Villar, Pilar Carolina, Wagner Costa Ribeiro. “The Agreement on the Guarani Aquifer: a new paradigm for transboundary groundwater management?.”, Water International, c. XXXVI/5, 2011. 646-660. google scholar
  • Vörösmarty, Charles J., P. B. McIntyre, M. O. Gessner, D. Dudgeon, A. Prusevich, P. Green, S. Glidden, S. E. Bunn, C. A. Sullivan, C. Reidy Liermann, P. M. Davies. “Global threats to human water security and river biodiversity.”, Nature, c. CDLXVII, 2010. 555-561. google scholar
  • Xie, Lei, Yanbing Zhang, Jagannath P. Panda. “Mismatched Diplomacy: China-India Water Relations Over the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna River Basin.”, Journal of Contemporary China, c. XXVII/109, 2018. 32-46. google scholar
  • Yasuda, Yumiko, Douglas Hill, Dipankar Aich, Patrick Huntjens, Ashok Swain. “Multi-track water diplomacy: current and potential future cooperation over the Brahmaputra River Basin.”, Water International, 2018, 642-664. DOI: 10.1080/02508060.2018.1503446. google scholar
  • Arunachal Pradesh. “National Water Policy.” Erişim 21 Kasım 2023. http://wrdarunachal.nic.in/assets/documents/guidelines/National%20Water%20Policy%202012.pdf google scholar
  • Su Hakkı. “NASA: Dünyanın en büyük akiferlerinin üçte birinden fazlası hızla tüketiliyor.” Erişim 21 Kasım 2023. https://www.suhakki.org/2015/06/nasa-dunyanin-en-buyuk-akiferlerinin-ucte-birinden-fazlasi-hizla-tuketiliyor/ google scholar
  • Storymaps. “Mapping China-India Hydropolitics.” Erişim 21 Kasım 2023. https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/9463f2ceb5bd4364be80caf41b4a772e google scholar
  • Betterworldsolutions. “The guarani aquifer important source of fresh water for brazil.” Erişim 22 Kasım 2023. https://www.betterworldsolutions.eu/the-guarani-aquifer-important-source-of-fresh-water-for-brazil/ google scholar
Toplam 24 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Uluslararası İlişkiler (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Tarık Demir 0000-0003-4428-2751

Yayımlanma Tarihi 5 Nisan 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 22 Kasım 2023
Kabul Tarihi 14 Ocak 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Demir, Tarık. “Akifer Güvenliği Ve Uluslararası Çatışmalarda Akiferlerin Yeri”. Avrasya İncelemeleri Dergisi 13, sy. 1 (Nisan 2024): 21-36. https://doi.org/10.26650/jes.2024.1394303.