Qing Hanedanlığı Döneminde Çin’in Ekonomik Durumu ve İlk Dış Borçlanmaları (1800-1875)

Öz

XIX. asır Çin tarihi açısından önemli bir kırılma noktasıdır. Makale, isyanlarla başlayan ve bu isyanları bastırmak için harcanan kamu maliyesinin oluşturduğu ekonomik problemlere, Batılı güçlerin işgal ve baskılarının da eşlik ettiği; birbirini tetikleyen ve bir sarmal şeklinde büyüyen siyasi, ekonomik ve askerî sorunlarla yüzleşmek zorunda kalan ve dağılmanın eşiğinden dönen Çin’nin son imparatorluk yönetimi olan Qing (Mançu) Hanedanlığının karşılaştığı problemleri, finansal sorunlar temelinde incelemektedir. Makalede ayrıca bu koşullar altında Qing Hanedanlığının en önemli ve düzenli gelir kaynağı olan Deniz Gümrük Hizmetleri’nin İngiliz kontrolüne geçişi hem iç isyanları bastırmak hem de kaybettiği toprakları yeniden kazanmak amacıyla ilk kez yabancılardan kredi kullanımına yönelen Qing yönetiminin, yabancı tüccar ve bankalardan borçlanma yoluyla inşa ettiği bu dış borç yapısının siyasi ve ekonomik etkileri üzerinde durulmuştur. Makalede, söz konusu tarihsel gelişmelerin yanı sıra Çin’in dış borçlanma sürecinin temel dinamikleri ayrıntılı biçimde ele alınmış; Qing yönetiminin karşı karşıya kaldığı mali zorluklar karşısında yabancı kredi kaynaklarına yönelme süreci incelenmiştir. Bu çerçevede, HSBC özelinde İngiliz tüccar ve bankalarının Qing yönetiminin askerî harcamalarının finansmanında oynadığı kritik rol üzerinde durulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Qing Hanedanlığı
• XIX. asır
• Deniz Gümrük Hizmetleri
• Yabancı Krediler
• HSBC

The Economic Conditions and Initial Foreign Borrowings of China During The Qing Dynasty (1800–1875)

Öz

The 19th century marks a critical turning point in Chinese history. This article examines the challenges faced by the Qing (Manchu) dynasty, which teetered on the brink of collapse while confronting a compounding spiral of political, economic, and military crises. These crises were initially triggered by domestic rebellions, exacerbated by the financial burden of suppressing them, and further intensified by foreign occupation. The analysis focuses on these problems from a financial perspective. In particular, the article explores how the Qing Empire’s most significant and stable source of revenue, its Maritime Customs came under British control and investigates the political and economic implications of borrowing from Western merchants and banks. In addition to the historical developments in question, the article offers a detailed analysis of the fundamental dynamics underlying China’s foreign borrowing process and examines how the Qing administration, in the face of mounting fiscal pressures, turned increasingly to foreign sources of credit. Within this framework, particular emphasis is placed on the critical role played by British merchants and banks in financing the Qing government’s military expenditures.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Qing Dynasty
• XIXth Century
• Maritime Custom Servic
• Foreign Loans
• HSBC

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