The Role of Tourism in Urban Conservation: The Case of Manila,The Philippines

Yıl 2020, Sayı: 41, 13 - 27, 30.12.2020

Adem Yulu Kaan Kapan

https://doi.org/10.26650/JGEOG2020-0011

Öz

Different types of physical assets of historical origin such as structures, monuments, and squares are conserved by improving them through various restoration techniques, enabling them to have a touristic function. We witness an increasing number of district-scale or structure-scale restorations and conservations where structures throughout the world, particularly in the inner-city areas of the old city, eventually gain economic value in terms of recreational and touristic activities. The concept of “conservation” has started to play a vital role in most of the colonial capital cities in Southeast Asia, especially those connected to the coast. The role of conservation action in revitalizing the old cities in the Philippines, a former Spanish colony in Southeast Asia, earns them touristic-recreational functions. Most of the historical coastal cities, even in the pre-colonial period, such as Manila, which is a focal centre of the country in terms of cultural, political and economic activities, form the basis of the cultural heritage tourism of the country. The objective of this study concerns the restoration of the structures located in the historical inner-city area of Manila to take them under conservation and use them for touristic purposes.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Urban conservation, tourism, Philippines, Manila

Kaynakça

• Ahunbay, Zeynep (2017). Tarihi Çevre, Koruma ve Restorasyon, İstanbul: Yem Yayın.
• Bankoff, G. (2003). Constructing vulnerability: the historical, natural and social generation of flooding in metropolitan manila. Disasters, 27(3), 95–109.
• Bankoff, G. (2006). Fire and quake in the construction of Old Manila. The Medieval History Journal, 10 (1-2), 411-427.
• Beltran, J. V. (1982). The concept of urban renewal in metropolitan Manila: an analysis (Doctoral dissertation, University of Tasmania).
• Berner, E. (1988). Poverty alleviation and the eviction of the poorest: urban land transfer programs in the Philippines, Institute of Social Studies, Working Paper Series No, 282.
• Broudehoux, A. M. (1994). Neighborhood regeneration in Beijing: An overview of projects implemented in the inner city since 1990 (Doctoral dissertation, McGill University Libraries).
• Caoili, M, A. (1988). The Origins of Metropolitan Manila: A Political and Social Analysis, Quezon City: New Day Publishers.
• Castells, M., Goh, L., & Kwok, R. Y. W. (1990). The Shek Kip Mei syndrome: economic development and public housing in Hong Kong and Singapore, Pion Limited.
• Chu, R, T., See, T,A .(2016). Toward a History of Chinese Burial Grounds in Manila during the Spanish Colonial Period, Chinese Deathscapes in Insulindia (92), 63-90.
• Chua, B, H. (2016). Between Economy and Race: The Asianization of Singapore. Zed Books.
• Cruz, G. R. (2017). The Cultural Heritage-Oriented Approach to Economic Development in the Philippines: A Comparative Study of Vigan, Ilocos Sur and Escolta, Manila. In 10th DLSU Arts Congress.
• Dadak, K. (2015). Yeni Kuşak Hak Olarak Çevre Hakkı, Uyuşmazlık Mahkemesi Dergisi, (5), 309-326.
• Davis, M. (2006). Planet of Slums. New Perspectives Quarterly, Verso, New York. De Roos, R. (1966). The Philippines: Freedom’s Pacific Frontier. National Geographic, 130, 301-351.
• Eldem, N., Atilla, Y,. Kamil, M.. (1979). Sultanahmet Meydanı Çevresi ve Ayasofya Soğukçeşme Sokağı Koruma ve Geliştirme Projesi.
• Emekli, G. (2011). Öğrenen turizm bölgeleri, kentler ve kent turizmine kuramsal yaklaşım. Ege Coğrafya Dergisi, 20 (2), 27-39.
• Flieger, W. (1977). Internal Migration in The Philippines During The 1960’s, Philippine Quarterly Of Culture And Society, Vol. 5, No.4. Pp.199-231.
• Gottmann, J. (1976). Şehirsel Merkeziyetin Gelişmesi. (Translate by N. Özgüç). İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları.
• Güngör, Ş. & Uysal, A. (2019). Film tourism: The influence of film and tv series on the tourism activities in Nevşehir. International Journal of Geography and Geography Education, 39, 189-202.
• Hall, M, C, & Page S.J. (2006). The Geography of Tourism and Recreation, Environment, Place and Space. Routledge: London and New York.
• Harvey, D. (2012). Rebel Cities: From the Right to the City to the Urban Revolution, VERSO London, New York. https://www.ceicdata.com/en . Access time: 19.08.2019.
• Kapan, K. (2018). Turizm faaliyetlerinin şehirsel gelişmeye etkileri: Antalya örneği, Coğrafya Dergisi, 37, 47-56.
• Kapan, K., Yulu, A., & Yu, A. (2018). Filipinler’de turizm faaliyetlerinin tarihsel gelişimi. Marmara Coğrafya Dergisi, (37), 144-151.
• King, A. (1996). Çeperlerin merkeze dahil edilmesi. Kent ve Kültürü, (8), 193-210. Mullins, P. (1994). Class relations and tourism urbanization: the regeneration of the petite bourgeoisie and the emergence of a new urban form. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 18 (4), 591-608.
• Munárrız, L, T, M., Perez, P,J, A., Caguımbal, R,S,. 2015. Urban renewal of the city of Manila and its impact to environment and physical design: Where can we go from here?, Journal Of Architecture And Allied Arts in The Philippines.
• Öncü, A., Weyland, P (1997). Space, Culture and Power: New Identities in Globalizing Cities, Zed Books.
• Özgüç, N. (1988 -1992). Şehirsel koruma ve coğrafya. Coğrafya Dergisi, (3). 61-122.
• Özgüç, N. (2017). Turizm coğrafyası Özellikler ve Bölgeler. Çantay Kitabevi: İstanbul.
• Park, R. E. (1967). On Social Control and Collective Behavior. University of Chicago Press.
• Quırıno, C. (2010). Philippines Cartography, 1320-1899, Vibal Foundation.
• Rewtrakunphaiboon, W. (2009). Film-induced tourism: Inventinga vacationto a location.
• Shaukland, G. (1996). Tarihi değeri olan kentlere neden el atmalıyız, Kent ve Kültürü, Cogito Dergisi, (8), 23-35.
• Smith, N. (2008). Uneven Development: Nature, Capital, and the Production of Space, University of Georgia Press.
• Smith, R,A. (1988). The Role of Tourism in Urban Conservation, The case of Singapore. Butterworth & Co. Ltd. 5, (3), 245-259.
• Steinberg, F. (2008). Revitalization of historic inner-city areas in Asia: The potential for urban renewal in Ha Noi, Jakarta, and Manila. Asian Development Bank.
• Tekeli, İ. (2014). Kent, Kentli Hakları, Kentleşme ve Kentsel Dönüşüm, İstanbul: Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları.
• Tester, K. (1987). Chinese Architecture. Urban Planning and Landscape Design: A Series of Essays. Gainesville, Florida: Florida Architecture and Building Research Center.
• Tümertekin, E. (1997). Coğrafya ve Bu Kitap Üzerine, İstanbul İnsan ve Mekân. İstanbul: Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları, İstanbul.
• Tümertekin, H. (1988). Tarihsel Koruma ve Yakın Yıllarda İstanbul’daki Koruma Örnekleri, İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
• Vaughan, J, B, (1956). The Land and People of the Philippines, J.B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia and New York. Venida, V, S. (2002). Conflicts over heritage: The Case of Quiapo. Kritika Kultura, 2, 55-74.
• Williams, S. (1998). Tourism Geography. Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group, London and New York.
• Yu, Anson (2002) District of hope: Walking tour of Quiapo, Colors Philippines, 1,(2), 40-53.
• Zialcita, N,F. (2006). Revitalizing the city through heritage, Quiapo: Heart of Manila, Ateneo de Manila University. Zukin, S. (1995). The Cultures of Cities, Blackwell. Cambridge, MA