Analysis of the Impact of the Middle Corridor on Turkiye in Terms of Geopolitics and Economy in the OBOR Initiative

Celal Şenol; Süheyla Üçışık Erbilen

doi:10.26650/JGEOG2022-1159338

Araştırma Makalesi

OBOR Girişiminde Orta Koridorun Jeopolitik ve Ekonomik Açıdan Türkiye’ye Etkisinin Analizi

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 45, 161 - 180, 30.12.2022

Celal Şenol , Süheyla Üçışık Erbilen

https://doi.org/10.26650/JGEOG2022-1159338

Öz

Bir Kuşak Bir Yol (OBOR) projesi 2013 yılında ilan edildiğinde Asya-Avrupa arasında kesintisiz bir ulaşım ve ticari ağ kurma amacı taşıyordu. Aslında Avrupa Birliği’nin (AB) başlatmış olduğu Trans Avrupa Ağları (TEN) projesi ve ABD merkezli ticari faaliyetlere alternatif olarak düşünülen OBOR kısa zaman içerisinde küresel bir boyut kazanmıştır. Kara ve deniz olmak üzere iki hat olarak planlanan OBOR projesi Türkiye’yi yakından ilgilendirmektedir. AB ve Çin’in başlatmış olduğu bu ticaret hatları Türkiye’nin jeopolitik değerini daha da arttıracağı gibi ekonomisine de büyük katkı sunacaktır. Türkiye karayolu ticaret güzergahının Orta ve Güney Koridorları üzerinde bulunmaktadır. Ağırlıklı olarak demiryolu üzerine kurulmuş Orta Koridor Çin, Orta Asya, Kafkasya ve Türkiye üzerinden Avrupa’ya ulaşır. Güney Koridor ise İran üzerinden Türkiye’ye bağlanarak Avrupa’ya ulaşacaktır. Bu projelerin ana amacı üretim ve tüketim merkezleri arasında kesintisiz bir erişim sağlamaktı. Aslında Çin, ham ve işlenmiş ürün ihraç etmekten çok, dünya ticaretini yönlendiren ve kontrol altında tutan ülke olmak istemektedir. Bu yüzden kıtaların kesişim noktasında ülkelerle yakından işbirliği kurma eğiliminde olmuş, bunlardan başında ise Türkiy gelmketedir. Bu çalışmada Orta Koridorun, Türkiye Çin arasındaki ilişkisi ve ekonomiye etkisi analiz edilecektir. Ülkenin jeopolitik ve jeoekonomik yapı ve potansiyelinin projeler üzerindeki etkisi göz önüne alınarak bir dizi değerlendirilmeler yapılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Türkiye, Jeopolitik ve Jeoekonomi, OBOR

Kaynakça

Adıbelli, B. (2021). “Çin ve Rusya, Türkiye’yi yeni dünyanın inşasında ortak olarak görüyor”, Sputnik, 27 March 2021. google scholar
AIIB. (2021a). Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank. https://www.aiib. org/en/index.html (Accessed on 15 January 2021). adresinden alındı google scholar
AIIB.(2021b). Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) Project List. https://www.aiib.org/en/projects/summary/index.html (Accessed on 15 February 2021). adresinden alındı google scholar
Akengin, H. (2012). Siyasi Coğrafya İnsan ve Mekan Yönetimi. Ankara: Pegem Academy, p.142-144. google scholar
Akova , İ. (2016). Enerji Kullanımındaki Değişimler. Ankara: Nobel Publications, p. 1-5. google scholar
Alff, H. (2017). “Geopolitics and inter-actor relations: reflections on China’s rise in Asia”. Critical Asian Studies. 49 (3), 465-471, https:// doi.org/10.1080/14672715.2017.1339527. google scholar
Alperen, Ü. (2018). “Bir Kuşak Bir Yol Girişimi ve Çin’in Orta Asya Politikası”. Bilge Strateji. 10 (19), 17-38. google scholar
Asker, A., ve Koyuncu, M. C. (2021). “Çin’in Enerji Güvenliği Politikası: Kuşak Yol İnisiyatifi ve Avrasya’da Yeni Büyük Oyun”, Avrasya İncelemeleri Dergisi. 10 (1), 203-208. google scholar
Bakırcı, M. (2014).” Coğrafi Açıdan Anadolu’nun Tarihi Ulaşım Ağı ve İpek Yolu”, Avrasya Etüdleri. 45 (1), 63-86. google scholar
Bağ, M. (2021). Çin’den İran’a petrol karşılığı 400 milyar dolarlık yatırım anlaşması. euronews.com, 27 March 2021. google scholar
Bartosiewicz , A., & Szterlik, P. (2019). Lodz’s benefits from the One Belt One Road initiative. International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications, 22:1, 47-63. google scholar
Bayar, A. (2021). Yeni Kuşağa Eski Yol, Çin Batı’ya Açılan Kapısı: OBOR”, 6 January 2021,. https://www.defenceturk. net/yeni-kusaga-eski-yol-cin-batiya-acilan-kapisi-obor (Accessed on: 26 January 2021). adresinden alındı google scholar
Bayramlı , G., & Kapan , K. (2018). Energy Resources of The Arctic Region: Current Status and Problems. International Journal of Social Research,11(58), 232-236. google scholar
BBC. (2018). ABD-Çin ticaret savaşını kim kazanır? , 6 July 2018. google scholar
BC. (2021). Bank of China obtained its banking license in Turkey on December 1, 2017. . https://www.bankofchina.com.tr (Accessed on 24 January 2021). adresinden alındı google scholar
Blanckard, J. M., & Flint, C. (2017). The Geopolitics of China’s Maritime Silk Road Initiative. Geopolitics, 22:2, pp. 223-245. google scholar
Bocutoğlu, E. (2017). “Çin’in Bir Kuşak-Bir Yol Projesinin Ekonomik ve Jeopolitik Sonuçları Üzerine Düşünceler”. International Conference On Eurasıan Economie Session 1C Bölgesel Çalışmalar. 265-268. google scholar
Bulckaert, N. (2018). Europe Raises Transparency Issues with China’s Belt and Road Initiative, EURACTIV. 25 May 2018, (Accessed on 12 February 2021). google scholar
CADA. (2015). Kayseri İli Lojistik Merkezi Ön Fizibilite Raporu, p.1228. Kayseri: Central Anatolia Development Agency. google scholar
Cai, P. (2017). Understanding China’s Belt and Road Initiative”, Lowy Institute Analysis, 22 March 2017,. https://www.lowyinstitute.org/ publications/understanding-belt-and-road-initiative. (Accessed on: 16 January 2021). adresinden alındı google scholar
Callahan, W. (2008). Chinese Visions of World Order: Post-Hegemonic or a New Hegemony? International Studies Review, 10, 749-761. google scholar
Casarini, N. (2016). When All Roads Lead to Beijing. Assessing China’s New Silk Road and its Implications for Europe. The International Spectator, 51:4, 95-108. google scholar
Chance, A., & Mafinezam, A. (2016). American Perspective on the Belt and Road Initiative. Sources of Concern, Possibilities for US-China Cooperation . Washington DC: Institute for China-America Studies, p.1-31. google scholar
Clauss, M. (2018). Chins Should be Open to More Foreign Involvement in the Belt and Road, South China Morning Post, 28 March 2018, (Accessed on 12 February 2021). google scholar
CPEC. (2021). China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), . http:// cpec.gov.pk. (Accessed on 01 January 2021). adresinden alındı. google scholar
Crandall, R. E., Crandall, W. R. (2017). “The New Silk Roads: Prosperity or Peril?”. ISE: Industrial & Systems Engineering at Work. 49 (11), 28-33. google scholar
Çatal, S. (2019). Kuşak ve Yol İnisiyatifi’nin Türkiye’nin Ekonomi Güvenliğine Etkileri. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Cilt: 19 - Sayı: 15 ss.101-124. google scholar
Dadabaev, T. (2014). Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) Regional Identity Formation from the Perspective of the Central Asia States. Journal of Contemporary China, 23:85, 102-118. google scholar
Dargnat, C. (2016). China’s Shifting Geo-economic Strategy. Survival,58:3, 63-76. google scholar
DEİK, (2019). https://www.deik.org.tr/basin-aciklamalari-cin-2021-e-kadar-turkiye-deki-yatirimlarini-ikiye-katlamayi-hedefliyor. google scholar
Deniz Ticareti İstatistikleri. (2019). Deniz Ticareti İstatistikleri. Ankara,: Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure, p. 13. google scholar
Dere, S.; Öncü, S. (2018). “Stratejik Kalicilik: Asya-Pasifik Ekseninde ABD’nin Menbiç Politikasi”. Econder Uluslararasi Akademik Dergi. 2 (2), 349-381. google scholar
Dong, W. (2015). Is China Trying to Push the U.S. out of East Asia. China Quarterly of International and Strategic Studies, Vol. 1, No 1, 59-84. google scholar
Duran, A. E. (2021). Çinliler Türkiye’de yatırım peşinde”, Ekonomist. com, 8 February 2020. google scholar
Eralp, İ. (2018). “Çin’in 21. Yüzyıl Stratejisi: Kuşak, Yol Girişimi ve Türkiye”. Türkiye Günlüğü. 138 (2), 6-24. google scholar
Esmer, S. (2017). Küresel Terminal Operatörleri İçin Türkiye’nin Önemi ve OBOR Ulaştırma Stratejisi”, 23 June 2017,. https:// lojistikhatti.com/haber/2017/06/kuresel-terminal-operatorleri-icin-turkiyenin-onemi-ve-obor-ulastirma-stratejisi (Accessed on 20 December 2021) adresinden alındı. google scholar
EURACTIV. (2018). EU Lawmakers Push to Toughen Screening of Foreign Investments”, EURACTIV, 29 May 2018, (Accessed on 12 February 2021). google scholar
European Commission. (2011). Roadmap to a Single European Transport Area-Towards a competitive and resource efficient transport system, https://ec.europa.eu/transport/themes/european-strategies/white-paper-2011_en. (Accessed on 02 January 2021. European Commission White Paper Report. google scholar
European Commission. (2019). Investment Plan. https://ec.europa.eu/ info/strategy/priorities-2019-2024 (Accessed on 13 February 2021). google scholar
European Commission. (2021a). Infrastructure and Investment. May 14, 2021 tarihinde https://ec.europa.eu/transport/themes/infrastructure_ en adresinden alındı google scholar
European Commission. (2021b). Trans-European Transport Network TEN-T Core Network Corridors Map.16,2021 tarihinde https://ec. europa.eu/transport/infrastructure/tentec/tentec-portal/site/maps_ upload/Corridors_councilproposal.pdf. adresinden alındı. google scholar
Fallon, T. (2015). “The New Silk Road: Xi Jinping’s Grand Strategy for Eurasia”. American Foreign Policy Interests. 37 (3), 140-147, https://doi.org/10.1080/10803920.2015.1056682. google scholar Firdous, T.; Dar, F. A. (2014). “The New Silk Road”. Journal of Central Asian Studies. 21 (1), 69-79. google scholar
Gezer, Ö. (2020). Çinli Turist Profili ve Davranışları: Türkiye Örneği. TUCADE - Turizm Çalışmaları Dergisi, 2 (2), s. 53-64. google scholar
Gökten, K. (2018). “Hindistan’ın Bir Kuşak Bir Yol Girişimine Ekonomik ve Stratejik Yaklaşımı Üzerine”. FSCONGRESS 2018, 38. google scholar
Günay, E., Çetiner, S., Sevinç, S., and Kütükçü, E. (2019). Tarihi İpek Yolundan Modern İpek Yolu Projesine: Türkiye - Çin Ekonomik İşbirliği Çerçevesinde Orta Koridor ile Kuşak Ve Yol Girişimi. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 9(2), 157-175. google scholar
Güner, B. (2018). OBOR Girişimi’nin Coğrafyası. Marmara Geographical Journal, Issue 37, 112-123. google scholar
Grosch, M. (2020). Orient East Med, Fourth Work Plan of the European Coordinator Study on OEM TEN-T Core Network Corridor, 3rd Phase, Work Plan”, https://ec.europa.eu/transport/sites/transport/ files/oem_wp_iv.pdf. (Accessed on: 14 January 2021). google scholar
Hanemann , T., & Huotari, M. (2017). Record Flows and Growing Imbalances: Chinese Investment in Europe in 2016 . Mercator Institute for China Studies in Berlin (MERICS) and Rhodium Group Joint Report, 10 January 2017. https://rhg.com/research/record-flows-a. google scholar
Hin Lim, A. C. (2019). , “The Moving Border of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor”,. Geopolitics, 24:2, 487-502. google scholar
Holslag, J. (2017). How China’s New Silk Road Threatens European Trade. The International Spectator, 52:1, 46-60. google scholar
https://www.bbc.com/turkce/articles/crgj3jd28wmo google scholar
https://www.trthaber.com/haber/ekonomi/turkakim-projesiyle-rus-gazi-turkiyeden-avrupaya-gidiyor-715599.html google scholar
Işıkoğlu, N. (2019). Obor Projesi ve Türkiye. http://nukhetisikoglu. blogspot.com/2019/05/obor-projesi-ve-turkiye.html (Accessed on 27 December 2020). adresinden alındı google scholar
ICBC. (2021). https://www.icbc.com.tr/tr/hakkimizda/detay/ Tarihcemiz/153/128/0 (Accessed on 24 January 2021). adresinden alındı google scholar
Iftikhar, M., & Zhan, J. V. (2020). The Geopolitics of China’s Overseas Port Investments: A Comparative Analysis of Greece and Pakistan. Geopolitics, 1-26. google scholar
Jinping , X. (2017). Çin’in Yönetimi. Kaynak Yayınları, s.s. 522, ISBN: 9786051820491. google scholar
Ünaldılar Kocamaz, S. (2019). The Rise of New Powers in World Politics: Russia, China and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. Uluslararasi Iliskiler, 16, (61), 127-141. google scholar
Kahveci, İ. (2021). “Acaba!” Karar, 29 March 2021. google scholar
Kakışım, C. (2019). Enerji Krizlerinin Etkisiyle Şekillenen Avrupa Birliği’nin Enerji Politikası. Gümüşhane University Institute of Social Sciences Electronic Journal, 10(2), 460-472. google scholar
Karluk, A. (2017). Çin’in Yeni İpek Yolu Projesi ve Yumuşak Gücü. I. Uluslararası İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Kongresi. (Ed. G. B. Durgun ve T. Korkmaz). Ankara: Gazi Üniversitesi Matbaası. google scholar
Katıtaş, G. (2019). Asya’da Çin ve Rus Bölgeselciliği: Modern İpek Yolu Projesi ve Avrasya Ekonomik Birliği . International Journal of Political Science and Urban Studies, Vol. 7, Special Issue,, 119-141. google scholar
Kılıç, B. (2021). Çin’in Kuşak ve Yol Girişiminin Türkiye’nin Turizmine Beklenen Olası Yansımaları. Akademik Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 9(113), 121-134. Doi Number: http://dx.doi.org/10.29228/ASOS.48560 google scholar
Kumport. (2021). Kumport . https://www.kumport.com.tr/tr-TR/ tanitim-ve-tarihce/313638 (Accessed on 23 January 2021). adresinden alındı google scholar
Lukin, A. (2018). Russia, China and the Emerging Greater Eurasia. G. R. (edits) içinde, International Relations and Asia’s Northern Tier Sino-Russia Relations, North Korea, and Mongolia (s. 87-88). Asan-Palgrave Macmillan Series. google scholar
Ly, B. (2020). China and global governance: Leadership through BRI. Cogent Social Sciences, 6:1, 1-22. google scholar
Mardell, J. (2020). The BRI in Pakistan: China’s flagship economic corridor 20 May 2020,. https://merics.org/en/analysis/bri-pakistan-chinas-flagship-economic-corridor (Accessed on 18 January 2021). adresinden alındı google scholar
MEU. (2021). İstanbul İli, Yenişehir (Avrupa Yakası) Rezerv Yapı Alanı (Kanal İstanbul Projesi) 3. Etabına İlişkin 1/5000 Ölçekli Revizyon Nazım İmar Planı ve 1/1000 Ölçekli Revizyon Uygulama İmar Planı, 26 March 2021. TC. Ministry of Environment and Urbanization. google scholar
MFA. (2015). Türkiye-Azerbaycan-Türkmenistan Üçlü Dışişleri Bakanları Toplantısı Aşkabat’ta gerçekleştirildi, 29 January 2015 . www.mfa.gov. tr, (Accessed on: 22 December 2020). adresinden alındı google scholar
Minghao, Z. (2016). The Belt and Road Initiative and its Implications for China-Europe Relations. The International Spectator, 51:4, 09-118. google scholar
Ministry of Development. (2018). On Birinci Kalkınma Planı (20192023). Ankara: Ministry of Development. google scholar
MOFCOM. (2016). Ministry of Commerce People’s Republic of China (MOFCOM), “Keep Going for a New Chapter of China-EU Pragmatic Economic and Trade Cooperation. 2015 Business Review XIII: 27 January 2016: http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/ article/zt_businessview2015/news/20160 adresinden alındı google scholar
Moramudali, U. (2019). Is Sri Lanka Really a Victim of China’s ‘Debt Trap’?”, 14 May 2019,. https://thediplomat.com/2019/05/is-sri-lanka-really-a-victim-of-chinas-debt-trap/ /Accessed on 22 January 2021). adresinden alındı google scholar
MTI. (2020). Ulaşan ve Erişin Türkiye, Demiryolu. 224-239-240. Ankara: Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure. google scholar
MTI. (2021). Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure, Railway/ Railroad. https://www.uab.gov.tr/demiryolu (Accessed on 01 January 2021). adresinden alındı. google scholar
Mutlu, N. (2021). “Kuşak ve Yol Girişimi (KYG) Projelerinin İncelenmesi; Türkiye İçin Öneriler”. Asya Araştırmaları Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 5 (2), 129-150. google scholar
NDB. (2021). New Development Bank, . https://www.ndb.int/ (Accessed on 15 January 2021). adresinden alındı. google scholar
Nicoll , A. (2015). (Editor), “China’s ambitious Silk Road vision”,. Strategic Comments, 21:6, iv-v,. google scholar
Nurhasanah, S., Napang, M., & Rohman, S. (2019). Analyzing American Values in Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, V. (15), p.1439-1447. google scholar
Oktay, F. (2017). Çin-Yeni Büyük Güç ve Değişen Dünya Dengeleri. Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları. İstanbul, s.s. 716, ISBN: 9786052951057. google scholar
Oktay, F. (2022). Çin ve Dünyanın Geleceği -Yeni Büyük Güç ve Ticaret, Teknoloji, Pandemi Savaşları. Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları. İstanbul, s.s. 296. ISBN: 9786254059339. google scholar
Oliveira, G., Murton, G., Rippa, A., Harlan, T., & Yang, Y. (2020). China’s Belt and Road Initiative: Views from the ground. Political Geography, Volume 82, 1-4. google scholar
Omonkulov, O. (2020). “Kuşak ve Yol Projesi Bağlamında Çin-Orta Asya İlişkileri”. Bölgesel Araştırmalar Dergisi. 4 (1), 45-115. google scholar
ORASAM. (2019). Orta Asya-Çin Doğal Gaz Hattı Çin’e 270 Milyar Metreküp Doğal Gaz Taşıdı Orta Asya Araştırmaları Merkezi, 17 July 2019, . 2 3, 2021 tarihinde http://orasam.manas.edu.kg/index. php/tr/turkmenistan/2133-orta-asya-in-do-al-gaz-hatti-in-e-270-milyar-metrek-p-do-al-gaz-ta-idi adresinden alındı. google scholar
Ovalı, S. (2015). “Traceca Projesi ve Türkiye”. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi. (1), 152-170. google scholar
Özdaşlı, E. (2015). “Çin’in Yeni İpek Yolu Projesi ve Küresel Etkileri”. Electronic Turkish Studies, 10 (14), 579-596, https://doi. org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.8879. google scholar
Özer, D., & Kişi, H. (2011). Avrupa Birliği Ortak Ulaştirma Politikasi ve Türkiye. Dokuz Eylül University Maritime Faculty Journal, Volume 3, Issue 2, ,, p. 79-100. google scholar
Pu, X. (2016). One Belt, One Road: Visions and Challenges of China’s Geoeconomic Strategy. Mainland China Studies, Vol.59, No.3, 111-132. google scholar
Rykov, P. V.; Zehong, L. (2015). “Development of Urban Agglomerations of the Republic of Kazakhstan in Conditions of the Formation of the New Silk Road”. Journal of Resources & Ecology. 6 (2), 101-105, https://doi.org/10.5814/j.issn.1674-764x.2015.02.006. google scholar
Railturkey.org. (2020). First export train departed for China”, railturkey. org, 20 December 2020, (Accessed on 1 January 2021). google scholar
Rayhaber.com. (2016). “En büyük projeleri kimler yapiyor”, Rayhaber. com, 11 July 2016. google scholar
Resmigazete. (2013). Law No. 28634 on Liberalization of Turkish Railway Transport, 1 May 2013, (Accessed on. 03 January 2021). https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr: https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/ eskiler/2013/05/20130501-1.htm. adresinden alindi google scholar
Resmigazete. (2017a). https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr. 2017/10379 numbered resolution: https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2017/06/20170607-1.pdf (Accessed on 10 January 2021). adresinden alindi google scholar
Resmigazete. (2017b). https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr. 3001 numbered Official Gazette, 8 March 2017, (Accessed on 10 January 2021).: https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2017/03/20170308.htm. adresinden alindi google scholar
Resmigazete. (2017c). 2017/10171 Numbered decision and 2017/10191 Numbered decision. https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/ eskiler/2017/06/20170605M1-1.pdf., (Accessed on 10 January 2021). https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2017/06/20170606M1-20.pdf. (Accessed on 10 January 2021) adresinden alindi google scholar
Resmigazete. (2020). 31261 numbered Official Gazette. https://www. resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2020/10/20201001M1-3.pdf. (Accessed on 10 January 2021). adresinden alindi google scholar
Roberts, J. (2016). Russia’s Gas Challenge: the Consequences for China, Central Asia, Europe and the USA . The Journal of World Energy Law & Business, Vol. 9, No 2, p.8. google scholar
Rolland, N. (2017). Drivers of the Belt and Road Initiative. China’s Eurasian Century? Political and Strategic Implications of the Belt and Road Initiative (s. 93-120). içinde The National Bureau of Asian Research Books (NBR). google scholar
Sabanci, T. (2018). “Yeni İpek Yolu Projesi: Tarihi Olanla Benzerlikleri ve Hakkindaki Bazi Çalişmalarin Kisa Bir Değerlendirmesi”. Doğu Asya Araştirmalari Dergisi. 1 (2), 1-19. google scholar
Scissors, D. (2020). “China’s Global Investment in 2019: Going Out Goes Small”, January 2020,. https://www.aei.org/wp-content/ uploads/2020/01/Chinas-global-investment-in-2019-1.pdf (Accessed on 05 January 2020) adresinden alindi google scholar
Serikkaliyeva, A. (2019). The Role of the Central Asian Region in China’s New Silk Road Economic Belt Project. Eurasian Research Journal, Vol 1, No 1, 66-81. google scholar
Smulıan, M. (2017). “Tailoring the new Silk Road”. Planner. 18-21. google scholar
Song, W. (2014). Interests, Power and China’s Difficult Game in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO). Journal of Contemporary China, Vol.23, No.85, 85-101. google scholar
Sternberg, T., Ariell Ahearn, & McConnell, F. (2017). Central Asian ‘Characteristics’ on China’s New Silk Road: The Role of Landscape and the Politics of Infrastructure. Land, 6 (3), ss.1-16. google scholar
Summers, T. (2016). China’s “New Silk Roads”: Sub-national regions and networks of global political economy. Third World Quarterly, 37, 1628-1643. google scholar
Şenol, C. (2022). Trans Asya-Avrupa Bağlamında Türkiye Jeopolitiğinin Enerji Politikalarına Yansıması. Geçmişten Geleceğe Küçük Asya-Anadolu, (Editörler: Mustafa AÇA Mehmet Ali YOLCU) (s. 619644). içinde Çanakkale: Paradigma Akademi Basın Yayın Dağıtım. google scholar
Taşlıgil, N. (2010). Türkiye’nin Ulaşım Coğrafyası, . İstanbul,: Çantay Yayınevi, s.1-2. google scholar
Tahincioğlu, G. (2015). Yeni İpek Yolu İçin Türkiye Kilit Olacak, 27 April 2015. https://www.milliyet.com.tr /ekonomi/yeni-ipek-yolu-icin-turkiye-kilit-olacak-2050114 (Accessed on 13 January 2021). adresinden alındı google scholar
TRACECA. (2021). TRACECA Ağı, T.C. UAB TRACECA National Secretariat of Turkey . 1 6, 2021 tarihinde https://traceca.uab.gov.tr/ kara- ulastirmasi adresinden alındı google scholar
TRT Haber. (2020). Türkiye’den Çin’e gidecek ilk ihracat treni yola çıktı, TRT Haber.com. (Accessed on 1 January 2021). google scholar
TRT Haber. (2021). “Çin Dışişleri Bakanı Türkiye’de”, TRT Haber, 25 March 2021. google scholar
TRT News. (2021). Türkiye-Azerbaycan-Türkmenistan’dan ortak bildiri, TRT News, 25 February 2021. google scholar
Tokatlı, S. G. (2021). Çin: Yeni Büyük Güç ve Değişen Dünya Dengeleri, Fatih Oktay, Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, İstanbul, 2020, 694 s., ISBN: 978-605-295-105-7. Asya Studies-Academic Social Studies, 5(18), 411-415. google scholar
Turkstat. (2021). Turkish Statistical Institute, (Accessed on 01 January 2021). google scholar
Tümertekin, E., & Özgüç, N. (2005). Ekonomik Coğrafya, Kalkınma ve Küreselleşme. Istanbul,: Çantay Publications, p. 562. google scholar
UNECE. (2021). Overview of the EATL Study. 1 6, 2021 tarihinde https://unece.org/eatl-study-overview adresinden alındı. google scholar
Wang, W. (2019). “The Potential of the New Silk Road for Europe”. Executive Intelligence Review. 46 (46), 24-26. google scholar
Williamson, P. J. (2016). Chinese Acquisitions in Europe: Absorptive Capacity and Impacts on Competitive Advantage. International Relations, Volume 13, No. 49, 61-83. google scholar
Wilson, J. D. (2019). The evolution of China’s Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank: From a revisionist to status-seeking agenda. International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, Volume 19, Issue 1, 147176. google scholar WITS. (2021). World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS) . https://wits. worldbank.org (Accessed on 01 January 2021). adresinden alındı google scholar
www.tcddtasimacilik.gov.tr">www.tcddtasimacilik.gov.tr. (2020). Türkiye’den Çin’e İlk İhracat Blok Treni Törenle Uğurlandı. www.tcddtasimacilik.gov.tr, 4 December 2020, (Accessed on 1 January 2021). google scholar
Xie, R. (2018). 2nd International Conference on Management, Education and Social Science, Issue 176. Analysis on Export Trade Effect of China and Countries Along One Belt and One Road. google scholar
Xinhua.net. (2019). Turkey welcomes first freight train travelling from China to Europe, (Accessed on 1 January 2021). google scholar
Yıldız, Ç. (2018). Uluslararası Sempozyum Çin’in Yükselişi Bir Kuşak Bir Yol Girişimi. Bildiriler Kitabı. Ed. S. Afacan ve H. Karali. Ankara: Çankaya. google scholar
Yılmaz, S. (2020). Bir Kuşak Bir Yol Projesinin Azerbaycan, Kazakistan ve Türkiye’ye Etkisi. International Journal of Society Studies, Vol 16, No 32, 5274-5301. google scholar
Yılmaz, S., & Changming, L. (2018). China’s ‘Belt and Road’ Strategy in Eurasia and Euro-Atlanticism. Europe-Asia Studies, 70:2, 252-276. google scholar
Yılmaz, S. (2020). “Bir Kuşak Bir Yol Projesinin Azerbaycan, Kazakistan ve Türkiye’ye Etkisi”. OPUS Uluslararası Toplum Araştırmaları Dergisi. 16 (32), 5274-5301. google scholar
Yağcı, M. (2018). Rethinking Soft Power in Light of China’s Belt and Road Initiative. International relations, Vol. 15, No. 57, 67-78. google scholar
Yin, W. (2018). Challenges, issues in China-EU investment agreement and the implication on China’s domestic reform, Asia. Pacific Law Review, 26:2, 170-202. google scholar
Zepp-LaRouche, H. (2016). “The Silk Road as the New Paradigm for All Mankind”. Executive Intelligence Review. 43 (10), 6-10. google scholar

Analysis of the Impact of the Middle Corridor on Turkiye in Terms of Geopolitics and Economy in the OBOR Initiative

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 45, 161 - 180, 30.12.2022

Celal Şenol , Süheyla Üçışık Erbilen

https://doi.org/10.26650/JGEOG2022-1159338

Öz

When the One Belt One Road (OBOR) Project was announced in 2013, it aimed to establish an uninterrupted transportation and commercial network between Asia and Europe. The Trans-European Networks (TEN) project initiated by the European Union (EU) and OBOR, which is considered an alternative to US-based commercial activities, has gained a global dimension in a short time. The OBOR project, which is planned as two lines of land and sea, concerns Turkey closely. These trade lines initiated by the EU and China will not only increase the geopolitical value of Turkey but also contribute to its economy. It is located on the Middle and South Corridors of the Turkish highway trade route. The Middle Corridor, which is predominantly built on a rail, reaches Europe through China, Central Asia, the Caucasus, and Turkey. The Southern Corridor will reach Europe by connecting to Turkey via Iran. The main purpose of these projects was to provide uninterrupted access between production and consumption centers. China wants to be the country that directs and controls world trade rather than exporting raw and processed products. For this reason, it has tended to establish close cooperation with countries at the intersection of continents, and Turkey is one of them. In this study, the relationship between the Middle Corridor between Turkey and China and its impact on the economy will be analyzed. Considering the impact of the country’s geopolitical and geoeconomic structure and potential on the projects, a series of evaluations have been made.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Turkey, Geopolitics and Geoeconomic, OBOR

Kaynakça

Adıbelli, B. (2021). “Çin ve Rusya, Türkiye’yi yeni dünyanın inşasında ortak olarak görüyor”, Sputnik, 27 March 2021. google scholar
AIIB. (2021a). Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank. https://www.aiib. org/en/index.html (Accessed on 15 January 2021). adresinden alındı google scholar
AIIB.(2021b). Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) Project List. https://www.aiib.org/en/projects/summary/index.html (Accessed on 15 February 2021). adresinden alındı google scholar
Akengin, H. (2012). Siyasi Coğrafya İnsan ve Mekan Yönetimi. Ankara: Pegem Academy, p.142-144. google scholar
Akova , İ. (2016). Enerji Kullanımındaki Değişimler. Ankara: Nobel Publications, p. 1-5. google scholar
Alff, H. (2017). “Geopolitics and inter-actor relations: reflections on China’s rise in Asia”. Critical Asian Studies. 49 (3), 465-471, https:// doi.org/10.1080/14672715.2017.1339527. google scholar
Alperen, Ü. (2018). “Bir Kuşak Bir Yol Girişimi ve Çin’in Orta Asya Politikası”. Bilge Strateji. 10 (19), 17-38. google scholar
Asker, A., ve Koyuncu, M. C. (2021). “Çin’in Enerji Güvenliği Politikası: Kuşak Yol İnisiyatifi ve Avrasya’da Yeni Büyük Oyun”, Avrasya İncelemeleri Dergisi. 10 (1), 203-208. google scholar
Bakırcı, M. (2014).” Coğrafi Açıdan Anadolu’nun Tarihi Ulaşım Ağı ve İpek Yolu”, Avrasya Etüdleri. 45 (1), 63-86. google scholar
Bağ, M. (2021). Çin’den İran’a petrol karşılığı 400 milyar dolarlık yatırım anlaşması. euronews.com, 27 March 2021. google scholar
Bartosiewicz , A., & Szterlik, P. (2019). Lodz’s benefits from the One Belt One Road initiative. International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications, 22:1, 47-63. google scholar
Bayar, A. (2021). Yeni Kuşağa Eski Yol, Çin Batı’ya Açılan Kapısı: OBOR”, 6 January 2021,. https://www.defenceturk. net/yeni-kusaga-eski-yol-cin-batiya-acilan-kapisi-obor (Accessed on: 26 January 2021). adresinden alındı google scholar
Bayramlı , G., & Kapan , K. (2018). Energy Resources of The Arctic Region: Current Status and Problems. International Journal of Social Research,11(58), 232-236. google scholar
BBC. (2018). ABD-Çin ticaret savaşını kim kazanır? , 6 July 2018. google scholar
BC. (2021). Bank of China obtained its banking license in Turkey on December 1, 2017. . https://www.bankofchina.com.tr (Accessed on 24 January 2021). adresinden alındı google scholar
Blanckard, J. M., & Flint, C. (2017). The Geopolitics of China’s Maritime Silk Road Initiative. Geopolitics, 22:2, pp. 223-245. google scholar
Bocutoğlu, E. (2017). “Çin’in Bir Kuşak-Bir Yol Projesinin Ekonomik ve Jeopolitik Sonuçları Üzerine Düşünceler”. International Conference On Eurasıan Economie Session 1C Bölgesel Çalışmalar. 265-268. google scholar
Bulckaert, N. (2018). Europe Raises Transparency Issues with China’s Belt and Road Initiative, EURACTIV. 25 May 2018, (Accessed on 12 February 2021). google scholar
CADA. (2015). Kayseri İli Lojistik Merkezi Ön Fizibilite Raporu, p.1228. Kayseri: Central Anatolia Development Agency. google scholar
Cai, P. (2017). Understanding China’s Belt and Road Initiative”, Lowy Institute Analysis, 22 March 2017,. https://www.lowyinstitute.org/ publications/understanding-belt-and-road-initiative. (Accessed on: 16 January 2021). adresinden alındı google scholar
Callahan, W. (2008). Chinese Visions of World Order: Post-Hegemonic or a New Hegemony? International Studies Review, 10, 749-761. google scholar
Casarini, N. (2016). When All Roads Lead to Beijing. Assessing China’s New Silk Road and its Implications for Europe. The International Spectator, 51:4, 95-108. google scholar
Chance, A., & Mafinezam, A. (2016). American Perspective on the Belt and Road Initiative. Sources of Concern, Possibilities for US-China Cooperation . Washington DC: Institute for China-America Studies, p.1-31. google scholar
Clauss, M. (2018). Chins Should be Open to More Foreign Involvement in the Belt and Road, South China Morning Post, 28 March 2018, (Accessed on 12 February 2021). google scholar
CPEC. (2021). China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), . http:// cpec.gov.pk. (Accessed on 01 January 2021). adresinden alındı. google scholar
Crandall, R. E., Crandall, W. R. (2017). “The New Silk Roads: Prosperity or Peril?”. ISE: Industrial & Systems Engineering at Work. 49 (11), 28-33. google scholar
Çatal, S. (2019). Kuşak ve Yol İnisiyatifi’nin Türkiye’nin Ekonomi Güvenliğine Etkileri. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Cilt: 19 - Sayı: 15 ss.101-124. google scholar
Dadabaev, T. (2014). Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) Regional Identity Formation from the Perspective of the Central Asia States. Journal of Contemporary China, 23:85, 102-118. google scholar
Dargnat, C. (2016). China’s Shifting Geo-economic Strategy. Survival,58:3, 63-76. google scholar
DEİK, (2019). https://www.deik.org.tr/basin-aciklamalari-cin-2021-e-kadar-turkiye-deki-yatirimlarini-ikiye-katlamayi-hedefliyor. google scholar
Deniz Ticareti İstatistikleri. (2019). Deniz Ticareti İstatistikleri. Ankara,: Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure, p. 13. google scholar
Dere, S.; Öncü, S. (2018). “Stratejik Kalicilik: Asya-Pasifik Ekseninde ABD’nin Menbiç Politikasi”. Econder Uluslararasi Akademik Dergi. 2 (2), 349-381. google scholar
Dong, W. (2015). Is China Trying to Push the U.S. out of East Asia. China Quarterly of International and Strategic Studies, Vol. 1, No 1, 59-84. google scholar
Duran, A. E. (2021). Çinliler Türkiye’de yatırım peşinde”, Ekonomist. com, 8 February 2020. google scholar
Eralp, İ. (2018). “Çin’in 21. Yüzyıl Stratejisi: Kuşak, Yol Girişimi ve Türkiye”. Türkiye Günlüğü. 138 (2), 6-24. google scholar
Esmer, S. (2017). Küresel Terminal Operatörleri İçin Türkiye’nin Önemi ve OBOR Ulaştırma Stratejisi”, 23 June 2017,. https:// lojistikhatti.com/haber/2017/06/kuresel-terminal-operatorleri-icin-turkiyenin-onemi-ve-obor-ulastirma-stratejisi (Accessed on 20 December 2021) adresinden alındı. google scholar
EURACTIV. (2018). EU Lawmakers Push to Toughen Screening of Foreign Investments”, EURACTIV, 29 May 2018, (Accessed on 12 February 2021). google scholar
European Commission. (2011). Roadmap to a Single European Transport Area-Towards a competitive and resource efficient transport system, https://ec.europa.eu/transport/themes/european-strategies/white-paper-2011_en. (Accessed on 02 January 2021. European Commission White Paper Report. google scholar
European Commission. (2019). Investment Plan. https://ec.europa.eu/ info/strategy/priorities-2019-2024 (Accessed on 13 February 2021). google scholar
European Commission. (2021a). Infrastructure and Investment. May 14, 2021 tarihinde https://ec.europa.eu/transport/themes/infrastructure_ en adresinden alındı google scholar
European Commission. (2021b). Trans-European Transport Network TEN-T Core Network Corridors Map.16,2021 tarihinde https://ec. europa.eu/transport/infrastructure/tentec/tentec-portal/site/maps_ upload/Corridors_councilproposal.pdf. adresinden alındı. google scholar
Fallon, T. (2015). “The New Silk Road: Xi Jinping’s Grand Strategy for Eurasia”. American Foreign Policy Interests. 37 (3), 140-147, https://doi.org/10.1080/10803920.2015.1056682. google scholar Firdous, T.; Dar, F. A. (2014). “The New Silk Road”. Journal of Central Asian Studies. 21 (1), 69-79. google scholar
Gezer, Ö. (2020). Çinli Turist Profili ve Davranışları: Türkiye Örneği. TUCADE - Turizm Çalışmaları Dergisi, 2 (2), s. 53-64. google scholar
Gökten, K. (2018). “Hindistan’ın Bir Kuşak Bir Yol Girişimine Ekonomik ve Stratejik Yaklaşımı Üzerine”. FSCONGRESS 2018, 38. google scholar
Günay, E., Çetiner, S., Sevinç, S., and Kütükçü, E. (2019). Tarihi İpek Yolundan Modern İpek Yolu Projesine: Türkiye - Çin Ekonomik İşbirliği Çerçevesinde Orta Koridor ile Kuşak Ve Yol Girişimi. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 9(2), 157-175. google scholar
Güner, B. (2018). OBOR Girişimi’nin Coğrafyası. Marmara Geographical Journal, Issue 37, 112-123. google scholar
Grosch, M. (2020). Orient East Med, Fourth Work Plan of the European Coordinator Study on OEM TEN-T Core Network Corridor, 3rd Phase, Work Plan”, https://ec.europa.eu/transport/sites/transport/ files/oem_wp_iv.pdf. (Accessed on: 14 January 2021). google scholar
Hanemann , T., & Huotari, M. (2017). Record Flows and Growing Imbalances: Chinese Investment in Europe in 2016 . Mercator Institute for China Studies in Berlin (MERICS) and Rhodium Group Joint Report, 10 January 2017. https://rhg.com/research/record-flows-a. google scholar
Hin Lim, A. C. (2019). , “The Moving Border of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor”,. Geopolitics, 24:2, 487-502. google scholar
Holslag, J. (2017). How China’s New Silk Road Threatens European Trade. The International Spectator, 52:1, 46-60. google scholar
https://www.bbc.com/turkce/articles/crgj3jd28wmo google scholar
https://www.trthaber.com/haber/ekonomi/turkakim-projesiyle-rus-gazi-turkiyeden-avrupaya-gidiyor-715599.html google scholar
Işıkoğlu, N. (2019). Obor Projesi ve Türkiye. http://nukhetisikoglu. blogspot.com/2019/05/obor-projesi-ve-turkiye.html (Accessed on 27 December 2020). adresinden alındı google scholar
ICBC. (2021). https://www.icbc.com.tr/tr/hakkimizda/detay/ Tarihcemiz/153/128/0 (Accessed on 24 January 2021). adresinden alındı google scholar
Iftikhar, M., & Zhan, J. V. (2020). The Geopolitics of China’s Overseas Port Investments: A Comparative Analysis of Greece and Pakistan. Geopolitics, 1-26. google scholar
Jinping , X. (2017). Çin’in Yönetimi. Kaynak Yayınları, s.s. 522, ISBN: 9786051820491. google scholar
Ünaldılar Kocamaz, S. (2019). The Rise of New Powers in World Politics: Russia, China and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. Uluslararasi Iliskiler, 16, (61), 127-141. google scholar
Kahveci, İ. (2021). “Acaba!” Karar, 29 March 2021. google scholar
Kakışım, C. (2019). Enerji Krizlerinin Etkisiyle Şekillenen Avrupa Birliği’nin Enerji Politikası. Gümüşhane University Institute of Social Sciences Electronic Journal, 10(2), 460-472. google scholar
Karluk, A. (2017). Çin’in Yeni İpek Yolu Projesi ve Yumuşak Gücü. I. Uluslararası İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Kongresi. (Ed. G. B. Durgun ve T. Korkmaz). Ankara: Gazi Üniversitesi Matbaası. google scholar
Katıtaş, G. (2019). Asya’da Çin ve Rus Bölgeselciliği: Modern İpek Yolu Projesi ve Avrasya Ekonomik Birliği . International Journal of Political Science and Urban Studies, Vol. 7, Special Issue,, 119-141. google scholar
Kılıç, B. (2021). Çin’in Kuşak ve Yol Girişiminin Türkiye’nin Turizmine Beklenen Olası Yansımaları. Akademik Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 9(113), 121-134. Doi Number: http://dx.doi.org/10.29228/ASOS.48560 google scholar
Kumport. (2021). Kumport . https://www.kumport.com.tr/tr-TR/ tanitim-ve-tarihce/313638 (Accessed on 23 January 2021). adresinden alındı google scholar
Lukin, A. (2018). Russia, China and the Emerging Greater Eurasia. G. R. (edits) içinde, International Relations and Asia’s Northern Tier Sino-Russia Relations, North Korea, and Mongolia (s. 87-88). Asan-Palgrave Macmillan Series. google scholar
Ly, B. (2020). China and global governance: Leadership through BRI. Cogent Social Sciences, 6:1, 1-22. google scholar
Mardell, J. (2020). The BRI in Pakistan: China’s flagship economic corridor 20 May 2020,. https://merics.org/en/analysis/bri-pakistan-chinas-flagship-economic-corridor (Accessed on 18 January 2021). adresinden alındı google scholar
MEU. (2021). İstanbul İli, Yenişehir (Avrupa Yakası) Rezerv Yapı Alanı (Kanal İstanbul Projesi) 3. Etabına İlişkin 1/5000 Ölçekli Revizyon Nazım İmar Planı ve 1/1000 Ölçekli Revizyon Uygulama İmar Planı, 26 March 2021. TC. Ministry of Environment and Urbanization. google scholar
MFA. (2015). Türkiye-Azerbaycan-Türkmenistan Üçlü Dışişleri Bakanları Toplantısı Aşkabat’ta gerçekleştirildi, 29 January 2015 . www.mfa.gov. tr, (Accessed on: 22 December 2020). adresinden alındı google scholar
Minghao, Z. (2016). The Belt and Road Initiative and its Implications for China-Europe Relations. The International Spectator, 51:4, 09-118. google scholar
Ministry of Development. (2018). On Birinci Kalkınma Planı (20192023). Ankara: Ministry of Development. google scholar
MOFCOM. (2016). Ministry of Commerce People’s Republic of China (MOFCOM), “Keep Going for a New Chapter of China-EU Pragmatic Economic and Trade Cooperation. 2015 Business Review XIII: 27 January 2016: http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/ article/zt_businessview2015/news/20160 adresinden alındı google scholar
Moramudali, U. (2019). Is Sri Lanka Really a Victim of China’s ‘Debt Trap’?”, 14 May 2019,. https://thediplomat.com/2019/05/is-sri-lanka-really-a-victim-of-chinas-debt-trap/ /Accessed on 22 January 2021). adresinden alındı google scholar
MTI. (2020). Ulaşan ve Erişin Türkiye, Demiryolu. 224-239-240. Ankara: Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure. google scholar
MTI. (2021). Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure, Railway/ Railroad. https://www.uab.gov.tr/demiryolu (Accessed on 01 January 2021). adresinden alındı. google scholar
Mutlu, N. (2021). “Kuşak ve Yol Girişimi (KYG) Projelerinin İncelenmesi; Türkiye İçin Öneriler”. Asya Araştırmaları Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 5 (2), 129-150. google scholar
NDB. (2021). New Development Bank, . https://www.ndb.int/ (Accessed on 15 January 2021). adresinden alındı. google scholar
Nicoll , A. (2015). (Editor), “China’s ambitious Silk Road vision”,. Strategic Comments, 21:6, iv-v,. google scholar
Nurhasanah, S., Napang, M., & Rohman, S. (2019). Analyzing American Values in Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, V. (15), p.1439-1447. google scholar
Oktay, F. (2017). Çin-Yeni Büyük Güç ve Değişen Dünya Dengeleri. Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları. İstanbul, s.s. 716, ISBN: 9786052951057. google scholar
Oktay, F. (2022). Çin ve Dünyanın Geleceği -Yeni Büyük Güç ve Ticaret, Teknoloji, Pandemi Savaşları. Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları. İstanbul, s.s. 296. ISBN: 9786254059339. google scholar
Oliveira, G., Murton, G., Rippa, A., Harlan, T., & Yang, Y. (2020). China’s Belt and Road Initiative: Views from the ground. Political Geography, Volume 82, 1-4. google scholar
Omonkulov, O. (2020). “Kuşak ve Yol Projesi Bağlamında Çin-Orta Asya İlişkileri”. Bölgesel Araştırmalar Dergisi. 4 (1), 45-115. google scholar
ORASAM. (2019). Orta Asya-Çin Doğal Gaz Hattı Çin’e 270 Milyar Metreküp Doğal Gaz Taşıdı Orta Asya Araştırmaları Merkezi, 17 July 2019, . 2 3, 2021 tarihinde http://orasam.manas.edu.kg/index. php/tr/turkmenistan/2133-orta-asya-in-do-al-gaz-hatti-in-e-270-milyar-metrek-p-do-al-gaz-ta-idi adresinden alındı. google scholar
Ovalı, S. (2015). “Traceca Projesi ve Türkiye”. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi. (1), 152-170. google scholar
Özdaşlı, E. (2015). “Çin’in Yeni İpek Yolu Projesi ve Küresel Etkileri”. Electronic Turkish Studies, 10 (14), 579-596, https://doi. org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.8879. google scholar
Özer, D., & Kişi, H. (2011). Avrupa Birliği Ortak Ulaştirma Politikasi ve Türkiye. Dokuz Eylül University Maritime Faculty Journal, Volume 3, Issue 2, ,, p. 79-100. google scholar
Pu, X. (2016). One Belt, One Road: Visions and Challenges of China’s Geoeconomic Strategy. Mainland China Studies, Vol.59, No.3, 111-132. google scholar
Rykov, P. V.; Zehong, L. (2015). “Development of Urban Agglomerations of the Republic of Kazakhstan in Conditions of the Formation of the New Silk Road”. Journal of Resources & Ecology. 6 (2), 101-105, https://doi.org/10.5814/j.issn.1674-764x.2015.02.006. google scholar
Railturkey.org. (2020). First export train departed for China”, railturkey. org, 20 December 2020, (Accessed on 1 January 2021). google scholar
Rayhaber.com. (2016). “En büyük projeleri kimler yapiyor”, Rayhaber. com, 11 July 2016. google scholar
Resmigazete. (2013). Law No. 28634 on Liberalization of Turkish Railway Transport, 1 May 2013, (Accessed on. 03 January 2021). https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr: https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/ eskiler/2013/05/20130501-1.htm. adresinden alindi google scholar
Resmigazete. (2017a). https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr. 2017/10379 numbered resolution: https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2017/06/20170607-1.pdf (Accessed on 10 January 2021). adresinden alindi google scholar
Resmigazete. (2017b). https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr. 3001 numbered Official Gazette, 8 March 2017, (Accessed on 10 January 2021).: https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2017/03/20170308.htm. adresinden alindi google scholar
Resmigazete. (2017c). 2017/10171 Numbered decision and 2017/10191 Numbered decision. https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/ eskiler/2017/06/20170605M1-1.pdf., (Accessed on 10 January 2021). https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2017/06/20170606M1-20.pdf. (Accessed on 10 January 2021) adresinden alindi google scholar
Resmigazete. (2020). 31261 numbered Official Gazette. https://www. resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2020/10/20201001M1-3.pdf. (Accessed on 10 January 2021). adresinden alindi google scholar
Roberts, J. (2016). Russia’s Gas Challenge: the Consequences for China, Central Asia, Europe and the USA . The Journal of World Energy Law & Business, Vol. 9, No 2, p.8. google scholar
Rolland, N. (2017). Drivers of the Belt and Road Initiative. China’s Eurasian Century? Political and Strategic Implications of the Belt and Road Initiative (s. 93-120). içinde The National Bureau of Asian Research Books (NBR). google scholar
Sabanci, T. (2018). “Yeni İpek Yolu Projesi: Tarihi Olanla Benzerlikleri ve Hakkindaki Bazi Çalişmalarin Kisa Bir Değerlendirmesi”. Doğu Asya Araştirmalari Dergisi. 1 (2), 1-19. google scholar
Scissors, D. (2020). “China’s Global Investment in 2019: Going Out Goes Small”, January 2020,. https://www.aei.org/wp-content/ uploads/2020/01/Chinas-global-investment-in-2019-1.pdf (Accessed on 05 January 2020) adresinden alindi google scholar
Serikkaliyeva, A. (2019). The Role of the Central Asian Region in China’s New Silk Road Economic Belt Project. Eurasian Research Journal, Vol 1, No 1, 66-81. google scholar
Smulıan, M. (2017). “Tailoring the new Silk Road”. Planner. 18-21. google scholar
Song, W. (2014). Interests, Power and China’s Difficult Game in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO). Journal of Contemporary China, Vol.23, No.85, 85-101. google scholar
Sternberg, T., Ariell Ahearn, & McConnell, F. (2017). Central Asian ‘Characteristics’ on China’s New Silk Road: The Role of Landscape and the Politics of Infrastructure. Land, 6 (3), ss.1-16. google scholar
Summers, T. (2016). China’s “New Silk Roads”: Sub-national regions and networks of global political economy. Third World Quarterly, 37, 1628-1643. google scholar
Şenol, C. (2022). Trans Asya-Avrupa Bağlamında Türkiye Jeopolitiğinin Enerji Politikalarına Yansıması. Geçmişten Geleceğe Küçük Asya-Anadolu, (Editörler: Mustafa AÇA Mehmet Ali YOLCU) (s. 619644). içinde Çanakkale: Paradigma Akademi Basın Yayın Dağıtım. google scholar
Taşlıgil, N. (2010). Türkiye’nin Ulaşım Coğrafyası, . İstanbul,: Çantay Yayınevi, s.1-2. google scholar
Tahincioğlu, G. (2015). Yeni İpek Yolu İçin Türkiye Kilit Olacak, 27 April 2015. https://www.milliyet.com.tr /ekonomi/yeni-ipek-yolu-icin-turkiye-kilit-olacak-2050114 (Accessed on 13 January 2021). adresinden alındı google scholar
TRACECA. (2021). TRACECA Ağı, T.C. UAB TRACECA National Secretariat of Turkey . 1 6, 2021 tarihinde https://traceca.uab.gov.tr/ kara- ulastirmasi adresinden alındı google scholar
TRT Haber. (2020). Türkiye’den Çin’e gidecek ilk ihracat treni yola çıktı, TRT Haber.com. (Accessed on 1 January 2021). google scholar
TRT Haber. (2021). “Çin Dışişleri Bakanı Türkiye’de”, TRT Haber, 25 March 2021. google scholar
TRT News. (2021). Türkiye-Azerbaycan-Türkmenistan’dan ortak bildiri, TRT News, 25 February 2021. google scholar
Tokatlı, S. G. (2021). Çin: Yeni Büyük Güç ve Değişen Dünya Dengeleri, Fatih Oktay, Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, İstanbul, 2020, 694 s., ISBN: 978-605-295-105-7. Asya Studies-Academic Social Studies, 5(18), 411-415. google scholar
Turkstat. (2021). Turkish Statistical Institute, (Accessed on 01 January 2021). google scholar
Tümertekin, E., & Özgüç, N. (2005). Ekonomik Coğrafya, Kalkınma ve Küreselleşme. Istanbul,: Çantay Publications, p. 562. google scholar
UNECE. (2021). Overview of the EATL Study. 1 6, 2021 tarihinde https://unece.org/eatl-study-overview adresinden alındı. google scholar
Wang, W. (2019). “The Potential of the New Silk Road for Europe”. Executive Intelligence Review. 46 (46), 24-26. google scholar
Williamson, P. J. (2016). Chinese Acquisitions in Europe: Absorptive Capacity and Impacts on Competitive Advantage. International Relations, Volume 13, No. 49, 61-83. google scholar
Wilson, J. D. (2019). The evolution of China’s Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank: From a revisionist to status-seeking agenda. International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, Volume 19, Issue 1, 147176. google scholar WITS. (2021). World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS) . https://wits. worldbank.org (Accessed on 01 January 2021). adresinden alındı google scholar
www.tcddtasimacilik.gov.tr">www.tcddtasimacilik.gov.tr. (2020). Türkiye’den Çin’e İlk İhracat Blok Treni Törenle Uğurlandı. www.tcddtasimacilik.gov.tr, 4 December 2020, (Accessed on 1 January 2021). google scholar
Xie, R. (2018). 2nd International Conference on Management, Education and Social Science, Issue 176. Analysis on Export Trade Effect of China and Countries Along One Belt and One Road. google scholar
Xinhua.net. (2019). Turkey welcomes first freight train travelling from China to Europe, (Accessed on 1 January 2021). google scholar
Yıldız, Ç. (2018). Uluslararası Sempozyum Çin’in Yükselişi Bir Kuşak Bir Yol Girişimi. Bildiriler Kitabı. Ed. S. Afacan ve H. Karali. Ankara: Çankaya. google scholar
Yılmaz, S. (2020). Bir Kuşak Bir Yol Projesinin Azerbaycan, Kazakistan ve Türkiye’ye Etkisi. International Journal of Society Studies, Vol 16, No 32, 5274-5301. google scholar
Yılmaz, S., & Changming, L. (2018). China’s ‘Belt and Road’ Strategy in Eurasia and Euro-Atlanticism. Europe-Asia Studies, 70:2, 252-276. google scholar
Yılmaz, S. (2020). “Bir Kuşak Bir Yol Projesinin Azerbaycan, Kazakistan ve Türkiye’ye Etkisi”. OPUS Uluslararası Toplum Araştırmaları Dergisi. 16 (32), 5274-5301. google scholar
Yağcı, M. (2018). Rethinking Soft Power in Light of China’s Belt and Road Initiative. International relations, Vol. 15, No. 57, 67-78. google scholar
Yin, W. (2018). Challenges, issues in China-EU investment agreement and the implication on China’s domestic reform, Asia. Pacific Law Review, 26:2, 170-202. google scholar
Zepp-LaRouche, H. (2016). “The Silk Road as the New Paradigm for All Mankind”. Executive Intelligence Review. 43 (10), 6-10. google scholar

Toplam 128 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	İngilizce
Bölüm	Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar	Celal Şenol 0000-0003-0857-866X Süheyla Üçışık Erbilen 0000-0002-2713-8232
Yayımlanma Tarihi	30 Aralık 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi	8 Ağustos 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2022 Sayı: 45

Kaynak Göster

APA	Şenol, C., & Üçışık Erbilen, S. (2022). Analysis of the Impact of the Middle Corridor on Turkiye in Terms of Geopolitics and Economy in the OBOR Initiative. Journal of Geography(45), 161-180. https://doi.org/10.26650/JGEOG2022-1159338
AMA	Şenol C, Üçışık Erbilen S. Analysis of the Impact of the Middle Corridor on Turkiye in Terms of Geopolitics and Economy in the OBOR Initiative. Journal of Geography. Aralık 2022;(45):161-180. doi:10.26650/JGEOG2022-1159338
Chicago	Şenol, Celal, ve Süheyla Üçışık Erbilen. “Analysis of the Impact of the Middle Corridor on Turkiye in Terms of Geopolitics and Economy in the OBOR Initiative”. Journal of Geography, sy. 45 (Aralık 2022): 161-80. https://doi.org/10.26650/JGEOG2022-1159338.
EndNote	Şenol C, Üçışık Erbilen S (01 Aralık 2022) Analysis of the Impact of the Middle Corridor on Turkiye in Terms of Geopolitics and Economy in the OBOR Initiative. Journal of Geography 45 161–180.
IEEE	C. Şenol ve S. Üçışık Erbilen, “Analysis of the Impact of the Middle Corridor on Turkiye in Terms of Geopolitics and Economy in the OBOR Initiative”, Journal of Geography, sy. 45, ss. 161–180, Aralık 2022, doi: 10.26650/JGEOG2022-1159338.
ISNAD	Şenol, Celal - Üçışık Erbilen, Süheyla. “Analysis of the Impact of the Middle Corridor on Turkiye in Terms of Geopolitics and Economy in the OBOR Initiative”. Journal of Geography 45 (Aralık 2022), 161-180. https://doi.org/10.26650/JGEOG2022-1159338.
JAMA	Şenol C, Üçışık Erbilen S. Analysis of the Impact of the Middle Corridor on Turkiye in Terms of Geopolitics and Economy in the OBOR Initiative. Journal of Geography. 2022;:161–180.
MLA	Şenol, Celal ve Süheyla Üçışık Erbilen. “Analysis of the Impact of the Middle Corridor on Turkiye in Terms of Geopolitics and Economy in the OBOR Initiative”. Journal of Geography, sy. 45, 2022, ss. 161-80, doi:10.26650/JGEOG2022-1159338.
Vancouver	Şenol C, Üçışık Erbilen S. Analysis of the Impact of the Middle Corridor on Turkiye in Terms of Geopolitics and Economy in the OBOR Initiative. Journal of Geography. 2022(45):161-80.

Kapak Resmi İndir

Makale Dosyaları

Tam Metin