Counting Grains of Sand: A Glance at the Subjective Perception of Time in Latin Poetry from the Perspective of Conceptual Metaphor

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 58, 179 - 252, 26.06.2023

Ekin Öyken , Elif Buse Güven Günay

https://doi.org/10.26650/arcp.1292285

Öz

As is known, time has been an important subject of philosophy since antiquity. Metaphor and poetry –in which metaphors are considered essential– have also engaged the attention of philosophers all through the ages. Some have used metaphors as a means of expression, while others have considered them directly as an object of research, and inquiries into the nature of poetry have played a significant role in the emergence of the philosophy of aesthetics. This article approaches time, metaphor, and poetry from the perspectives of philology and literary criticism rather than philosophy with the hope that it will contribute to other multidisciplinary or directly philosophical studies as almost every step in it concerns philosophy in one way or another. That the tension between literature and philosophy, united by the aim of understanding the world and human nature and separated by their form of truth-seeking, has been fruitful in many ways and that new approaches and areas of knowledge such as cognitive aesthetics have added dimensions to this relationship are self-evident. This study analyzes certain loci classici that involve metaphors based on the subjective perception of time in Latin poetry, mainly from the Augustan period (27 BCE–14 CE) within the framework of conceptual metaphor theory and provides a general discussion of this framework’s potential for a critical analysis of Latin poetry from various angles. Based on a selection of examples from Catullus, Horace, Ovid, Tibullus, Statius, and Phaedrus, the findings from the study support the view that both cognitive processes and narrative techniques are involved in the emergence and perception of metaphors in poetry and indicate that Latin poetry can be interpreted more efficiently from this double perspective. Although the examples were selected from subjective metaphors about time (i.e., metaphors in which the individual perception of the poet or narrator comes to the fore), it has been observed that the cultural and subjective images of time cannot be sharply separated from one another, and they constitute different layers of specific conceptual systems.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Latin poetry, conceptual metaphor theory, poetry criticism, time metaphors, subjective perception of time

Kum Tanelerini Saymak: Latin Şiirinde Öznel Zaman Algısına Kavramsal Metafor Açısından Bakış

Öz

Bilindiği gibi zaman Antik Çağ’dan itibaren felsefenin önemli konularından biri olmuştur. Metafor ve metaforun olmazsa olmaz sayıldığı şiir de hemen her çağda filozofların ilgisini çekmiş, metaforu kimileri ifade aracı olarak kullanmış, kimileri doğrudan araştırma nesnesi saymış, şiirin doğasına ilişkin sorgulamalar estetik felsefesinin doğmasında önemli rol oynamıştır. Bu makale zaman, metafor ve şiire felsefe değil filoloji ve edebiyat eleştirisi perspektifinden yaklaşmıştır ama hemen her adımı felsefeyi çeşitli açılardan ilgilendirdiğinden çok disiplinli ya da doğrudan felsefi başka çalışmalara katkı sağlayacağını umuyoruz. Dünyayı ve insan doğasını anlama amacının birleştirdiği, hakikati arama biçimlerinin ayırdığı edebiyat ve felsefenin tarih boyunca şiddeti değişse de süren geriliminin pek çok açıdan verimli olduğu, bilişsel estetik gibi yeni yaklaşım ve bilgi alanlarının da bu ilişkiye boyut kazandırdığı açıktır. Çalışmamızda, öznel zaman algısına dayalı zaman metaforlarının ağırlıklı olarak Augustus Dönemi’ne (MÖ 27–MS 14) ait Latin şiirlerindeki başlıca örnekleri kavramsal metafor kuramı çerçevesinde çözümlenmiş ve bu kuramsal çerçevenin Latin şiirine ilişkin eleştirel çözümlemelerin geneli açısından sağlayabileceği imkânlar çeşitli yönleriyle tartışılmıştır. Catullus, Horatius, Ovidius, Tibullus, Statius ve Phaedrus’tan örnekler içeren bir seçki üzerinde yaptığımız bu çalışmanın bulguları şiirdeki metaforların oluşmasında ve algılanmasında hem bilişsel süreçlerin hem anlatı tekniklerinin devrede olduğu görüşünü desteklemekte ve Latin şiirlerinin bu çifte bakış açısıyla daha verimli yorumlanabileceğine işaret etmektedir. İncelenen örnekler zamana ilişkin öznel, başka deyişle, şair ya da anlatıcının bireysel algısının öne çıktığı metaforlardan seçilmiş olmakla birlikte, zamanla ilgili kültürel ve öznel tasarımların birbirinden kesin biçimde ayrılamadığı, belirli kavram sistemlerinin farklı katmanlarını oluşturduğu görülmüştür.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Latin şiiri, kavramsal metafor kuramı, şiir eleştirisi, zaman metaforları, öznel zaman algısı

Kaynakça

• Akalın, Şükrü Hâluk, Recep Toparlı, Mustafa Argunşah, Nurettin Demir ve Nevzat Gözaydın, Türkçe Sözlük. 11. bs. Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları, 2019. google scholar
• Aksan, Mustafa. “Metaphors of Anger: An Outline of a Cultural Model.” Dil ve Edebiyat Dergisi 3, no. 1 (2006): 31-67. google scholar
• Allan, Arlene. “Situational Aesthetics: The Deification of Kairos, Son of Hermes.” Personification in the Greek World. From Antiquity to Byzantium içinde, hazırlayan Emma Stafford ve Judith Herrin, 123-34. London: Routledge, 2017. google scholar
• Alton, E. H., D. E. W. Wormell ve E. Courtney (Haz.). P. Ovidi Nasonis Fastorum libri sex. Monachii: In Aedibus K. G. Saur, 2005. google scholar
• Assmann, Jan. “Ouroboros. The Ancient Egyptian Myth of the Journey of the Sun.” Aegyptiaca 4 (2019): 19-32. google scholar
• Aubreton, Robert ve Felix Bufflere (Haz.). Anthologie grecque. Deuxiemepartie, Anthologie de Planude : Tome XIII. Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 2002. google scholar
• Azılı, Kenan ve Aziz Tolga Koç. “Kavramsal Metafor Örneği Olarak AGIR ve Eski Türkçede Bir Kavramla Harita Denemesi.” Türkbilig 41 (2021): 55-70. google scholar
• Bailey, D. R. Shackleton (Haz.). Cicero’ Letters to Atticus. Vol. III (51—50 B.C.), 94—132: Books V—VII. 9. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1968. google scholar
• ———. (Haz.). Marcus Valerius Martialis. Epigrammata. Stuttgart: B. G. Teubner, 1990. google scholar
• ———. (Haz.). Quintus Horatius Flaccus. Opera. Stuttgart: Teubner, 1995. google scholar
• Baldick, Chris. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001. google scholar
• Barcelona, Antonia ve Francisco J. Ruiz de Mendoza Ibanez (Haz.). Bibliography of Metaphor andMetonymy (MetBib). John Benjamins, t.y., erişim 28/02/2023, https://benjamins.com/online/met. google scholar
• Behramoğlu, Ataol (Haz.), Son Yüzyıl Büyük Türk Şiiri Antolojisi. Modern Şiirimizin İki Yüzyılı. Birinci Cilt (19. Yüzyıl Sonlarından 1950’lere). 6. bs. İstanbul: Sosyal Yayınlar, 2001. google scholar
• Benndorf, Otto ve Karl Schenkl (Haz.). Philostrati maioris Imagines. Lipsiae: In Aedibus B. G. Teubneri, 1893. google scholar
• Berard, Claude. “The Image of the Other and the Foreign Hero.” Not the Classical Ideal: Athens and the Construction of the Other in Greek Art içinde, hazırlayan Beth Cohen, 390-412. London: Brill, 2000. google scholar
• Bettini, Mauruzio. Anthropology and Roman Culture. Kinship, Time, Images of the Soul. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1991. google scholar
• Biebuyck, Benjamin ve Gunther Martens. “Literary Metaphors between Cognition and Narration. The Sandman Revisited.” Beyond Cognitive Metaphor Theory. Perspectives on Literary Metaphor içinde, hazırlayan Monika Fludernik, 58-76. New York: Routledge, 2011. google scholar
• Blase, Heinrich. “Tempora und Modi.” Historische Grammatik der lateinischen Sprache. 3.1 içinde, hazırlayan Gustav Landgraf, 99-288. Leipzig: B.G. Teubner, 1903. google scholar
• Bode, Georgius Henricus (Haz.). Scriptores rerum mythicarum Latini tres. Volumen prius. Celle: Schulze, 1834. google scholar
• Boroditsky, Lera. “Metaphoric structuring: Understanding Time through Spatial Metaphors.” Cognition 75, no. 1 (2000): 1-28. google scholar
• Boroditsky, Lera ve Michael Ramscar. “The Roles of Body and Mind in Abstract Thought.” Psychological Science 13, no. 2 (2002): 185-89. google scholar
• Bowman, Alan K. ve J. David Thomas. “New Writing-Tablets from Vindolanda.” Britannia 27 (1996): 299328. google scholar
• Bömer, Franz. “Der Klassiker Ovid. Bemerkungen zu CE 1109.” Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 30 (1982): 275-81. google scholar
• ———. P. Ovidius Naso, Metamorphosen. Kommentar. Buch XIV-XV. Heidelberg: Winter, 1986. google scholar
• Burnet, Ioannes (Haz.). Platonis opera. Oxonii: E typographeo Clarendoniano, 1905-1913. google scholar
• Cairns, Douglas. “Tux'i], ©up.6ç, and Metaphor in Homer and Plato.” Etudes Platoniciennes 11 (2014), erişim 01.04.2023, http://journals.openedition.org/etudesplatoniciennes/566. google scholar
• Canovas, Cristobal Pagan ve Ursina Teuscher. “Much more than money: Conceptual integration and the materialization of time in Michael Endes Momo and the social sciences.” Pragmatics & Cognition 20, no. 3 (2012): 546-69. google scholar
• Charlet, Jean-Louis (Haz.). Claudien. Oeuvres. TomeIII, Poem.espolitiques (399-404). Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 2017. google scholar
• Citroni, Mario. “Marziale e la Letteratura per i Saturnali (poetica dell’intrattenimento e cronologia della pubblicazione dei libri).” Illinois Classical Studies 14, no. 1/2 (1989): 201-26. google scholar
• Clark, Albert Curtis (Haz.). M. Tulli Ciceronis: Orationes, Vol. 2: Pro Milone; Pro Marcello; Pro Ligario; Pro Rege Deiotaro; Philippicae I—XIV. Oxonii: E typographeo Clarendoniano, 1918. google scholar
• Clark, Herbert H. “Space, Time, Semantics, and the Child.” Cognitive Development and Acquisition of Language içinde, hazırlayan Timothy E. Moore, 27-63. New York: Academic Press, 1973. google scholar
• Colson, F. H. (Haz.). Cicero. Pro Milone with Asconius’ Commentary. London: Bristol Classical Press, 1980. google scholar
• Conte, Gian Biagio (Haz.). P. Vergilius Maro. Aeneis. Berolini: Walter De Gruyter, 2009. google scholar
• Coombe, Clare. Claudian the Poet. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018. google scholar
• Cooney, John D. “Siren and Ba, Birds of a Feather.” The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art 55, no. 8 (1968): 262-71. google scholar
• Courtney, Edward. Musa Lapidaria. A Selection of Latin Verse Inscriptions. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1995. google scholar
• Cugusi, Paolo. “L’epistola ciceroniana: strumento di comunicazione quotidiana e modello letterario.” Ciceroniana: Rivista di studi ciceroniani 10 (1998): 163-90. google scholar
• ———. “Carmina Latina Epigraphica e Ovidio : trasfusione di codici e rapporto tra corpus ovidiano e tradizione epigrafica.” Paideia LXXII (2017): 73-126. google scholar
• de Saussure, Ferdinand, Charles Bailly, Albert Sechehaye, Albert Riedlinger ve Louis-Jean Calvet. Cours de linguistique generale. Hazırlayan Tullio de Mauro. Paris: Payot, 1972. google scholar
• Deignan, Alice. Metaphor and Corpus Linguistics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2005. google scholar
• Deonna, W. “Ouroboros.” Artibus Asiae 15, no. 1/2 (1952): 163-70. google scholar
• --. “La descendance du Saturne a l’ouroboros de Martianus Capella.” Symbolae Osloenses 31, no. 1 (1955): 170-89. google scholar
• Deufert, Marcus (Haz.). Titus Lucretius Carus. De rerum natura libri VI. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2019. google scholar
• Devereaux, Jennifer. “The Body-as-metaphor in Latin Literature.” The Routledge Handbook of Classics and Cognitive Theory içinde, hazırlayan Peter Meineck, William Michael Short ve Jennifer Devereaux, 16988. London & New York: Routledge, 2019. google scholar
• Devine, A. M. ve Laurence D. Stephens. Semantics for Latin. An Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013. google scholar
• Dohrn-van Rossum, Gerhard. “Clocks, II. Classical Antiquity.” Brill’s New Pauly Encyclopaedia of the Ancient World. Antiquity. Volume 3 (CAT-CYP) içinde, hazırlayan Hubert Cancik, Helmuth Schneider ve Christine F. Salazar, 460-64. Leiden: Brill, 2003. google scholar
• Duke, E. A., W. F. Hicken, W. S. M. Nicoll, D. B. Robinson ve J. C. G. Strachan (Haz.). Platonis Opera. Vol. 1: Euthyphro, Apologia Socratis, Crito, Phaedo, Cratylus, Theaetetus Sophista, Politicus. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995. google scholar
• Eco, Umberto. Semiotics and the Philosophy of Language. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1984. google scholar
• Elias, Norbert. Time: An Essay. Blackwell, 1992. google scholar
• Evans, Vyvyan. The Structure of Time: Language, Meaning and Temporal Cognition. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2004. google scholar
• Faral, Edmond (Haz.). Les arts poetiques du XIIe et du XIIIe siecles : recherches et documents sur la technique litteraire du Moyen age. Paris: Champion, 1923. google scholar
• Fauconnier, Gilles ve Mark Turner. “Conceptual Blending, Form and Meaning.” Recherches en Communication 19 (2003): 57-86. google scholar
• Fedriani, Chiara. “Ontological and Orientational Metaphors in Latin. Evidence from the Semantics of Feeling and Emotions.” Embodiment in Latin Semantics içinde, hazırlayan William Michael Short, 11539. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2016. google scholar
• Flaherty, Michael G. A Watched Pot. How We Experience Time. New York: New York University Press, 1999. google scholar
• Fludernik, Monika (Haz.), Beyond Cognitive Metaphor Theory. Perspectives on Literary Metaphor. New York: Routledge, 2011. google scholar
• Forcellini, Egidio, Lexicon totius latinitatis. Tom. IV (R-Z). 4. ed. Bologna: Arnaldus Forni, 1965. google scholar
• Forceville, Charles. Pictorial Metaphor in Advertising. London: Routledge, 1996. google scholar
• ———. “Non-verbal and Multimodal Metaphor in a Cognitivist Framework. Agendas for Research.” Cognitive Linguistics: Current Applications and Future Perspectives içinde, hazırlayan Gitte Kristiansen, Michel Achard, Rene Dirven ve Francisco J. Ruiz de Mendoza Ibanez, 379-402. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2006. google scholar
• Foucher, Louis. “Aion, le Temps absolu.” Latomus 55, no. 1 (1996): 5-30. google scholar
• Freeman, Margaret H. “The Role of Metaphor in Poetic Iconicity.” Beyond Cognitive Metaphor Theory. Perspectives on Literary Metaphor içinde, hazırlayan Monika Fludernik, 158-75. New York: Routledge, 2011. google scholar
• ———. The Poem as Icon. A Study of Aestetic Cognition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020. google scholar
• Galinier, Jacques, Aurore Monod Becquelin, Guy Bordin, Laurent Fontaine, Francine Fourmaux, Juliette Roullet Ponce, Piero Salzarulo vd. “Anthropology of the Night: Cross-disciplinary Investigations.” Current Anthropology 51, no. 6 (2010): 819-47. google scholar
• Gandiglio, Adolfo. Sintassi latina. Volume secondo. 3. ed. Hazırlayan Giovanni Battista Pighi. Bologna: Zanichelli, 1969. google scholar
• Gardner, Hunter H. Gendering Time in Augustan Love Elegy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013. google scholar
• Gibbs, Raymond. “Psycholinguistic studies on the conceptual basis of idiomaticity.” Cognitive Linguistics 1, no. 4 (1990): 417-52. google scholar
• ———. “Metaphor: Psychological Aspects.” Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Volume 8 içinde, hazırlayan Keith Brown, 43-50. Oxford: Elsevier, 2006. google scholar
• ———. Metaphor Wars. Conceptual Metaphors in Human Life. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017. google scholar
• Gibbs, Raymond ve Carina Rasse. “Embodiment in the diversity of literary experience: A reply to Wolfgang Teubert (2021).” Journal of Literary Semantics 51, no. 1 (2022): 55-66. google scholar
• Goold, G. P. “Amatoria Critica.” Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 69 (1965): 1-107. google scholar
• ———. (Haz.). Propertius. Elegies. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990. google scholar
• Gornall, J. F. G. “Horace, ‘Odes’ III. 19. Does It Contain ‘A Gap in Time’?”. Greece & Rome 18, no. 2 (1971): 188-90. google scholar
• Grady, Joseph. “Metaphor.” The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics içinde, hazırlayan Dirk Geeraerts ve Hubert Cuyckens, 188-213. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. google scholar
• Grady, Joseph, Todd Oakley ve Seana Coulson. “Blending and Metaphor.” Metaphor in Cognitive Linguistics içinde, hazırlayan Raymond W. Gibbs ve Gerard J. Steen, 101-24. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1999. google scholar
• Grant, W. Leonard. “Cicero, Pro Milone, 98.” Classical Review I, N.S., no. 1 (1951): 9. google scholar
• Green, R. P. H. (Haz.), The Works of Ausonius. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991. google scholar
• Günay, Elif Buse Güven. “Phaedrus’un Şiirlerinin Kavramsal Metafor Perspektifinden Çözümlenişi.”Yüksek lisans tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi, 2023. google scholar
• Halbertsma, Ruurd Binnert. “Framing King Memnon: Some Thoughts on a Campanian Amphora in the National Museum of Antiquities in Leiden.” BABESCH 96 (2021): 71-82. google scholar
• Hall, John B. (Haz.). Claudii Claudiani carmina. Leipzig: B. G. Teubner, 1985. google scholar
• ———. (Haz.). P. Ovidi Nasonis Tristia. Stuttgart: B. G. Teubner, 1995. google scholar
• Hausheer, Herman. “St. Augustine’s Conception of Time.” The Philosophical Review 46, no. 5 (1937): 50312. google scholar
• Hey, Oskar, Thesaurus Linguae Latinae. Vol. VI. Parsprior. Fasc. II (familia — fenestra). Lipsiae: In aedibus B. G. Teubneri, 1915. google scholar
• Hoopes, James (Haz.). Peirce on Signs. Writings on Semiotic by Charles Sanders Peirce. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1991. google scholar
• Hornblower, Simon, Antony Spawforth ve Esther Eidinow (Haz.). Oxford Classical Dictionary. 4th ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012. google scholar
• Howe, Bonnie G. Because You Bear This Name: Conceptual Metaphor and the Moral Meaning of 1 Peter. Boston: Brill, 2006. google scholar
• Innes, Doreen C. “Metaphor, Simile, and Allegory as Ornaments of Style.” Metaphor, Allegory, and the Classical Tradition. Ancient Thought and Modern Revisions içinde, hazırlayan George R. Boys-Stones, 7-27. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003. google scholar
• Jackendoff, Ray ve David Aaron. “Review: More Than Cool Reason: A Field Guide to Poetic Metaphor.” Language 67, no. 2 (1991): 320-38. google scholar
• Johnson, Mark. “Introduction: Metaphor in the Philosophical Tradition.” Philosophical Perspectives on Metaphor içinde, hazırlayan Mark Johnson, 3-47. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1981. google scholar
• ———. The Body in the Mind. The Bodily Basis ofMeaning, Imagination, and Reason. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990. google scholar
• Jones, William. Poems consisting chiefly of translationsfrom the Asiatick languages: To which are added two essays, I. On the poetry o fthe Eastern nations. II. On the arts, commonly called imitative. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1772. google scholar
• Kassel, Rudolf (Haz.). Aristotelis De arte poetica liber. Oxonii: E Typographeo Clarendoniano, 1965. google scholar
• ———. (Haz.). Aristotelis Ars rhetorica. Berolini: Apud Walter De Gruyter et Socios, 1976. google scholar
• Kay, Nigel M. (Haz.). Ausonius. Epigrams. Text with Introduction and Commentary. London: Duckworth, 2001. google scholar
• Kempf, Johann Georg, Thesaurus Linguae Latinae. Vol.. I. Fasc. IV (adiuvo — Aegyptus). Lipsiae: In aedibus B. G. Teubneri, 1902. google scholar
• Kenney, E. J. “Books and Readers in the Roman World.” The Cambridge History of Classical Literature II (Latin Literature) içinde, hazırlayan E. J. Kenney ve W. V. Clausen, 3-32. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982. google scholar
• Keulen, Atze J. (Haz.). L. Annaeus Seneca. Troades. Introduction, Text and Commentary. Leiden: Brill, 2001. google scholar
• Kossatz-Deissmann, Anneliese. “Memnon.” Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae. VI.1 (Kentauroi et Kentaurides — Oiax) içinde, hazırlayan Fondation LIMC, 448-61. Zürich: Artemis Verlag, 1992. google scholar
• Kövecses, Zokan. Metaphor. A Practical Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. google scholar
• ———. Metaphor in Culture. Universality and Variation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. google scholar
• ———. Metaphor. A Practical Introduction. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010. google scholar
• ———. Where Metaphors Come From. Reconsidering Context in Metaphor. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015. google scholar
• ———. “Levels of Metaphor.” Cognitive Linguistics 28, no. 2 (2017): 321-47. google scholar
• Kumaniecki, Kazimierz (Haz.). Ciceronis, M. Tulli, scripta quae manserunt omnia: Fasc. 3. De Oratore. Stutgardiae: In Aedibus B.G. Teubneri, 1995. google scholar
• Lakoff, George. “Image Metaphors.” Metaphor and Symbolic Activity 2, no. 3 (1987): 219-22. google scholar
• ———. Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things. What Categories Reveal about the Mind. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1987. google scholar
• Lakoff, George ve Mark Johnson. Metaphors We Live By. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980. google scholar
• ———. Philosophy in the Flesh. The Embodied Mind and Its Challenge to Western Thought. New York: Basic Books, 1999. google scholar
• Lakoff, George ve Mark Turner. More than Cool Reason. A Field Guide to Poetic Metaphor. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989. google scholar
• Landels, John G. “Water-clocks and Time Measurement in Classical Antiquity.” Endeavour 3, no. 1 (1979): 32-37. google scholar
• Le Goff, Jacques. “Au Moyen Âge : temps de l’Eglise et temps du marchand.” Annales 15, no. 3 (1960): 41733. google scholar
• Lindsay, W. M. (Haz.). T. Macci Plauti Comoediae. Tomus II. Oxonii: E typographeo Clarendoniano, 1905. google scholar Luck, Georg (Haz.). Tibullus. Carmina. Stuttgart: B. G. Teubner, 1988. google scholar
• Lüleci, Murat. “Bir Gül ile Üç Bülbül: Açımlanmış Şiirsel Metaforlar ve Modern Türk Şiirinde Gül Metaforuna Bilişsel Bir Yaklaşım.” Hacettepe Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 33, no. 2 (2016): 179-98. google scholar
• --. Gulun Tam Ortası. Bilişşel Yazınbilim ve İkinci Yeninin Bilisşsel Temelleri. Araştırma - İnceleme. Ankara: Grafiker, 2019. google scholar
• Maltby, Robert. A Lexicon of Ancient Latin Etymologies. Liverpool: Francis Cairns, 1991. google scholar
• Marastoni, Aldus (Haz.). P. Papini Stati Silvae. Leipzig: B. G. Teubner, 1970. google scholar
• Martin, Richard P. “Against Ornament. O. M. Freidenberg’s Concept of Metaphor in Ancient and Modern Contexts.” Persistent Forms. Explorations in Historical Poetics içinde, hazırlayan Ilya Kliger ve Boris Maslov, 274-313. New York: Fordham University Press, 2016. google scholar
• Marx, Friedrich ve Winfried Trillitzch (Haz.). Incerti auctoris De ratione dicendi ad C. Herennium. Lipsiae: In aedibus B. G. Teubneri, 1964. google scholar
• McCall, Marsh H. Ancient Rhetorical Theories of Simile and Comparison. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1969. google scholar
• McGrath, Elizabeth. “The Black Andromeda.” Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 55 (1992): 1-18. google scholar
• McKeown, James. Ovid: Amores. Volume II. A Commentary on Book One. Liverpool: Francis Cairns, 1987. google scholar
• Montanari, Franco, The Brill Dictionary of Ancient Greek. Hazırlayan Madeleine Goh, Chad Schroeder, Gregory Nagy, Leonard Muellner ve Rachel Barritt-Costa. Leiden: Brill, 2015. google scholar
• Monti, Enrico. “Translating The Metaphors We Live By.” European Journal of English Studies 13, no. 2 (2009): 207-21. google scholar
• Mueller, C. F. W. (Haz.). M. Tullii Ciceronis scripta quae manserunt omnia. Partis IV. Vol. I (Academica, de finibus bonorum et malorum, Tusculanae disputationes). Lipsiae: In aedibus B. G. Teubneri, 1904. google scholar
• Musurillo, Herbert. “The Theme of Time as a Poetic Device in the Elegies of Tibullus.” Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association 98 (1967): 253-68. google scholar Mynors, R. A. B. (Haz.). C. Valerii Catulli carmina. Oxonii: E Typographeo Clarendoniano, 1958. google scholar
• Nisbet, R. G. M. ve Margaret Hubbard. A Commentary on Horace: Odes, Book 1. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1970. google scholar
• Nock, Arthur Darby. “A Vision of Mandulis Aion.” The Harvard Theological Review 27, no. 1 (1934): 53-104. google scholar
• Novakova, Julie. Umbra. Ein Beitrag zur dichterischen Semantik. Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 1964. google scholar
• Novokhatko, Anna. “The Use of the Term ‘Metaphor’ in Latin Linguistic Discourse before Quintilian.” Latinitatis Rationes. Descriptive and Historical Accounts for the Latin Language içinde, hazırlayan Paolo Poccetti, 395-409. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2016. google scholar
• Nutting, H. C. “The Imperfect Indicative as a Praeteritum ex Futuro.” The American Journal of Philology 43, no. 4 (1922): 359-59. google scholar
• Onians, Richard Broxton. The Origins of European Thought. About the Body, the Mind, the Soul, the World, Time and Fate. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. google scholar
• Ornstein, Robert E. On the Experience of Time. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1969. google scholar
• Ördem, Eser. “Türkiye Türkçesinde Zaman Metaforları: Bilişsel Dil Bilimsel Bir Yaklaşım.” Dil Araştırmaları 14 (2014): 119-36. google scholar
• Öyken, Ekin. “Ölçünün Latin Şiiri Çözümlemelerindeki Önemi ve Öğretim Yöntemi Üzerine.” Sophron: Güler Çelgin’e Armağan Yazılar içinde, hazırlayan Filiz Cluzeau, Özge Acar, Nilay Ediz Okur ve Vicdan Taşçı. İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, 2023, s. 327-373, (basım aşamasında). google scholar
• Pantelia, Maria C. (Haz.). Thesaurus Linguae Graecae Digital Library. University of California, Irvine, t.y., erişim 22/02/2023, http://www.tlg.uci.edu. google scholar
• Peirce, Charles Santiago Sanders. “Prolegomena to an Apology for Pragmatism.” The Monist 16, no. 4 (1906): 492-546. google scholar
• Pender, E. E. “Plato on Metaphors and Models.” Metaphor, Allegory, and the Classical Tradition: Ancient Thought and Modern Revisions içinde, hazırlayan G. R. Boys-Stones, 55-81. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2023. google scholar
• Pinkster, Harm. The Oxford Latin Syntax. Volume I: The Simple Clause. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015. google scholar
• Pollio, Howard R., Jack M. Barlow, Harold J. Fine ve Marilyn R. Pollio. Psychology and the Poetics of Growth. Figurative Language in Psychology, Psychotherapy, and Education. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1977. google scholar
• Pragglejaz Group. “MIP: A Method for Identifying Metaphorically Used Words in Discourse.” Metaphor and Symbol 22, no. 1 (2007): 1-39. google scholar
• Prandi, Michele. “Typology of Metaphors: Implications for Translation.” Mutatis Mutandis. Revista Latinoamericana de Traduccion 3, no. 2 (2010): 304-32. google scholar
• Punter, David. Metaphor. London: Routledge, 2007. google scholar
• Putnam, Michael C. J. Tibullus. A Commentary. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1973. google scholar
• Rand, Edward Kennard, John Joseph Savage, Howard Taylor Smith, George Byron Waldrop, John Petersen Elder, Bernard Mann Peebles ve Arthur Frederick Stocker (Haz.). Servianorum in Vergilii carmina commentariorum. Vol. II. Lancastriae: E typographeo Lancastriano, 1946. google scholar
• Rapp, Adolf, Ausfuhrliches Lexikon der griechischen und romischen Mythologie. 1.2 (Euxistratos — Hysiris). Hazırlayan W. H. Roscher. Leipzig: Teubner, 1886-1890. google scholar
• Rasse, Carina ve Raymond W. Gibbs. “Metaphorical Thinking in Our Literary Experiences of J.D. Salinger’s google scholar
• ‘The Catcher in the Rye’.” Journal of Literary Semantics 50, no. 1 (2021): 3-23. google scholar
• Rebillard, Eric (Haz.) LAnneephilologique (APh). Brepols, t.y., erişim 28/02/2023, http://cpps.brepolis.net/ aph/search.cfm. google scholar
• Recanati, François. “Le present epistolaire : une perspective cognitive.” L’information grammaticale 66, no. 1 (1995): 38-44. google scholar
• Reed, Jay. “At Play with Adonis.” Vertis in usum. Studies in Honor ofEdward Courtney içinde, hazırlayan John F. Miller, Cynthia Damon ve K. Sara Myers, 219-29. München: K. G. Saur, 2002. google scholar
• Roque, Maria-Ângels. “Birds, Metaphor of the Soul.” Quaderns de la Mediterrania 12 (2010): 96-108. google scholar
• Russell, Donald A. (Haz.). The Orator’s Education. Volume 1, Books 1-2. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001. google scholar
• Sattler, Barbara M. “How Natural is a Unified Notion of Time? Temporal experience in early Greek thought.” The Routledge Handbook of Philosophy of Temporal Experience içinde, hazırlayan Ian Phillips, 19-29. London: Routledge, 2017. google scholar
• Schaffner, Christina. “Metaphor and Translation: Some Implications of a Cognitive Approach.” Journal of Pragmatics 36, no. 7 (2004): 1253-69. google scholar
• Schauenburg, Konrad. “Achilleus als Barbar: ein antikes Missverstandnis.” Antike und Abendland 20, no. 1 (1974): 88-102. google scholar
• Semino, Elena ve Gerard Steen. “Metaphor in Literature.” The Cambridge Handbook ofMetaphor and Thought içinde, hazırlayan Raymond W. Gibbs, 232-46. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008. google scholar
• Shaw, Brent D. “Did the Romans Have a Future?”. The Journal ofRoman Studies 109 (2019): 1-26. google scholar
• Short, William Michael. “Spatial Metaphors of Time in Roman Culture.” The Classical World 109, no. 3 (2016): 381-412. google scholar
• ———. “Metaphors.” The World through Roman Eyes. Anthropological Approaches to Ancient Culture içinde, hazırlayan Maurizio Bettini ve William Michael Short, 47-70. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018. google scholar
• Sinha, C., V. D. S. Sinha, J. Zinken ve W. Sampaio. “When Time is Not Space: The Social and Linguistic Construction of Time Intervals and Temporal Event Relations in an Amazonian Culture.” Language and Cognition 3, no. 1 (2011): 137-69. google scholar
• Sinha, C. “Is Space-Time Metaphorical Mapping Universal? Time for a Cultural Turn.” Multilingual Cognition and Language Use. Processing and Typological Perspectives içinde, hazırlayan Luna Filipovic ve Martin Pütz, 183-202. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2014. google scholar
• Slings, S. R. (Haz.). Platonis Respublica. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003. google scholar
• Soldevila, Rosario Moreno. Martial, Book IV. A Commentary. Leiden: Brill, 2006. google scholar
• Steen, G. “Metaphor: Stylistic Approaches.” Encyclopaedia of Language and Linguistics. Volume 8 içinde, hazırlayan Keith Brown, 51-57. Oxford: Elsevier, 2006. google scholar
• Stickles, Elise ve Tasha N. Lewis. “Wednesday’s Meeting Really Is on Friday: A Meta-Analysis and Evaluation of Ambiguous Spatiotemporal Language.” Cognitive Science 42, no. 3 (2018): 1015-25. google scholar
• Stocker, Kurt ve Matthias Hartmann. “Next Wednesday’s meeting has been moved forward two days: The time-perspective question is ambiguous in Swiss German, but not in standard German.” Swiss Journal of Psychology 78, no. 1-2 (2019): 61-67. google scholar
• Strauss, Claudia ve Naomi Quinn. A Cognitive Theory ofCultural Meaning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. google scholar
• Swiggers, Pierre. “Cognitive Aspects of Aristotle’s Theory of Metaphor.” Glotta 62, no. 1/2 (1984): 40-45. google scholar
• Tarrant, R. J. (Haz.). P. Ovidi Nasonis Metamorphoses. Oxonii: E Typographeo Clarendoniano, 2004. google scholar
• TeEmer, Renate, Thesaurus Linguae Latinae. Vol. IX. Pars altera. Fasc. IV (foenanthe — onocrotalus). Lipsiae: In aedibus B. G. Teubneri, 1974. google scholar
• Teubert, Wolfgang. “Embodiment is not the answer to meaning: A discussion of the theory underlying the article by Carina Rasse and Raymond W. Gibbs, Jr. In JLS 50(1).” Journal of Literary Semantics 50, no. 2 (2021): 89-106. google scholar
• Thomas, Jean-François. “Problemes de polysemie et de synonymie dans la lexicalisation de l’espace et du temps en latin.” Espace et temps en latin içinde, hazırlayan Claude Moussy, 47-60. Paris: Presses de l’universite Paris-Sorbonne, 2011. google scholar
• Thompson, Lloyd A. Romans and Blacks. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1989. google scholar
• Trappes-Lomax, John M. Catullus: A Textual Reappraisal. Swansea: Classical Press of Wales, 2007. google scholar
• Traugott, Elizabeth Closs. “On the Expression of Spatio-Temporal Relations in Language.” Universals of Human Language. Volume 3 (Word Structure) içinde, hazırlayan Joseph H. Greenberg, 369-400. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1978. google scholar
• Tsur, Reuven. Poetic Rhythm: Structure and Performance. An Empirical Study in Cognitive Poetics. Berne: Peter Lang, 1998. google scholar
• Turner, Joseph. “Geoffrey of Vinsauf’s Master Trope: The Development of the Doctrine of Transsumptio.” Rhetorica: A Journal of the History of Rhetoric 37, no. 2 (2019): 146-66. google scholar
• Uyar, Turgut. Buyuk Saat. Butun Şiirleri. 11. İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 2011. google scholar
• Vaan, Michiel Arnoud Cor de, Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the Other Italic Languages. Leiden: Brill, 2008. google scholar
• Varela, Francisco J., Evan Thompson ve Eleanor Rosch. The Embodied Mind. Cognitive Science and Human Experience. rev. ed. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2017. google scholar
• Vega, Margarita. “Bridging the Gap between Aristotle’s Use and Theory of Metaphora.” Apeiron 50, no. 2 (2017): 135-51. google scholar
• te Velde, Herman. “Some Remarks on the Concept ‘Person’ in the Ancient Egyptian Culture.” Concepts of Person in Religion and Thought içinde, hazırlayan Hans G. Kippenberg, Yme B. Kuiper ve Andy F. Sanders, 83-102. Berlin: De Gruyter, 1990. google scholar
• Verger, Antonia Ramfrez de (Haz.). P Ovidius Naso. Carmina Amatoria: Amores. Medicamina faciei femineae. Ars amatoria. Remedia amoris. Monachii: K. G. Saur, 2003. google scholar
• Verheijen, Lucas (Haz.). Sancti Augustini Confessionum libri XIII. Turnholti: Brepols, 1981. google scholar
• Vian, Francis (Haz.). Quintus de Smyrne. La suite dHomere. Tome I (Livres I-IV). Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 1963. google scholar
• Wilson, Margaret. “Six Views of Embodied Cognition.” Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 9, no. 4 (2002): 625-36. google scholar
• Wolkenhauer, Anja. “Time, Punctuality, and Chronotopes: Concepts and Attitudes Concerning Short Time in Ancient Rome.” Down to the Hour: Short Time in the Ancient Mediterranean and Near East içinde, hazırlayan Kassandra J. Miller ve Sarah L. Symons, 214-38: Brill, 2020. google scholar
• Zago, Giovanni (Haz.). Phaedrus. Fabulae Aesopiae. Fabulae Aesopiae. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2020. google scholar
• Zanker, Andreas T. Metaphor in Homer. Time, Speech, and Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019. google scholar
• Zimmermann, Emil Theodor. De epistulari Temporum usu Ciceroniano quaestiones grammaticae. I. Rastenburgae: W. Kowalski, 1886. google scholar
• Zwierlein, Otto (Haz.). L. Annaei Senecae Tragoediae. Incertorum auctorum Hercules [Oataeus], Octavia. Oxonii: E typographeo Clarendoniano, 1986. google scholar