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EVALUATION OF CYBERBULLYING AND MULTIDIMENSIONAL PERCEIVED SOCIAL SUPPORT LEVELS IN HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS OF TURKEY

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 84 Sayı: 1, 104 - 112, 15.01.2021
https://doi.org/10.26650/IUITFD.2019.0106

Öz

Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of cyberbullying and to evaluate the perceived social support levels. Material and Method: This study was conducted on 2937 high school students studying in the city centre of Eskişehir. The questionnaire used in the study includes some sociodemographic characteristics of the students, the questions of Cyberbullying Inventory-II and the questions of the Multidimensional Perceived Social Support Scale. A Chi-square test, Logistic Regression Analysis and the Mann Whitney U test were used for analysis. Results: The prevalence of cyberbullying among high school students consists of 65.3%. The prevalence of cyberbullying especially increases among men with a history of mental disorder, long internet usage, any social media account and who feel stronger on the internet. The frequency of cyberbullying is lower among students with high family support. Conclusion: Cyberbullying is an important public health problem among high school students. In order to prevent and detect cyberbullying, training and awareness-raising should be provided for students, parents and teachers. Families, especially the children, should be provided with the necessary social support by the relevant authorities.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Tokunaga RS. Following you home from school: A critical review and synthesis of research on cyberbullying victimization. Comput Human Behav 2010;26(3):277-87. [CrossRef]
  • 2. Kaya I, Alyanak B. Akran Zorbalığı. Turkiye Klinikleri Child Psychiatry-Special Topics 2018;4(3);34-41.
  • 3. Smith PK, Mahdavi J, Carvalho M, Fisher S, Russell S, Tippett N. Cyberbullying: Its nature and impact in secondary school pupils. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2008;49(4):376-85. [CrossRef]
  • 4. Vandebosch H, Van Cleemput K. Cyberbullying among youngsters: Profiles of bullies and victims. New media Soc 2009;11(8):1349-71. [CrossRef]
  • 5. Patchin JW, Hinduja S. Cyberbullying and self-esteem. Journal of School Health 2010;80(12):614-21. [CrossRef]
  • 6. Selkie EM, Kota R, Chan Y-F, Moreno M. Cyberbullying, depression, and problem alcohol use in female college students: a multisite study. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw 2015;18(2):79-86. [CrossRef] 7. Walrave M, Heirman W. Cyberbullying: Predicting victimisation and perpetration. Children & Society 2011;25(1):59-72. [CrossRef]
  • 8. Slonje R, Smith PK. Cyberbullying: Another main type of bullying? Scand J Child Adolesc Psychiatr Psychol 2008;49(2):147-54. [CrossRef]
  • 9. Zhou Z, Tang H, Tian Y, Wei H, Zhang F, Morrison CM. Cyberbullying and its risk factors among Chinese high school students. Sch Psychol Int 2013;34(6):630-47. [CrossRef]
  • 10. Ayas T, Horzum MB. On Being Cyber Bully and Victim among Primary School Students. Elementary Education Online 2012;11(2):369-80.
  • 11. Topcu Ç, Erdur-Baker Ö. The revised cyberbullying inventory (RCBI): Validity and reliability studies. Procedia Soc Behav Sci 2010;5:660-4. [CrossRef]
  • 12. Spears BA, Taddeo CM, Daly AL, Stretton A, Karklins LT. Cyberbullying, help-seeking and mental health in young Australians: Implications for public health. Int J Public Health 2015;60(2):219-26. [CrossRef]
  • 13. Goebert D, Else I, Matsu C, Chung-Do J, Chang JY. The impact of cyberbullying on substance use and mental health in a multiethnic sample. Matern Child Health J 2011;15(8):1282-6. [CrossRef]
  • 14. Price M, Dalgleish J. Cyberbullying: Experiences, impacts and coping strategies as described by Australian young people. Youth Studies Australia 2010;29(2):51.
  • 15. Sense Partners Data Logic Action, Cyberbullying in New Zealand (2018). Retrieved from https://www.netsafe.org. nz/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Cyberbullying-in-New- Zealand-Societal-Cost.pdf
  • 16. Cross D, Barnes A, Papageorgiou A, Hadwen K, Hearn L, Lester L. A social-ecological framework for understanding and reducing cyberbullying behaviours. Aggress Violent Behav 2015;23:109-17. [CrossRef]
  • 17. Peker A, Eroğlu Y. Ergenlerde Algilanan Sosyal Destek ve Siber Zorbalığa Eğilim Arasındaki İlişkiler: Arkadaştan ve Öğretmenden Algılanan Sosyal Desteğin Araci Rolü. Electronic Turkish Studies 2015;10(3):759-78. [CrossRef]
  • 18. Danielsen AG, Samdal O, Hetland J, Wold B. School-related social support and students’ perceived life satisfaction. The Journal of Educational Research 2009;102(4):303-20. [CrossRef]
  • 19. Calvete E, Orue I, Estévez A, Villardón L, Padilla P. Cyberbullying in adolescents: Modalities and aggressors’ profile. Comput Human Behav 2010;26(5):1128-35. [CrossRef]
  • 20. Erdur-Baker Ö, Kavşut F. Akran Zorbalığının Yeni Yüzü: Siber Zorbalık. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research (EJER). 2007;27:31-42.
  • 21. Erdur-Baker Ö. Cyberbullying and its correlation to traditional bullying, gender and frequent and risky usage of internet-mediated communication tools. New Media Soc 2010;12(1):109-25. [CrossRef]
  • 22. Zimet GD, Dahlem NW, Zimet SG, Farley GK. The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. J Pers Assess 1988;52(1):30-41. [CrossRef]
  • 23. Eker D, Arkar H, Yaldız H. Factorial structure, validity, and reliability of revised form of the multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry 2001;12(1):17-25. [CrossRef]
  • 24. David-Ferdon C, Hertz MF. Electronic media, violence, and adolescents: An emerging public health problem. J Adolesc Health 2007;41(6):S1-5. [CrossRef]
  • 25. Heiman T, Olenik-Shemesh D, Eden S. Cyberbullying involvement among students with ADHD: Relation to loneliness, self-efficacy and social support. Eur J Spec Needs Educ 2015;30(1):15-29. [CrossRef]
  • 26. Juvonen J, Gross EF. Extending the school grounds?- Bullying experiences in cyberspace. Journal of School Health 2008;78(9):496-505. [CrossRef]
  • 27. Özdemir M, Akar F. Lise öğrencilerinin siber-zorbalığa ilişkin görüşlerinin bazı değişkenler bakımından incelenmesi. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Yönetimi 2011;4(4):605-26.
  • 28. Schneider SK, O’Donnell L, Stueve A, Coulter RW. Cyberbullying, school bullying, and psychological distress: A regional census of high school students. Am J Public Health 2012;102(1):171-7. [CrossRef]
  • 29. Akbulut Y, Eristi B. Cyberbullying and victimisation among Turkish university students. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology 2011;27(7):1155-70. [CrossRef]
  • 30. Li Q. New bottle but old wine: A research of cyberbullying in schools. Comput Human Behav 2007;23(4):1777-91. [CrossRef]
  • 31. Nansel TR, Overpeck M, Pilla RS, Ruan WJ, Simons- Morton B, Scheidt P. Bullying behaviors among US youth: Prevalence and association with psychosocial adjustment. Jama 2001;285(16):2094-100. [CrossRef]
  • 32. Keith S, Martin ME. Cyber-bullying: Creating a culture of respect in a cyber world. Reclaiming Children and Youth 2005;13(4):224-8.
  • 33. Accordino DB, Accordino M, editors. Bullying: Focusing on several environments. 8th EPNAPE Conference; 2011.
  • 34. Makri-Botsari E, Karagianni G. Cyberbullying in Greek adolescents: The role of parents. Procedia Soc Behav Sci 2014;116:3241-53. [CrossRef]
  • 35. Kırcaburun K, Kokkinos CM, Demetrovics Z, Király O, Griffiths MD, Çolak TS. Problematic online behaviors among adolescents and emerging adults: Associations between cyberbullying perpetration, problematic social media use, and psychosocial factors. Int J Ment Health Addict 2019;17(4):891-908. [CrossRef]
  • 36. Hinduja S, Patchin JW. Bullying, cyberbullying, and suicide. Arch Suicide Res 2010;14(3):206-21. [CrossRef]
  • 37. Seals D, Young J. Bullying and victimization: Prevalence and relationship to gender, grade level, ethnicity, self-esteem, and depression. Adolescence 2003;38(152):735-47.
  • 38. Jung Y-E, Leventhal B, Kim YS, Park TW, Lee S-H, Lee M, et al. Cyberbullying, problematic internet use, and psychopathologic symptoms among Korean youth. Yonsei Med J 2014;55(3):826-30. [CrossRef]
  • 39. Perren S, Dooley J, Shaw T, Cross D. Bullying in school and cyberspace: Associations with depressive symptoms in Swiss and Australian adolescents. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health 2010;4(1):28. [CrossRef]
  • 40. Sourander A, Klomek AB, Ikonen M, Lindroos J, Luntamo T, Koskelainen M, et al. Psychosocial risk factors associated with cyberbullying among adolescents: A population-based study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2010;67(7):720-8. [CrossRef]
  • 41. Yaman E, Peker A. Ergenlerin siber zorbalık ve siber mağduriyete ilişkin algıları. Gaziantep Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 2010;11:819-33.
  • 42. Aricak T, Siyahhan S, Uzunhasanoglu A, Saribeyoglu S, Ciplak S, Yilmaz N, et al. Cyberbullying among Turkish adolescents. Cyberpsychol Behav 2008;11(3):253-61. [CrossRef]
  • 43. Patchin JW, Hinduja S. Bullies move beyond the schoolyard: A preliminary look at cyberbullying. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice 2006;4(2):148-69. [CrossRef]
  • 44. DeHue F, Bolman C, Völlink T. Cyberbullying: Youngsters’ experiences and parental perception. Cyberpsychol Behav 2008;11(2):217-23. [CrossRef]
  • 45. Ritakallio M, Luukkaala T, Marttunen M, Pelkonen M, & Kaltiala-Heino R. Comorbidity between depression and antisocial behaviour in middle adolescence: The role of perceived social support. Nord J Psychiatry 2010;64(3):164- 71. [CrossRef]

LİSE ÖĞRENCİLERİNDE SİBER ZORBALIK VE ÇOK BOYUTLU ALGILANAN SOSYAL DESTEK DÜZEYİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 84 Sayı: 1, 104 - 112, 15.01.2021
https://doi.org/10.26650/IUITFD.2019.0106

Öz

Amaç: Çalışmada lise öğrencileri arasında siber zorbalık sıklığının saptanması, ilişkili olduğu düşünülen bazı değişkenlerin ve algılanan sosyal destek düzeyi ile ilişkisinin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Bu çalışma, Eskişehir il merkezinde öğrenim gören 2937 lise öğrencisi üzerinde yapılan kesitsel tipte bir araştırmadır. Çalışmada kullanılan anket formu, öğrencilerin bazı sosyodemografik özelliklerini, siber zorbalık ile ilişkili olduğu düşünülen bazı değişkenleri, Siber Zorbalık Envanteri-II’nin sorularını ve Çok Boyutlu Algılanan Sosyal Destek Ölçeğinin sorularını içermektedir. Verilerin normal dağılıma uygunluğu Shapiro-Wilk testi ile yapılmıştır. Analizler için Ki-kare testi, Lojistik Regresyon Analiz (Backward Wald) ve Mann Whitney U testi kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: Çalışmamızda lise öğrencileri arasında siber zorbalık sıklığı %65,3 olarak saptanmıştır. Erkeklerde, ruhsal bir hastalık öyküsü olanlarda, internet kullanım süresi uzun olanlarda, sosyal bir medya hesabı olanlarda, internet ortamında kendini daha güçlü hissedenlerde siber zorbalık sıklığı artış göstermektedir. Yüksek aile desteği olan öğrencilerin ise siber zorbalık sıklığının daha düşük olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç: Siber zorbalık lise öğrencilerinde önemli bir halk sağlığı sorunudur. Siber zorbalığın önlenmesi ve tespit edilmesi amacıyla öğrencilere, ebeveynlere ve öğretmenlere yönelik eğitimlerin yapılması ve farkındalıkların arttırılması sağlanmalıdır. Aile başta olmak üzere çocuklara tüm çevresi tarafından gerekli sosyal destek sağlanmalıdır.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Tokunaga RS. Following you home from school: A critical review and synthesis of research on cyberbullying victimization. Comput Human Behav 2010;26(3):277-87. [CrossRef]
  • 2. Kaya I, Alyanak B. Akran Zorbalığı. Turkiye Klinikleri Child Psychiatry-Special Topics 2018;4(3);34-41.
  • 3. Smith PK, Mahdavi J, Carvalho M, Fisher S, Russell S, Tippett N. Cyberbullying: Its nature and impact in secondary school pupils. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2008;49(4):376-85. [CrossRef]
  • 4. Vandebosch H, Van Cleemput K. Cyberbullying among youngsters: Profiles of bullies and victims. New media Soc 2009;11(8):1349-71. [CrossRef]
  • 5. Patchin JW, Hinduja S. Cyberbullying and self-esteem. Journal of School Health 2010;80(12):614-21. [CrossRef]
  • 6. Selkie EM, Kota R, Chan Y-F, Moreno M. Cyberbullying, depression, and problem alcohol use in female college students: a multisite study. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw 2015;18(2):79-86. [CrossRef] 7. Walrave M, Heirman W. Cyberbullying: Predicting victimisation and perpetration. Children & Society 2011;25(1):59-72. [CrossRef]
  • 8. Slonje R, Smith PK. Cyberbullying: Another main type of bullying? Scand J Child Adolesc Psychiatr Psychol 2008;49(2):147-54. [CrossRef]
  • 9. Zhou Z, Tang H, Tian Y, Wei H, Zhang F, Morrison CM. Cyberbullying and its risk factors among Chinese high school students. Sch Psychol Int 2013;34(6):630-47. [CrossRef]
  • 10. Ayas T, Horzum MB. On Being Cyber Bully and Victim among Primary School Students. Elementary Education Online 2012;11(2):369-80.
  • 11. Topcu Ç, Erdur-Baker Ö. The revised cyberbullying inventory (RCBI): Validity and reliability studies. Procedia Soc Behav Sci 2010;5:660-4. [CrossRef]
  • 12. Spears BA, Taddeo CM, Daly AL, Stretton A, Karklins LT. Cyberbullying, help-seeking and mental health in young Australians: Implications for public health. Int J Public Health 2015;60(2):219-26. [CrossRef]
  • 13. Goebert D, Else I, Matsu C, Chung-Do J, Chang JY. The impact of cyberbullying on substance use and mental health in a multiethnic sample. Matern Child Health J 2011;15(8):1282-6. [CrossRef]
  • 14. Price M, Dalgleish J. Cyberbullying: Experiences, impacts and coping strategies as described by Australian young people. Youth Studies Australia 2010;29(2):51.
  • 15. Sense Partners Data Logic Action, Cyberbullying in New Zealand (2018). Retrieved from https://www.netsafe.org. nz/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Cyberbullying-in-New- Zealand-Societal-Cost.pdf
  • 16. Cross D, Barnes A, Papageorgiou A, Hadwen K, Hearn L, Lester L. A social-ecological framework for understanding and reducing cyberbullying behaviours. Aggress Violent Behav 2015;23:109-17. [CrossRef]
  • 17. Peker A, Eroğlu Y. Ergenlerde Algilanan Sosyal Destek ve Siber Zorbalığa Eğilim Arasındaki İlişkiler: Arkadaştan ve Öğretmenden Algılanan Sosyal Desteğin Araci Rolü. Electronic Turkish Studies 2015;10(3):759-78. [CrossRef]
  • 18. Danielsen AG, Samdal O, Hetland J, Wold B. School-related social support and students’ perceived life satisfaction. The Journal of Educational Research 2009;102(4):303-20. [CrossRef]
  • 19. Calvete E, Orue I, Estévez A, Villardón L, Padilla P. Cyberbullying in adolescents: Modalities and aggressors’ profile. Comput Human Behav 2010;26(5):1128-35. [CrossRef]
  • 20. Erdur-Baker Ö, Kavşut F. Akran Zorbalığının Yeni Yüzü: Siber Zorbalık. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research (EJER). 2007;27:31-42.
  • 21. Erdur-Baker Ö. Cyberbullying and its correlation to traditional bullying, gender and frequent and risky usage of internet-mediated communication tools. New Media Soc 2010;12(1):109-25. [CrossRef]
  • 22. Zimet GD, Dahlem NW, Zimet SG, Farley GK. The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. J Pers Assess 1988;52(1):30-41. [CrossRef]
  • 23. Eker D, Arkar H, Yaldız H. Factorial structure, validity, and reliability of revised form of the multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry 2001;12(1):17-25. [CrossRef]
  • 24. David-Ferdon C, Hertz MF. Electronic media, violence, and adolescents: An emerging public health problem. J Adolesc Health 2007;41(6):S1-5. [CrossRef]
  • 25. Heiman T, Olenik-Shemesh D, Eden S. Cyberbullying involvement among students with ADHD: Relation to loneliness, self-efficacy and social support. Eur J Spec Needs Educ 2015;30(1):15-29. [CrossRef]
  • 26. Juvonen J, Gross EF. Extending the school grounds?- Bullying experiences in cyberspace. Journal of School Health 2008;78(9):496-505. [CrossRef]
  • 27. Özdemir M, Akar F. Lise öğrencilerinin siber-zorbalığa ilişkin görüşlerinin bazı değişkenler bakımından incelenmesi. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Yönetimi 2011;4(4):605-26.
  • 28. Schneider SK, O’Donnell L, Stueve A, Coulter RW. Cyberbullying, school bullying, and psychological distress: A regional census of high school students. Am J Public Health 2012;102(1):171-7. [CrossRef]
  • 29. Akbulut Y, Eristi B. Cyberbullying and victimisation among Turkish university students. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology 2011;27(7):1155-70. [CrossRef]
  • 30. Li Q. New bottle but old wine: A research of cyberbullying in schools. Comput Human Behav 2007;23(4):1777-91. [CrossRef]
  • 31. Nansel TR, Overpeck M, Pilla RS, Ruan WJ, Simons- Morton B, Scheidt P. Bullying behaviors among US youth: Prevalence and association with psychosocial adjustment. Jama 2001;285(16):2094-100. [CrossRef]
  • 32. Keith S, Martin ME. Cyber-bullying: Creating a culture of respect in a cyber world. Reclaiming Children and Youth 2005;13(4):224-8.
  • 33. Accordino DB, Accordino M, editors. Bullying: Focusing on several environments. 8th EPNAPE Conference; 2011.
  • 34. Makri-Botsari E, Karagianni G. Cyberbullying in Greek adolescents: The role of parents. Procedia Soc Behav Sci 2014;116:3241-53. [CrossRef]
  • 35. Kırcaburun K, Kokkinos CM, Demetrovics Z, Király O, Griffiths MD, Çolak TS. Problematic online behaviors among adolescents and emerging adults: Associations between cyberbullying perpetration, problematic social media use, and psychosocial factors. Int J Ment Health Addict 2019;17(4):891-908. [CrossRef]
  • 36. Hinduja S, Patchin JW. Bullying, cyberbullying, and suicide. Arch Suicide Res 2010;14(3):206-21. [CrossRef]
  • 37. Seals D, Young J. Bullying and victimization: Prevalence and relationship to gender, grade level, ethnicity, self-esteem, and depression. Adolescence 2003;38(152):735-47.
  • 38. Jung Y-E, Leventhal B, Kim YS, Park TW, Lee S-H, Lee M, et al. Cyberbullying, problematic internet use, and psychopathologic symptoms among Korean youth. Yonsei Med J 2014;55(3):826-30. [CrossRef]
  • 39. Perren S, Dooley J, Shaw T, Cross D. Bullying in school and cyberspace: Associations with depressive symptoms in Swiss and Australian adolescents. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health 2010;4(1):28. [CrossRef]
  • 40. Sourander A, Klomek AB, Ikonen M, Lindroos J, Luntamo T, Koskelainen M, et al. Psychosocial risk factors associated with cyberbullying among adolescents: A population-based study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2010;67(7):720-8. [CrossRef]
  • 41. Yaman E, Peker A. Ergenlerin siber zorbalık ve siber mağduriyete ilişkin algıları. Gaziantep Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 2010;11:819-33.
  • 42. Aricak T, Siyahhan S, Uzunhasanoglu A, Saribeyoglu S, Ciplak S, Yilmaz N, et al. Cyberbullying among Turkish adolescents. Cyberpsychol Behav 2008;11(3):253-61. [CrossRef]
  • 43. Patchin JW, Hinduja S. Bullies move beyond the schoolyard: A preliminary look at cyberbullying. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice 2006;4(2):148-69. [CrossRef]
  • 44. DeHue F, Bolman C, Völlink T. Cyberbullying: Youngsters’ experiences and parental perception. Cyberpsychol Behav 2008;11(2):217-23. [CrossRef]
  • 45. Ritakallio M, Luukkaala T, Marttunen M, Pelkonen M, & Kaltiala-Heino R. Comorbidity between depression and antisocial behaviour in middle adolescence: The role of perceived social support. Nord J Psychiatry 2010;64(3):164- 71. [CrossRef]
Toplam 44 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm ARAŞTIRMA
Yazarlar

Seval Çalışkan Pala 0000-0002-9815-8425

Alaettin Ünsal Bu kişi benim 0000-0001-8353-1605

Gülsüm Öztürk Emiral Bu kişi benim 0000-0001-8781-4127

Zeynep Demirtaş Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-0403-7199

Sevil Akbulut Zencirci Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-5308-9737

Mustafa Tözün Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-7557-432X

Didem Arslantaş Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-5263-3710

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Ocak 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 23 Aralık 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 84 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Çalışkan Pala, S., Ünsal, A., Öztürk Emiral, G., Demirtaş, Z., vd. (2021). EVALUATION OF CYBERBULLYING AND MULTIDIMENSIONAL PERCEIVED SOCIAL SUPPORT LEVELS IN HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS OF TURKEY. Journal of Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, 84(1), 104-112. https://doi.org/10.26650/IUITFD.2019.0106
AMA Çalışkan Pala S, Ünsal A, Öztürk Emiral G, Demirtaş Z, Akbulut Zencirci S, Tözün M, Arslantaş D. EVALUATION OF CYBERBULLYING AND MULTIDIMENSIONAL PERCEIVED SOCIAL SUPPORT LEVELS IN HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS OF TURKEY. İst Tıp Fak Derg. Ocak 2021;84(1):104-112. doi:10.26650/IUITFD.2019.0106
Chicago Çalışkan Pala, Seval, Alaettin Ünsal, Gülsüm Öztürk Emiral, Zeynep Demirtaş, Sevil Akbulut Zencirci, Mustafa Tözün, ve Didem Arslantaş. “EVALUATION OF CYBERBULLYING AND MULTIDIMENSIONAL PERCEIVED SOCIAL SUPPORT LEVELS IN HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS OF TURKEY”. Journal of Istanbul Faculty of Medicine 84, sy. 1 (Ocak 2021): 104-12. https://doi.org/10.26650/IUITFD.2019.0106.
EndNote Çalışkan Pala S, Ünsal A, Öztürk Emiral G, Demirtaş Z, Akbulut Zencirci S, Tözün M, Arslantaş D (01 Ocak 2021) EVALUATION OF CYBERBULLYING AND MULTIDIMENSIONAL PERCEIVED SOCIAL SUPPORT LEVELS IN HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS OF TURKEY. Journal of Istanbul Faculty of Medicine 84 1 104–112.
IEEE S. Çalışkan Pala, “EVALUATION OF CYBERBULLYING AND MULTIDIMENSIONAL PERCEIVED SOCIAL SUPPORT LEVELS IN HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS OF TURKEY”, İst Tıp Fak Derg, c. 84, sy. 1, ss. 104–112, 2021, doi: 10.26650/IUITFD.2019.0106.
ISNAD Çalışkan Pala, Seval vd. “EVALUATION OF CYBERBULLYING AND MULTIDIMENSIONAL PERCEIVED SOCIAL SUPPORT LEVELS IN HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS OF TURKEY”. Journal of Istanbul Faculty of Medicine 84/1 (Ocak 2021), 104-112. https://doi.org/10.26650/IUITFD.2019.0106.
JAMA Çalışkan Pala S, Ünsal A, Öztürk Emiral G, Demirtaş Z, Akbulut Zencirci S, Tözün M, Arslantaş D. EVALUATION OF CYBERBULLYING AND MULTIDIMENSIONAL PERCEIVED SOCIAL SUPPORT LEVELS IN HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS OF TURKEY. İst Tıp Fak Derg. 2021;84:104–112.
MLA Çalışkan Pala, Seval vd. “EVALUATION OF CYBERBULLYING AND MULTIDIMENSIONAL PERCEIVED SOCIAL SUPPORT LEVELS IN HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS OF TURKEY”. Journal of Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, c. 84, sy. 1, 2021, ss. 104-12, doi:10.26650/IUITFD.2019.0106.
Vancouver Çalışkan Pala S, Ünsal A, Öztürk Emiral G, Demirtaş Z, Akbulut Zencirci S, Tözün M, Arslantaş D. EVALUATION OF CYBERBULLYING AND MULTIDIMENSIONAL PERCEIVED SOCIAL SUPPORT LEVELS IN HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS OF TURKEY. İst Tıp Fak Derg. 2021;84(1):104-12.

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