Turner ve Constable’ın Manzara Resimleri Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme

Öz

Romantizm, temel bağlamda duyusal güdülerin sanatsal tavır ekseninde harmanlanarak eser üretildiği bir dönemi ya da akımı ifade etmektedir. Bu kapsamda Romantizm akımı, öncelikle resim ve edebiyatta ortaya çıkmış ve akabinde sanatın diğer dallarına da yayılım göstermiştir. Ayrıca bu dönemde, konu bağlamında ortaçağ metinlerine, destanlara, Yunan mitolojisi ve savaş temalı kompozisyonlara yer verilse de manzara resmi ön plana çıkmıştır. Öte yandan, doğa görünümlerinin resim sanatı içerisinde yer edinimi İlk Çağ’lara kadar uzansa da kompozisyon bağlamında yalın haliyle aktarımı romantizm ile birlikte olmuş ve bir yaklaşım methodu olarak romantik manzara resminin ortaya çıkışı da doğanın duygusal kaydının yansıtılmasına olanak sağlamıştır. Bunun akabinde, romantik manzara resminin öncüleri Turner ve Constable’ın manzara resimleri de akımın yönünü belirlemiştir. Bu çalışmada, romantizmin tanımına, Fransız devrimi ile olan organik bağına; akımın İngiltere, Almanya ve Fransa’daki etkilerine; akımın öncüleri olarak görülen Turner ve Constable’ın yaşamı ile manzara resimlerine ve Okan Özyavuz’un manzara resimlerine yer verilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Romantizm
• Turner
• Constable Manzara
• Doğa

An Evaluation of Turner and Constable's Landscape Paintings

Öz

Romanticism refers to a period or movement in which works were produced by blending sensory instincts in the thematic context on the axis of artistic attitude. With this art movement, the individual has the opportunity to reflect the inner world to the outside world. In addition, Romanticism has enabled the strengthening of the bond that has been established since human Creation. In particular, the libertarian thought offered by the French Revolution was the foundation of the romantic process. In this context, the Romanticism movement first emerged in painting and literature and subsequently spread to other branches of art. In addition, in this period, although medieval texts, epics, Greek mythology and war-themed compositions were included in the context of the subject, landscape painting came to the fore. On the other hand, although the place of nature views in the art of painting dates back to the Ancient Ages, their transfer in a simple form in the context of composition was accompanied by romanticism, and the emergence of romantic landscape painting as an approach method allowed the emotional record of nature to be reflected. Subsequently, the landscape paintings of Turner and Constable, the pioneers of romantic landscape painting, also determined the direction of the movement. In this article, the definition of Romanticism, the French Revolution through concepts that evoke basic human rights such as freedom and justice, the effects of the French Revolution on the romantic art movement, the effects of medieval texts in Germany, Greek mythology and the country's traditions on the development of the romantic art movement, Philipp Otto Runge and The influence of Caspar David Friedrich, who included landscape views in his paintings, on the development of romanticism in the country, the contributions of Runge's paintings rich in religious motifs to the romantic understanding in terms of image and composition, Frederich's landscapes referencing the sublimity and loneliness of man in the face of nature, the sharp The works of Théodore Géricault, who shaped his realist attitude with atmospheric reflections of feelings, and Eugene Delacroix, who conveyed political situations with an impartial approach, the relationship of Romanticism with the industrial revolution in England, the reference to the pure state of natural beauty as composition and theme in England, Turner's artistic life. and formal and emotional searches in landscape paintings, Turner's understanding of color and form, Turner's contributions to the choice of romantic landscape painting in a simple form on the plastic plane, the artist's paintings containing war, historical and death-themed atmospheres, John Constable’s life and artistic activities. developments, Constable's reflection of his childhood feelings in terms of dealing with nature and creating the main theme of his landscape paintings in this direction, Constable's use of color composition and images, the similarities and differences between Turner and Constable in terms of approaches to landscape painting, Özyavuz's paintings in these two The similarities and differences of the artist in terms of his paintings and his understanding of art, and his quest to reveal an original artistic attitude by seeing the paintings of Turner and Constable, who were influential in creating the background of Özyavuz's paintings, as a starting point, were touched upon.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Romanticism
• Turner
• Constable
• Landscape
• Nature

Kaynakça

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39. Resim Kaynakları
40. Resim 1: Kallen, S. A., (2007), Romanticism, (1st Edition), Publisher Lucent Books, Detroit, USA.
41. Resim 2: Rewald, S., (2001), Caspar David Friedrich: Moonwatchers, Publisher Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, USA.
42. Resim 3: Bietoletti, S., (2009), Neoclassicism and Romanticism 1770-1840, Sterling Publishing, New York, USA.
43. Resim 4: Wolf, N., (1999), Painting of the Romantic Era, (1st Edition), Publisher Taschen, London, England.
44. Resim 5: https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/joseph-mallord-william-turner-558 (22.01.2024).
45. Resim 6: https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/turner-snow-storm-hannibal-and-his-army-crossing-the-alps-n00490 (09.09.2024).
46. Resim 7: Walker, J., (1982), Joseph Mallord William Turner, Publisher Harry N. Abrams, New York, USA.
47. Resim 8: https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/joseph-mallord-william-turner-rain-steam-and-speed-the-great-western-railway (22.01.2024).
48. Resim 9: https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/constable-self-portrait-t03899 (22.01.2024).
49. Resim 10: https://collections.frick.org/objects/80 (22.01.2024).
50. Resim 11: https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/john-constable-the-hay-wain (22.01.2024).
51. Resim 12: https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/constable-salisbury-cathedral-from-the-meadows-t13896 (23.01.2024).