Women’s Peace Movement in International Relations: Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom

Öz

This study aims to examine the women’s peace movement in the context of the activism of transnational civil society that was influential in the formation of the idea of international relations before the First World War. The main argument of the study is that the women’s peace movement, which was institutionalized with the First World War, offers a different approach to international relations and peace than the idealist approach that prevailed in international relations after 1919. This argument was put forward by examining the establishment of the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF) and the International Women’s Congress held in Hague, 1915, and the International Women’s Congress in Zurich, 1919. At the end of the study, which aims to draw attention to the activism of transnational civil society in the early stages of international relations, WILPF’s approach to peace is discussed. Based on the experiences of women’s movements before the First World War, women’s activism that transcends nation-state borders towards peace provides a current understanding of the causes of war and the conditions of sustainable peace. The evaluation of the approach of the international relations put forward by the women’s movement together with its origins contributes to the feminist international relations literature with historical research.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• International Congress of Women
• Suffrage Movement
• Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom
• Women’s Peace Movemen

Uluslararası Ilişkilerde Kadınların Barış Hareketi: Barış ve Özgürlük için Uluslararası Kadın Birliği

Öz

Bu çalışmada, Birinci Dünya Savaşı öncesindeki uluslararası ilişkiler düşüncesinin oluşumunda etkili olan ulusötesi sivil toplumun eylemliliği bağlamında kadınların barış hareketinin incelenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Çalışmanın temel argümanı, Birinci Dünya Savaşı ile birlikte kurumsallaşan kadınların barış hareketinin, 1919 sonrası uluslararası ilişkilerde hâkim olan idealist yaklaşımdan farklı bir uluslararası ilişkiler ve barış yaklaşımı sunduğudur. Bu argüman, Barış ve Özgürlük için Uluslararası Kadın Birliğinin (WILPF), oluşum sürecinin ve 1915 yılında Lahey’de gerçekleşitirilen Lahey Uluslararası Kadınlar Kongresi ile 1919 yılında Zürih’te gerçekleştirilen Uluslararası Kadınlar Kongresinin incelenmesi ile ortaya konmuştur. Amaçları arasında, uluslararası ilişkilerin erken döneminde ulusötesi sivil toplumun aktörlüğüne dikkat çekmek bulunan çalışmanın sonunda WILPF’in barış yaklaşımı tartışılmaktadır. Birinci Dünya Savaşı öncesi kadın hareketleri deneyimlerine dayanan kadınların barış yönündeki ulus-devlet sınırlarını aşan eylemselliği, savaşın nedenlerine ve sürdürülebilir barışın koşullarına ilişkin günümüzde de geçerli bir kavrayış sunmaktadır. Kadın hareketinin sunduğu uluslararası ilişkiler yaklaşımının kökenleri ile birlikte değerlendirilmesi feminist uluslararası ilişkiler literatürüne tarihsel bir araştırma ile katkı sağlamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Kadınların Barış Hareketi
• Uluslararası Kadınlar Kongresi
• Barış ve Özgürlük için Uluslararası Kadın Birliği
• Kadınların Oy Hakkı Hareketi

Kaynakça

1. Acharya, A. ve Buzan, B. (2019). The Making of Global International Relations: Origins and Evolution of IR at its Centenary. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2. Addams, J. (1915). Presidental Address. Uluslararası Kadınlar Kongresi Raporu. Erişim Adresi: https://archive.org/details/internatcongrewom00interich/page/2.
3. Alonso, H. H. (1993). Peace as a Women’s Issue: A History of the U.S. Movement for World Peace and Women’s Rights. New York: Syracuse University Press.
4. Ashworth, L. M. (2014). A History of International Thought: From the Origins of the Modern State to Academic International Relations. Oxon: Routledge.
5. Aytaç, G. B. (2019), Peace Theories in a Gender Perspective: Feminist Theories and Practices. Kadın 2000/Journal of Women Studies, 20, 111-138.
6. Beales, A.C.F. (1931). The History of Peace: A Short Account of the Organized Movements for International Peace. Londra: G. Bell.
7. Booth, K. (1996). 75 Years on: Rewriting the Subject’s Past-Reinventing its Future. In S. Smith, K. Booth, M. Zalewski (Eds.), International Theory: Positivism and Beyond (pp. 328-339). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
8. Brailsford, H. N. (1915). The War of Steel and Gold: A Study of the Armed Peace. Londra: G. Bell&Sons.

9. Brown, H. (2003). ‘The Truest Form of Patriotism’ Pacifist Feminism in Britain, 1870-1902. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
10. Bull, H. (1995). The Theory of International Politics, 1919-1969. In J. Der Derian (Eds.). International Theory: Critical Investigations (pp. 181-211). Londra: Palgrave Macmillan.
11. Bussey, G. ve Tims, M. (1980). Pioneers for Peace: Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom 1915-1965. Oxford: Alden Press.
12. Carr, E. H. (2010). Yirmi Yıl Krizi: 1919-1939 (C. Cemgil, Çev.). İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
13. Cockburn, C. (2010). Gender Relations as Causal in Militarization and War. International Feminist Journal of Politics, 12(2), 139-157.
14. Confortini, C. C. (2010). Feminist Contributions and Challenges to Peace Studies, Erişim Adresi: https://oxfordre.com/internationalstudies/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.001.0001/acrefore-9780190846626-e-47?print=pdf.
15. Confortini, C. C. (2012). Intelligent Compassion: Feminist Critical Methodology in the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom, New York: Oxford University Press.
16. Cooper, S. (1993). The Work of Women in Nineteenth-Century Continental European Peace Movements, Peace&Change, 9 (4), 11-28.
17. Costin, L. B. (1982). Feminism, Pacifism, Internationalism and the 1915 International Congress of Women, Women’s Studies International Forum, 5 (3), 301-305.
18. Dickinson, G. L. (1916). The European Anarchy. New York: The Macmillan Company. Enloe, C. (1989). Beaches, Bananas & Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics. Londra: Pandora.
19. Eralp, A. (2016). Uluslararası İlişkiler Disiplinin Oluşumu: İdealizm-Realizm Tartışması. Dağı, İ., Eralp, A., Keyman, E.F., Polat, N., Tanrısever, O.F., Yalvaç, F., Yurdusev, A.N. (Ed.), Devlet, Sistem ve Kimlik: Uluslararası İlişkilerde Temel Yaklaşımlar içinde (s. 57-89). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
20. Evans, R. J. (1976). The Feminist Movements in Germany 1894-1933. Londra: SAGE Publications.
21. Fell, A. S. ve Sharp, I. (2007). Introduction: The Women’s Movement and the First World War. In Alison S. Fell ve Ingrid Sharp (Eds.), The Women’s Movement in Wartime: International Perspectives, 1914-1919 (pp. 1-18). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
22. Galtung, J. (1969). Violence, Peace and Peace Research. Journal of Peace Research, 6, 167-191.
23. Hobhouse Balme, J. (2005). Agent of Peace: Emily Hobhouse and her Courageous Attempt to End the First World War. Cheltenham: The History Press.Hurwitz, E. F. (1977). The International Sisterhood, In Renate Bridenthal ve Claudia Koonz (Eds), Becoming Visible: Women in European History (pp. 325-370). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
24. Jus Suffragii. (1 Mart 1915). LSE Dijital Kütüphanesi, Kadın Hakları Koleksiyonu. Erişim Adresi: https://digital.library.lse.ac.uk/objects/lse:yor805toh.
25. Jus Suffragii. (1 Ocak 1915). LSE Dijital Kütüphanesi, Kadın Hakları Koleksiyonu. Erişim Adresi: https://digital.library.lse.ac.uk/objects/lse:wic453qep.
26. Kant, I. (2006). Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Moral. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
27. Knutsen, T. (1992). A History of International Relations Theory: An Introduction. Manchester ve New York: Manchester University Press.
28. Kuhlman, E. (2007). The ‘Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom’ and Reconciliation after the Great War. In Alison S. Fell ve Ingrid Sharp (Eds.), The Women’s Movement in Wartime: International Perspectives, 1914-1919 (pp. 227-244). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
29. Liddington, J. (1989). The Long Road to Greenham: Feminism & Anti-Militarism in Britain since 1820. Londra: Virago Press.
30. McMillan, J. F. (2000). France and Women 1789-1914: Gender, Society and Politics. Londra: Routledge.Millennium: Journal of International Studies. (1988). Women and International Relations, 17 (3).
31. Oldfield, S. (1989). Women Against the Iron Fist: Alternatives to Militarism, 1900-1989. Londra: Basil Blackwell.
32. Olson, W. ve Groom, A.J.R. (1991). International Relations Then and Now: Origins and Trends in Interpretation. Londra: Routledge.
33. Plastas, M. (2011). A Bond of Noble Women: Racial Politics in the Women’s Peace Movements. New York: Syracuse University Press.
34. Ponsonby, A. (1915). Democracy and Diplomacy: A Plea for Popular Control of Foreign Policy. Londra: Methuen&Co.
35. Reinsch, P. S. (1911). Public International Unions: Their Work and Organization. Boston ve Londra: Ginn and Company.
36. Richmond, O. P. (2008). Peace in International Relations. Oxon: Routledge.
37. Rupp, L. J. (1997). Worlds of Women: The Making of an International Women’s Movement. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
38. Rupp, L. J. (1998). Feminism and Internationalism: A View from the Centre. Gender&History, 10 (3), 535-538.
39. Sandell, M. (2015). The Rise of Women’s Transnational Activism: Identity and Sisterhood Between the World Wars. Londra: I. B. Tauris.
40. Schmidt, B. C. (1998). Lessons from the Past: Reassessing the Interwar Disciplinary History of International Relations. International Studies Quarterly, 42(3), 433-459.
41. Sharer, W. B. (2004). Vote and Voice: Women’s Organizations and Political Literacy 1915-1930. Southern Illinois University Press.
42. Stanton, Cady, E, Anthony S. B. ve Joslyn Gage, M. (1887). History of Woman Suffrage, Vol I 1848-1861. Londra: Rochester.The Common Cause. (7 Ağustos 1914). LSE Dijital Kütüphanesi, Kadın Hakları Koleksiyonu. Erişim Adresi: https://digital.library.lse.ac.uk/objects/lse:qis854xus.
43. The Covenant of the League of Nations. (1920). The Avalon Project. Erişim Adresi: https://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/leagcov.asp.
44. The Herald of Peace. (1823). Vol II. Londra: T. Hamilton.
45. Tickner, J. A. (1992). Gender in International Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security. New York: Columbia University Press.
46. Tickner, J. A. (2019). Peace and Security from a Feminist Perspective, In Sara E. Davies ve Jacqui True (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Women, Peace and Security (pp. 15-26). New York: Oxford University Press.
47. Tickner, J. A. ve True, J. (2018). A Century of International Relations Feminism: From World War I Women’s Peace Pragmatism to the Women, Peace and Security Agenda. International Studies Quarterly, 0, 1-13.
48. Tür, Ö. ve Koyuncu, Ç. A. (2010). Feminist Uluslararası İlişkiler Yaklaşımı: Temelleri, Gelişimi, Katkı ve Sorunları. Uluslararası İlişkiler, 7(26), 3-24.
49. Uluslararası Kadınlar Kongresi Nihai Programı. (1915). Erişim Adresi: http://www2.ub.gu.se/kvinndata/portaler/fred/samarbete/pdf/program_1915.pdf.Uluslararası Kadınlar Kongresi Raporu. (1915). Erişim Adresi: https://archive.org/details/internatcongrewom00interich/page/2.
50. Uluslararası Kadınlar Kongresi Raporu. (1919). Erişim Adresi: https://wilpf.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/WILPF_triennial_congress_1919.pdf.
51. Vellacott, J. (1977). Anti-War Suffragists. History, 62 (206), 411-425.
52. Vellacott, J. (1993). A Place for Pacifism and Transnationalism in Feminist Theory: The Early Work of the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom. Women’ History Review, 2 (1), 23-56.
53. Wiltsher, A. (1985). Most Dangerous Women: Feminist Peace Campaigners of the Great Power. Londra: Pandora Press.
54. Woolf, L. (1916). International Government. New York: Brentano’s.