Türkiye’de yeni bir bilim dalının doğuşu: 1933 Üniversite Reformu’ndan sonra İstanbul Üniversitesi’nde genetik araştırmaları

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 1, 53 - 70, 01.12.2016

Barışcan Ersöz

Öz

Üniversite Reformu’nun ilan
edildiği 1933 yılından 1960’lı yıllara uzanan dönem, Türkiye’de ilk genetik araştırmalarının
yapılmaya başlandığı ve genetiğin bir bilim dalı olarak kurulduğu ve kurumsallaştığı
yıllardır. Bu ilk genetik araştırmalarının hemen hepsi İstanbul Üniversitesi
Fen Fakültesi’nde yapılmıştır. Nazilerin iktidara gelmesiyle birlikte
Türkiye’ye gelen bazı Alman genetikçiler, İstanbul Üniversitesi’nde genetik araştırmalarının
başlatılmasına ve genetik alanında ilk araştırmacıların yetiştirilmesine önemli
katkıda bulunmuşlardır. İlk genetik çalışmalar 1935 yılında, Farmakobotanik ve
Genetik Enstitüsü’nde Alfred Heilbronn tarafından başlatılmıştır. Daha sonra,
1937 yılında Curt Kosswig’in Zooloji Enstitüsü’nün başına geçmesiyle zooloji
alanında da genetikle ilgili çeşitli araştırmalar yapılmaya başlanmıştır. Bu
iki bilim insanı, asistan ve öğrencileriyle birlikte cinsiyet belirleme
mekanizmaları, ikincil cinsiyet karakterleri ve tümör oluşumunun genetik
mekanizmaları gibi birçok farklı konuda araştırma yapmış, genetik üzerine
dersler vermiş ve bu konuda Türkiye’de ilk ders kitaplarının yazılmasına ve
basılmasına öncülük etmişlerdir. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Türkiye’de genetik, 1933 Üniversite Reformu, Alfred Heilbronn, Curt Kosswig, Atıf Şengün, Sara Akdik, Melekper Öktay, Nebahat Yakar, Recai Ermin, Nezihe Öztan

The Emergence of a new scientific discipline in Turkey: Genetics at Istanbul University after the 1933 University Reform

Öz

The
years between 1933 when Istanbul University was fundamentally reformed and the 1960s,
constituted the period when the first geneticists in Turkey carried out their
research and contributed to the formation and institutionalization of a new
scientific discipline. Almost all of this first genetics research in Turkey was
conducted at the Faculty of Science, Istanbul University. After the University
Reform, German geneticists who came to Turkey due to Nazi oppression, made
important contributions to scientific research as well as to the training of
the first researchers in genetics. The first researches were launched by Alfred
Heilbronn in 1935 at the Institute of Pharmacobotany and Genetics. Subsequently,
research at the Zoological Institute begun in 1937 when Curt Kosswig came to
Turkey as the director of the institute. These scientists, together with their local
assistants and students, undertook numerous studies on several questions of
genetics such as sex determination mechanisms, secondary sexual characters and
genetic mechanisms of tumor formation. Alongside their scientific studies, they
also gave lectures on genetics and they wrote some of the first genetics
textbooks in Turkey.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Genetics in Turkey, 1933 University Reform, Alfred Heilbronn, Curt Kosswig, Atıf Şengün, Sara Akdik, Melekper Öktay, Nebahat Yakar, Recai Ermin, Nezihe Öztan

Kaynakça

• Akdik, Sara, and Arne Müntzing. “New Cases of Segmental Interchange and some other Meiotic Irregularities in Rye.” Hereditas 35, 1(1949): 67-76.
• Akdik, Sara. Genel Botanik. İstanbul: Şirketi Mürettibiye Matbaası, 1961.
• Arıtürk, Emin. Genetiğin Başlıca Prensipleri. Ankara: Ankara University Veterinary Faculty, 1963.
• Ata, Kaan. “Barış İçin Atom Programı’nın Türkiye’de Çekirdek Fiziğinin Kurumsallaşmasına Etkisi.” Unpublished doctoral thesis. Istanbul University, 2012.
• Baytop, Asuman “Ord. Prof. Dr. Alfred Heilbronn’un (1885-1961) İstanbul Üniversitesi’ndeki Bilimsel Faaliyetleri.” Marmara Üniversitesi Eczacılık Dergisi 10, 1 (1996): 51-66.
• Bilge, Emine. “Recherches morphologiques, anatomiques et génétiques sur Bryonia macrostylis.” Revue de la Faculté des Sciences de l‘Université d‘Istanbul (Série B) 20 (Avril 1955): 121-146.
• Carnegie Institution of Washington - Year Book No. 51 (July l, 1951— June 30, 1952). Baltimore: The Lord Baltimore Press, 1952. Demiriz, Hüsnü. “Heilbronn, A. ve Sara Akdik: Botanik ve Genetiğe Giriş, 3. Baskı. İstanbul 1951, Adnan Bookstore 7+379 s.” Biologi 1, 4 (April 1951): 209.
• Düzgüneş, Orhan. Genetik. İzmir: Ege University Faculty of Agriculture Press, 1963.
• Gerschler, M. Willy. “Über alternative Vererbung bei Kreuzung von Cyprinodontiden-Gattungen.” Zeitschrift für induktive Abstammungs und- Vererbungslehre 1, 2 (1914): 73-96.
• Gordon, Myron. “Irsi Tümörler.” Translated by Curt Kosswig. Biologi 1, 2 (Octobre 1950): 66-73.
• “Havadisler.” Biologi 1, 1 (1 July 1950): 44.
• Heilbronn, Alfred, and Mehpare Başarman.“Über die F2 der Bryoniabastarde und ihre Bedeutung für das Problem der Geschlechtsrealisation.” Revue de la Faculté des Sciences de l‘Université d‘Istanbul (Série B) 7 (1942): 138-144.
• Heilbronn, Alfred, and Curt Kosswig. “Principia Genetica: Grundbegriffe und Grundtatsachen der Vererbungswissenschaft.” The Journal of Unified Science (Erkenntnis) 8 (April 1939): 229-252.
• Heilbronn, Alfred, and Curt Kosswig. Principia Genetica: Grunderkenntnisse und Grundbegriffe der Vererbungswissenschaft. Hamburg: Parey, 1966.
• Heilbronn, Alfred, and Curt Kosswig. Principia Genetica: Kalıtım Biliminin Temel Anlamları ve Temel Vakıaları. Translated by Sara Akdik. İstanbul: Kenan Matbaası, 1947.
• Heilbronn, Alfred, and Mehpare Başarman.“Über sekundäre Geschlechtscharaktere bei Bryonia dioica und ihren Bastarden mit Bryonia alba.” Compte Rendu Annuel et Archive de la Société Turque des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles (1939): 68-73.
• Heilbronn, Alfred, and Sara Akdik. Botanik ve Genetiğe Giriş. İstanbul: Adnan Kitabevi, 1946.
• Heilbronn, Alfred, and Willy Prager. “Beiträge zum Mutationsproblem (Erste Mitteilung).” Revue Faculté Sciences de l’Université d‘Istanbul (Série B) 1 (Avril 1936): 37-43.
• Heilbronn, Alfred, ve Nebahat Yakar. “Gynodiöcie und Intersexualität als Folge der Bastardierung zwittriger Species.” Revue Faculté Sciences de l’Université d’Istanbul (Série B) 7 (1942): 317-342.
• Heilbronn, Alfred. “Die Geschlechtsbestimmung, ein Problem der Vererbungswissenschaft.” Compte Rendu Annuel et Archive de la Société Turque des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles 3 (1935): 44-51.
• Heilbronn, Alfred. “Über die Rolle des Plasmas bei der Geschlechtsbestimmung der Bryonien.” Revue Faculté Sciences de l’Université d‘Istanbul (Série B) 18 (October 1953): 205-206.
• Heilbronn, Alfred. ”Über die Mutabilität mono- und digenomatischer Farne.” Revue Faculté Sciences de l’Université d‘Istanbul (Série B) 1 (October 1935): 56-60.
• İshakoğlu Kadıoğlu, Sevtap. İstanbul Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Tarihçesi (1900-1946). İstanbul: Üniversitesi, 1998.
• Kosswig, Curt, and Atıf Şengün. “Über arttrennende Mechanismen.” Revue Faculté Sciences de l’Université d‘Istanbul (Série B) 10 (July 1945): 164-213.
• Kosswig, Curt, and Atıf Şengün.“Vergleichende Untersuchungen über die Riesenchromosomen der verschiedenen Gewebearten verschiedener Dipteren.” Compte Rendu Annuel et Archive de la Société Turque des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles 13 (1947): 93- 101.
• Kosswig, Curt. “1937 Yılından Bugüne Kadar Türkiye’deki Hatıralarımdan Bazıları.” In Proceedings of the Second Turkish-German Medical Relations Symposium, editor Arslan Terzioğlu, 24. İstanbul: FGV Publications, 1981.
• Kosswig, Curt. “Die Geschlechtsbestimmungen Kreuzungen zwischen Xiphophorus und Platypoecilus.” Revue Faculté Sciences de l’Université d‘Istanbul (Série B) 4 (Octobre 1938 – Janvier 1939): 91-144.
• Kosswig, Curt. “The Role of Fish in Research on Genetics and Evolution.” In Genetics and Mutagenesis of Fish: Dedicated to Curt Kosswig on his 70th Birthday, edited by Johannes Horst Schröder, 3-16. Springer Science & Business Media, 2012.
• Kosswig, Curt. “Über die Erzeugung erblicher Tumoren nach Artkreuzung.” Compte Rendu Annuel et Archive de la Société Turque des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles 5-6 (1938): 209-223. Kosswig, Curt. ”Mitteilungen zum Geschlechtsbestimmungs Problem bei Zahnkarpfen.” Revue Faculté Sciences de l’Université d‘Istanbul (Série B) 6 (Juin 1941): 1-32.
• Kosswig, Curt. “Die Geschlechtsbestimmungsanalyse bei Zahnkarpfen.” Revue Faculté Sciences de l’Université d‘Istanbul (Série B) 4 (Avril 1939): 239-270.
• Kosswig, Curt.“Uber einen neuen Farbcharakter des Platypoecilus maculatus.” Revue Faculté Sciences de l’Université d‘Istanbul (Série B) 3 (October 1938): 395-402.
• Moore, Randy. “The ‘Rediscovery’ of Mendel’s Work.” Bioscene 27, 2 (2001): 16.
• Müntzing, Arne, and Sara Akdik. “The Effect on Cell Size of Accessory Chromosomes in Rye.” Hereditas 34 (1948): 248-250.
• Müntzing, Arne, and Sara Akdik.“Cytological Disturbances in the First Inbred Generations of Rye.” Hereditas 34 (1948): 485-509.
• Öktay, Melekper. “Über Besonderheiten der Vererbung des Gens fuligonosus bei Platypoecilus maculatus.” Revue Faculté Sciences de l’Université d‘Istanbul (Série B) 19 (Octobre1954): 303-327.
• Öktay, Melekper. “Weitere Untersuchungen über eine Ausnahme (XX-) Sippe des Platypoecilus Maculatus mit polygener Geschlectsbestimmung.” Revue Faculté Sciences de l’Université d‘Istanbul, (Série B) 24 (1959): 225-233.
• Öktay, Melekper.“Über Ausnahmemännchen bei Platypoecilus maculatus und eine neue Sippe mit XX-Männchen und XX- Weibchen.” Revue Faculté Sciences de l’Université d‘Istanbul (Série B) 24 (1959): 75-9.
• Öztan, Nezihe. “Cytological Investigation of the Sexual Differentiation in the Hybrids of Anatolian Cyprinodontids.” Revue Faculté Sciences de l’Université d‘Istanbul (Série B) 19 (Octobre 1954): 245-277.
• Rheinberger, Hans-Jörg. “Mendelian Inheritance in Germany between 1900 and 1910. The Case of Carl Correns (1864-1933).” Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences (Séries III - Sciences de la Vie) 323 (2000): 1089-1096.
• Şengün, Atıf, Atilla Özalpan, D. Anıl, and E. Üçer. “The Occurence of Metabolic Deoxyribonucleic Acid in Giant Chromosomes (I).”Revue Faculté Sciences de l’Université d‘Istanbul (Série B) 27 (1962): 151-157.
• Şengün, Atıf. “Difference in Structure between the same Giant Chromosomes from the same Larvae of Drosophila Replete.” Nature 163 (25 June 1949): 1002.
• Şengün, Atıf. “Ein Beitrag zur Geschlechtsbestimmung bei Platypoecilus maculatus und Xiphophorus Helleri.” Revue Faculté Sciences de l’Université d‘Istanbul (Série B) 6 (Juin 1941): 33-48.
• Şengün, Atıf. “Incorporation of Tritiated Thymidine into the Giant Chromosomes of Larvae of Chironomus.” Pathologie et Biologie 10 (1961): 753-755.
• Şengün, Atıf. “İstanbul Üniversitesi’nde 1933 Reformundan Sonra Zoolojinin Gelişmesi.” İstanbul Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesinde Çeşitli Fen Bilimi Dallarının Cumhuriyet Dönemindeki Gelişmesi ve Milletlerarası Bilime Katkısı içinde, editör Ahmet Yüksel Özemre, 91-120. İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları, 1982.
• Şengün, Atıf. “The Existence of Two Kinds of Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) and Chromosomal Secretion as Demonstrated by Mean of Autoradiography Using Tritiated Thymidine.” Pathologie et Biologie 10 (1962): 1701-1705.
• Şengün, Atıf. “The Incorporation of H3 - Thymidine into the Homologous Giant Chromosomes of Simulium-Larvae.” Revue Faculté Sciences de l’Université d‘Istanbul (Série B) 27 (1962): 129-134.
• Şengün, Atıf.“Beiträge zur Kenntnis der erblichen Bedingtheit von Formunterschieden der Gonopodien lebendgebärender Zahnkarpfen.” Revue Faculté Sciences de l’Université d‘Istanbul, (Série B) 15 (Avril 1950): 110-133.
• Unat, Ekrem Kadri. “Türk Fiziki ve Tabii İlimler Cemiyeti Tarihçesi.” Tıp Tarihi Araştırmaları 12 (2004): 306-313.
• Vardar, Yusuf. Genetik’e Başlarken. İzmir: Ege University Press, 1961.
• Volz, Stefaine M. and Susanne Renner. “Hybridization, Polyploidy and Evolutionary Transitions between Monoecy and Dioecy in Bryonia,” American Journal of Botany 95 (October 2008): 297-1306.
• Yakar, Nebahat. “Nüklein Asitlerinin Hücrelerdeki Lokalizasyonları ve Rolleri.” Biologi 3, 4 (October1953): 182- 207.
• Yakar, Nebahat.“Nükleolus.” Türk Biologi Dergisi 11, 4 (October 1961): 97-105.
• Yakar-Olgun, Nebahat. “Methyl-green and Pyronin Specificity for Deoxyribonucleic Acid after Acid Hydrolisis.” Revue Faculté Sciences de l’Université d‘Istanbul (Série B) 22 (Avril 1957): 45-51.
• Yakar-Olgun, Nebahat. “Methyl-green Stainability of Nucleic Acids.” Revue Faculté Sciences de l’Université d‘Istanbul (Série B) 22 (Juillet 1957): 155-162.
• Gülfırat, Suzan.“Geb. 1913. Recai Ermin.” Der Tagesspiegel, 12.09.2013. https://www.tagesspiegel.de/wirtschaft/geb-1913/447470.html