Pandemide Yas: Dini ve Kültürel Ritüellerini Yerine Getiremeyen Bireylerin Deneyimleri

Yıl 2022, , 319 - 364, 01.09.2022

Eylül Ceren Hekimoğlu , Münevver Zuhal Bilik , Sultan Berfin Uçurum , İrem Erten , Demet Can

https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2021-899771

Öz

COVID-19 pandemisi nedeniyle birçok kayıp yaşanmış ve artan ölüm sayıları nedeniyle pandemiyi kontrol edebilmek için çeşitli kısıtlamalar ve karantinalar ilan edilmiştir. Bu kısıtlamalar ve karantinalar nedeniyle bireyler günlük ve sosyal yaşamlarında birçok değişiklikle karşılaşırken yaşadıkları kayıp sonrasında gerçekleştirdikleri dini ve kültürel ritüelleri de yerine getirememişlerdir. Alan-yazında kişilerin yaşadıkları kaybın ardından gerçekleştirmek istedikleri dini ve kültürel ritüelleri gerçekleştirmelerinin, kişilerin yas sürecinde olumlu bir etkiye sahip olduğu ele alınmıştır. Bu bağlamda bu araştırma, COVID-19 pandemisi sürecinde Türk toplumunda COVID-19 nedeniyle kayıp yaşayan ancak kısıtlamalar nedeniyle dini ve kültürel ritüelleri yerine getiremeyen bireylerin bu süreci nasıl deneyimlediklerini araştırmaktadır. Bu amaçla bireylerin öznel deneyimlerinin anlaşılabilmesi için 45-65 yaş arasında, son bir yıl içerisinde COVID-19 nedeniyle bir yakınını kaybetmiş dört katılımcı ile yarı yapılandırılmış görüşmeler yapılmış ve bu görüşmeler Yorumlayıcı Fenomenolojik Analiz yöntemi ile analiz edilmiştir. Analizin sonucunda beş üst tema oluşturulmuştur: Ritüellerin eksikliğinde olumsuz duygular, Yas sürecini kolaylaştırması açısından ritüellere yapılan atıflar, Kayıpla baş etme yöntemleri, Gerçekleşmeyen ritüellerin telafisi ve Yasaklara rağmen: Ritüelleri gerçekleştirebilmek. Bu temalar Lacanyen psikanalitik bakış açısı ile simgesel, imgesel ve gerçek kavramları bağlamında değerlendirilmiştir. Simgesel düzlem özne için dil, kültür ve sosyal ortam olarak tanımlanırken imgesel düzlem öznenin içsel dünyalarında gerçeği anlamlandırdıkları düzlem olarak tanımlanabilir. Bu nedenle dini ve kültürel ritüellerin toplumsal, kültürel ve sosyal işlevi de göz önünde bulundurulduğunda katılımcıların yas sürecinde kayıplarını adlandırma ve kabul etme konusunda simgesel anlamda bir eksiklik yaşadıkları ve kaybı imgesel düzlemde anlamlandırmaya çalıştıkları düşünülmüştür. Bu bağlamda katılımcıların geliştirdikleri alternatif telafi yöntemleri kültürde ve toplumsal düzende, başka bir deyişle simgeselde kendilerine yer bulma çabası olarak yorumlanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

COVID-19, kayıp, yas, ritüeller, Lacanyen Psikanalitik Yaklaşım, simgesel

Destekleyen Kurum

Yok

Proje Numarası

Yok

Teşekkür

Yok

Grief During the Pandemic: The Experiences of Individuals Unable to Fulfill Their Religious and Cultural Rituals

Öz

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to many deaths worldwide. Various restrictions and quarantines have been declared to control the number of deaths from the pandemic. Individuals have faced many changes in their daily and social lives due to these restrictions and quarantines. They have also been unable to fulfill their religious and cultural rituals following the experienced losses. The literature has discussed how performing religious and cultural rituals after a loss positively affects the mourning process. This research investigates how individuals in Turkish society who’ve suffered from loss due to COVID-19 during the pandemic but were unable to fulfill their religious and cultural rituals because of restrictions had experienced this process. For this purpose, semi-structured interviews were conducted with four participants between the ages of 45-65 who’d lost a relative due to COVID-19 in the last year. The interviews were analyzed using the interpretive phenomenological analysis. As a result, five major themes were created: negative emotions in the absence of rituals, attributions to rituals with respect to facilitating mourning, mechanisms for coping with loss, compensation for unfulfilled rituals, and being able to perform rituals despite restrictions. These themes have been interpreted from the Lacanian psychoanalytic perspective in the context of symbolic, imaginary, and real concepts. While the symbolic register involves the language, culture, and social environment, the imaginary involves the register in which the subject makes sense of reality in their inner world. Therefore, when considering the societal and cultural function of religious and cultural rituals, the participants had experienced a symbolic inadequacy in naming and accepting their loss. Instead, they tried to make sense of loss in the imaginary register while mourning. The alternative compensation methods the participants developed were interpreted as an effort to find a place for themselves in culture and society (i.e., in the symbolic order).

Anahtar Kelimeler

COVID-19, loss, mourning, rituals, Lacanian psychoanalytic approach, symbolic

Proje Numarası

Yok

Kaynakça

• Ahaddous, C., Van den Branden, S. ve Broeckaert, B. (2020). A temporary farewell. Practices of Muslim women regarding mourning and remembrance. Mortality, 25(2), 185-207. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/13576275.2018.1539470 google scholar
• Asgari, Z., Naghavi, A. ve Abedi, M. R. (2021). Beyond a traumatic loss: The experiences of mourning alone after parental death during COVID-19 pandemic. Death Studies. https://doi.org/10.1080/07 481187.2021.1931984 google scholar
• Berzoff, J. (2003). Psychodynamic theories in grief and bereavement. Smith College Studies in Social Work, 73(3), 273-298. https://doi.org/10.1080/00377310309517686 google scholar
• Bildik, T. (2013). Ölüm, kayıp, yas ve patolojik yas. Ege Journal of Medicine, 52(4), 223-229. google scholar
• Braz, M. S. ve Franco, M. H. P. (2017). Profissionais paliativistas e suas. Contribuiçoes na Prevençao deLuto Complicado. Psicologia: CienciaEProfissao, 37(1), 90-105. https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-3703001702016 google scholar
• Burrell, A. ve Selman, L. E. (2020). How do funeral practices impact bereaved relatives’ mental health, grief and bereavement? A mixed methods review with implications for COVID-19. Journal of Death and Dying, 0(0), 1-39. https://doi.org/10.1177/0030222820941296 google scholar
• Charles, M. (2012). Working with trauma: Lessons from Bion and Lacan. Jason Aronson, Inc. google scholar
• Coppola, I., Rania, N., Parisi, R. ve Lagomarsino, F. (2021). Spiritual well-being and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/ fpsyt.2021.626944 google scholar
• Cuellar, D. P (2010). From the conscious interior to an exterior unconscious: Lacan, Discourse Analysis and Social Psychology. Routledge. google scholar
• Davie, G. ve Vincent, J. (1998). Progress report: Religion and old age. Ageing and Society, 18, 101-110. google scholar
• Demirtepe-Saygılı, D. (2021). Refleksivite ve etkileşim açılarından nitel araştırmacı olmanın fırsatları ve zorlukları. AYNA Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi, 8(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.31682/ayna.779041 google scholar
• Deutsch, H. (1937). Absence of grief. The Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 6, 12-22. google scholar
• DiCenso, J. J. (1994). Symbolism and subjectivity: A Lacanian approach to religion. The Journal of Religion, 74(1), 45-64. https://doi.org/10.1086/489286 google scholar
• DiNapoli, I., Guidi, E., Arcidiacono, C., Esposito, C., Marta, E., Novara, C., Procentese, F., Guazzini, A., Agueli, B., Gonzales Leone, F., Meringolo, P ve Marzana, D. (2021). Italian community psychology in the COVID-19 pandemic: Shared feelings and thoughts in the storytelling of university students. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.571257 google scholar
• Diserholt, A. (2014). Death: Making sense of the nonsensical [Bitirme Tezi]. Edinburgh Napier University, School of Live, Sport & Social Sciences. google scholar
• Evans, D. (1996). An introductory dictionary ofLacanian psychoanalysis. Routledge. google scholar
• Feist, J. ve Feist, G. J. (2008). Theories ofpersonality. McGraw Hill. google scholar
• Finlay, L. (2011). Phenomenology for therapists: Researching the lived world. John Wiley & Sons. google scholar
• Freud, S. (2001). Mourning and melancholia. J. Strachey (Ed. ve Çev.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works ofSigmund Freud Vol. 14 (s. 243-258) içinde. Hogarth Press. google scholar
• Freud, S. (2017). Totem ve tabu. Say Yayınları. google scholar
• Garda, R. S. M. (2007). La perdida ambigua: una prolongada afliccion de la familia. Psicologia Y Ciencia Social, 9, 32-41. google scholar
• Gorman, L. M. ve Sultan, D. F. (2008). The grieving patient. L. M. Gorman ve D. F. Sultan (Edl.), Psychosocial nursingfor general patient care, 3rd Edition (s. 129-140) içinde. FA Davis. google scholar
• Göka, E. (2010). Ölme; ölümün ve geride kalanların psikolojisi. Timaş Yayınları. google scholar
• Hekimoğlu, E. C. ve Bilik, M. Z. (2020). Freud’dan Lacan’a kaygı. AYNA Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi, 7(3), 336-367. https://doi.org/10.31682/ayna.761464 google scholar
• Hekimoğlu, E. C. ve Cantekin, D. (2021). Eyleme dökme: İntihar girişiminde bulunan bireylerin deneyimlerinin incelenmesi üzerine bir nitel araştırma. AYNA Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi, 8(1), 44-64. https://doi.org/10.31682/ayna.810304 google scholar
• Hernândez-Fernândez, C. ve Meneses-Falcon, C. (2021). I can’t believe they are dead. Death and mourning in the absence of goodbyes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Health and Social Care Community, 0(0), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.13530 google scholar
• Homer, S. (2005). Jacques Lacan. Routledge. google scholar
• Kentish-Barnes, N., Chaize, M., Seegers, V., Legriel, S., Cario, A., Jaber, S., Lefrant, J.-Y., Floccard, B., Renault, A., Vinatier, I., Mathonnet, A., Reuter, D., Guisset, O., Cohen-Solal, Z., Cracco, C., Seguin, A., Durand-Gasselin, J., Eon, B., Thirion, M., ... Azoulay, E. (2015). Complicated grief after death of a relative in the intensive care unit. European Respiratory Journal, 45(5), 1341-1352. google scholar
• Klein, M. (1940). Mourning and its relation to manic-depressive states. International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 21, 125-153. google scholar
• Küçükkaya, P. G. (2009). Kayıp ve yas süreci. Hemşirelikte Eğitim ve Araştırma Dergisi, 6, 8-13. google scholar
• Lacan, J. (1949). The mirror stage as formative of the function of the I as revealed in psychoanalytic experience. Reading French Psychoanalysis, 119-26. google scholar
• Lacan, J. (1977). Ecrits: A selection. W. W. Norton & Company. google scholar
• Lacan, J. (1997). The seminar of Jacques Lacan: Book III the psychoses 1955-1956 (R. Grigg, Çev.). W. W. Norton & Company. google scholar
• Lacan, J. (2014). The seminar of Jacques Lacan, book X: Anxiety (A. R. Price, Çev.). Polity Press. (1962-1963) google scholar
• Lacan, J. (2016). The seminar of Jacques Lacan: Book XXII the sinthome (A. R. Price, Çev.). Polity Press. google scholar
• Love, A. W. (2007). Progress in understanding grief, complicated grief, and caring for the bereaved. Contemporary Nurse, 27, 73-83. google scholar
• McCoyd, L. M. J. ve Walter, C. A. (2016). Grief and loss across the lifespan a biopsychosocialperspective (2. basım). Springer Publishing. google scholar
• McWilliams, N. (2011). Psychoanalytic diagnosis: Understanding personality structure in the clinical process. The Guilford Press. google scholar
• Menezes, T. M. ve Lopes, R. L. (2014). Significados do vivido Pela Pessoa idosa longeva no processo de morte/morrer E luto. Ciencia & Saüde Coletiva, 19(8), 3309-3316. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232014198.05462013 google scholar
• Meylahn, J. A. (2020). Being human in the time of Covid-19. HTS Teologiese Studies/Theological Studies, 76(1). https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v76i1.6029 google scholar
• Monahan, E. (2017). Rapunzel: a necessary unravelling. C. Owens ve S. F. Quinn (Edl.), Lacanian psychoanalysis with babies, children, and adolescents: Further notes on the child (s. 93-103) içinde. Karnac Books. google scholar
• Muller, J. P. (1980). Psychosis and mourning in Lacan’s Hamlet. Psychology and Literature, 12(1), 147-165. google scholar
• Nelson-Becker, H. ve Sangster, K. (2019). Recapturing the power of ritual to enhance community in aging. Journal of Religion, Spirituality & Aging, 31(2), 153-167. https://doi.org/10.1080/1552803 0.2018.1532858 google scholar
• Norton, M. I. ve Gino, F. (2014). Rituals alleviate grieving for loved ones, lovers, and lotteries. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143(1), 266. google scholar
• Osserman, J. ve Le, A. (2020). Waiting for other people: A psychoanalytic interpretation of the time for action. Wellcome Open Research, 133(5). https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15959.1 google scholar
• Paumelle, H. (2004). Le rituel initiatique et sa double fonction: Symbolisation et socialisation. Dans Psychotropes, 10, 91-96. https://doi.org/10.3917/psyt.103.0091 google scholar
• Pennebaker, J. W. (1999). The effects of traumatic disclosure on physical and mental health: The values of writing and talking about upsetting events. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, 1(1), 9-18. google scholar
• Ratti, F. C. ve Estevâo, I. R. (2016). Violence, accident, and trauma-the psychoanalytic clinic faced with the Real of urgency and emergency. Agora: Estudos em Teoria Psicanatitica, 19(3), 605-636. google scholar
• Reineman, J. (2017). Between the imaginary and the real: Photographic portraits of mourning and of melancholia in Argentina. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 92(5), 1241-1261. https:// doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-8315.2011.00414.x google scholar
• Rolfe, G. (2006). Validity, trustworthiness and rigour: Quality and the idea of qualitative research. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 53(3), 304-310. google scholar
• Ross, M. E. ve Ross, C. L. (1983). Mothers, infants, and the psychoanalytic study of ritual. Signs, 9(1), 26-39. https://doi.org/10.1086/494022 google scholar
• Sami, S. (2021). Covid-19 nedeniyle yakınlarını kaybeden bireylerde yas süreci ve dini başa çıkma. İlted: İlahiyat Tetkikleri Dergisi / Journal of İlahiyat Researches, 55(1), 421-444. https://doi. org/10.29288/ilted.888706 google scholar
• Savaş, E. (2020). COVID-19 sürecinde yas. Türkiye Sosyal Hizmet Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(3), 82-89. google scholar
• Scheinfeld, E., Barney, K., Gangi, K., Nelson, E. C. ve Sinardi, C. C. (2021). Filling the void: Grieving and healing during a socially isolating global pandemic [Özel sayı]. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1177/02654075211034914 google scholar
• Scheinfeld, E., Gangi, K., Nelson, E. C. ve Sinardi, C. C. (2021). Please scream inside your heart: Compounded loss and coping during the COVID-19 pandemic. Health Communication, Online, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2021.1886413 google scholar
• Smith, J. ve Osborn, M. (2003). Interpretative phenomenological analysis. Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to research methods (s. 54-80) içinde. SAGE Publications Ltd. google scholar
• Soler, C. (1996). The symbolic order (II). R. Feldstein, B. Fink ve M. Jaanus (Edl.), Reading seminars I and II: Lacan’s return to Freud (s. 47-56) içinde. State University of New York Press. google scholar
• Stephen, M. (1998). Consuming the dead: A Kleinian perspective on death rituals cross-culturally. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 79(6), 1173-1194. google scholar
• Symon, G. ve Cassell C. (Ed.) (2012). Qualitative organizational research: Core methods and current challenges. SAGE Publications Ltd. google scholar
• Şimşek-Arslan, B. ve Buldukoğlu, K. (2021). Grief rituals and grief reactions of bereaved individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Death and Dying, 0(0), 1-15. https://doi. org/10.1177/00302228211037591 google scholar
• Tekedere, H. ve Arpacı, F. (2016). Orta yaş ve yaşlı bireylerin internet ve sosyal medyaya yönelik görüşleri. Türkiye Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 20(2), 377-392. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ tsadergisi/issue/24724/261474 google scholar
• Testoni, I., Zanellato, S., Iacona, E., Marogna, C., Cottone, P. ve Bingaman, K. (2021). Mourning and management of the COVID-19 health emergency in the priestly community: Qualitative research in a region of northern Italy severely affected by the pandemic. Frontiers in Public Health, 9. https:// doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.622592 google scholar
• Vanheule, S. ve Arnaud, G. (2016). Working with symbolic transference. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 52(3), 296-319. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886316654764 google scholar
• Vargas, R. E. (2003). Duelo y perdida. Medicina Legal Costa Rica, 20(2), 47-52. https://www.scielo. sa.cr/scielo.php?scrip t=sci_artte xt&pid=S1409-0015200300 02000 05&lng=en&tlng=es google scholar
• Weiss, R. S. (2008). The nature and causes of grief. M. S. Stroebe, R. O. Hansson, H. Schut ve W. Stroebe (Edl.), Handbook of bereavement research and practice: Advances in theory and intervention (s.29-44) içinde. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/14498-002 google scholar
• Western, S. (2020). Covid-19: An intrusion of the real the unconscious unleashes its truth. Journal of Social Work Practice, 34(4), 445-451. google scholar
• Willig, C. (2013). Introducing qualitative research in psychology. McGraw Hill/ Open University Press. google scholar
• Winnicott, D. N. (1960). The theory of the parent-infant relationship. International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 41, 585-595. google scholar
• Woodhead, L. (2012). Gender differences in religious practice and significance (JPD Systems, Çev.). Travail, Genre et Societes, 27(1), 33-54. google scholar
• Worden, W. (2009). Grief counselling and grief therapy: A handbook for the mental health practitioner. Brunner-Routlege. google scholar
• World Health Organization (2020, 27 Nisan). Archived: WHO Timeline-Covid-19. https://www.who. int/news/item/27-04-2020-who-timeline---covid-19 google scholar
• Wright, B. (2007). Grief. B. Wright (Ed.), Loss and grief, skills for caring (s. 9-27) içinde. M&K Update Ltd. google scholar
• Yardley, L. (2000). Dilemmas in qualitative health research. Psychology and Health, 15(2), 215-228. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870440008400302 google scholar