Sentetik Tarım Kimyasallarının Ekosistem ve İnsan Sağlığına Etkileri: Sürdürülebilir Alternatiflerin Değerlendirilmesi

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 85 - 97, 31.12.2025

Zafer Ömer Özdemir , Neslihan Şen

Öz

Tarım sektöründe verimliliği artırmak amacıyla yaygın biçimde kullanılan sentetik kimyasal gübreler, pestisitler (herbisitler, fungisitler) ve benzeri girdiler, kısa vadede ürün miktarını artırsa da uzun vadede çevresel bozulmalara ve insan sağlığı üzerinde ciddi risklere yol açabilmektedir. Bu bileşikler, doğrudan laboratuvar ortamında üretilmiş olup, doğal döngülere entegre olmayan sentetik içerik taşımaktadır. Toprak, su ve hava kalitesini olumsuz etkileyen bu maddeler aynı zamanda biyolojik çeşitliliğin azalmasına, toprak mikrobiyotasının bozulmasına ve gıda zincirinde kimyasal kalıntıların birikmesine neden olmaktadır. İnsan sağlığı açısından bakıldığında, pestisit kalıntılarının kronik hastalıklar, hormonal bozukluklar ve kanser türleriyle ilişkili olabileceği çeşitli çalışmalarda belirtilmiştir. Bu derleme çalışmasında, tarımda kullanılan sentetik kimyasalların ekosistem ve insan sağlığı üzerindeki etkileri kapsamlı şekilde ele alınmakta; organik tarım, biyolojik mücadele, agroekolojik uygulamalar, mekanik yöntemler ve yapay zeka destekli sistemler gibi alternatif uygulamalar değerlendirilmektedir. Çalışmada, sürdürülebilir tarıma geçiş sürecinde bu alternatiflerin potansiyeli vurgulanmakta; politika yapıcılar ve uygulayıcılar için stratejik öneriler sunulmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sentetik tarım kimyasalları , Pestisit , Çevre kirliliği , Organik tarım , Biyolojik mücadele , Agroekoloji , Sürdürülebilirlik

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışmada yer alan yazarlar arasında herhangi bir çıkar çatışması bulunmamaktadır. Makalenin hazırlanması, yazımı ve sunulması sürecinde etik kurallara riayet edilmiştir. Çalışma kapsamında herhangi bir insan veya hayvan deneyi yapılmamış, yalnızca literatür kaynakları kullanılmıştır.

Impacts of Synthetic Agricultural Chemicals on Ecosystems and Human Health: An Evaluation of Sustainable Alternatives

Öz

The widespread use of synthetic chemical inputs such as fertilizers, pesticides (herbicides, fungicides) and similar compounds in the agricultural sector has significantly enhanced productivity in the short term. However, their long-term effects pose serious risks to both environmental integrity and human health. These substances, which are artificially produced in laboratory settings and not integrated into natural ecological cycles, degrade soil, water, and air quality. Moreover, they contribute to the loss of biodiversity, disruption of soil microbiota, and accumulation of chemical residues in the food chain. From a public health perspective, numerous studies have linked pesticide residues to chronic diseases, hormonal disorders, and various types of cancer. This review comprehensively examines the ecological and health-related impacts of synthetic chemicals used in agriculture. It also evaluates a range of alternative approaches, including organic farming, biological control, agroecological practices, mechanical methods, and AI-assisted systems. The study emphasizes the potential of these alternatives in facilitating a transition toward sustainable agriculture and offers strategic recommendations for policymakers and practitioners.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Synthetic agrochemicals , Pesticides , Environmental pollution , Organic farming , Biological control , Agroecology , Sustainability

Etik Beyan

There is no conflict of interest among the authors of this study. All ethical principles have been strictly followed during the preparation, writing, and submission of the manuscript. The study does not involve any human or animal experiments and is solely based on a review of the existing literature.

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