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Heavy Metal Estimation and Quality Assurance Parameters for Water Resources in the Ankara, Türkiye

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 113 - 130, 30.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.47769/izufbed.1680577
https://izlik.org/JA26BR38KA

Öz

The increasing economic growth rate in recent years, increasing agricultural activities, industrialization, and population growth, brings about the excessive use and pollution of water resources, like in all natural resources in our country. Therefore, pollution control of water-bodies is extremely important in protecting and monitoring water quality. This study aims to analyze the water quality of two different districts in Ankara which are Karşıyaka, and Karapürçek under increasing pressure from domestic and industrial activities and wastewater in addition to a significant flood risk. The salt stress and heavy metal contamination for two sources were investigated in accordance with this purpose. ICP-OES (inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy) technique was used for determination of heavy metals in these water samples. The validation of the method was performed, and the suitability of heavy metals was compared with the drinking water standards of the Turkish Drinking Water Standard (TS 266, 2005) and the World Health Organization (WHO, 2022). The concentrations of the heavy metals in the samples were found within the limit values given in the standards. There are no studies in the literature on the quality of surface water resources in these neighborhoods within the scope of urban transformation, and it is obvious that the transformation will bring innovations to the neighborhoods in the settlement planning.

Kaynakça

  • Abd Byty A.W. et al., (2021). Estimation of the Concentration of Some Heavy Metals in Groundwater in Rutba City. IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 904. DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/904/1/012009
  • Adam, J.C., Lettenmaier, D.P., (2008). Application of New Precipitation and Reconstructed Streamflow Products to Streamflow Trend Attribution in Northern Eurasia. Journal of Climate, 21(8), 1807-1828. DOI: 10.1175/2007JCLI1535.1
  • Baralkiewicz, D. Gramowska H., Hanc A., & Krzyzaniak I., (2007). A Comparison of ICP-OES and ICP-MS in the Determination of Elements in Lake Water. Atomic Spectroscopy, 26: 164-170.
  • Brown, T. C., Mahat, V., and Ramirez, J. A. (2019). Adaptation to future water shortages in the United States caused by population growth and climate change. Earths Future 7, 219-234. DOI: 10.1029/2018EF001091.
  • CA. 2007. Water for Food, Water for Life. The Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture D. Molden (ed.) London, Earthscan and Colombo, International Water Management Institute.
  • Chechet, O.M., Shulyak, S.V., Shevchenko L.V. Mykhalska, V.M., Gaidei, O.S., Miahka, К.S., Krushelnytsk,a O.V., Liniichuk, N.V., Bardyk, I.U., Кryvenok, M.J., Boyarchuk, S. V., (2021). Effectiveness of inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES) in macro and microelements assessment in water. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology. 11(7), 197-203, DOI: 10.15421/2021_259.
  • Dos Santos A.A, Chang L.W., Liejun Guo G., Aschner M. Chapter 35—Fetal Minamata disease: A human episode of congenital methylmercury poisoining. In: Slikker W, Paule MG, Whang C, editors. Handbook of Developmental Neurotoxicology. 2nd ed. Cambridge, MA: Academic Press; 2018. pp. 399-406.
  • Eaton, A.D., Clesceri, L. S., Rice, E.W. & Greenberg, A.E., (2005) Standart Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water (STMD), American Public Health Association (APHA), USA, 2005.
  • Foti, R., Ramirez, J.A., & Brown, T.C., (2012). Vulnerability of U.S. Water Supply to Shortage: A Technical Document Supporting the Forest Service 2010 RPA Assessment. 295.
  • Hajigholizadeh, M., & Melesse, A. M., (2017). Assortment and spatiotemporal analysis of surface water quality using cluster and discriminant analyses. Catena, 151, 247-258. DOI: 10.1016/j.catena.2016.12.018.
  • Heidari, H., Arabi, M., Warziniack, T., & Kao, S.C., (2020). Assessing shifts in regional hydroclimatic conditions of U.S. River basins in response to climate change over the 21st century. Earth's Future 8, 1–14. DOI: 10.1029/2020EF001657
  • Heidari H., Arabi M., Warziniack T., Sharvelle S., (2021). Effects of Urban Development Patterns on Municipal Water Shortage. Water and Built Environment, 3: 694817. DOI: 10.3389/frwa.2021.694817
  • Kalipci, E., Cüce, H. & Toprak, S., (2017). Evaluation of Surface Water Quality of Mamasin Reservoir by Using Geographical Information System (GIS). Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(2), 351-361. DOI: 10.28948/ngumuh.341144.
  • Karadavut, I.S., Saydam, A.C., Kalipci, E., Karadavut, S. & Özdemir, C., (2011). A research for water pollution of Melendiz stream in terms of sustainability of ecological balance. Carpathian Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 6(1), 65-80.
  • Kaushal, S. S., Likens, G. E., Pace, M. L., Haq, S., Wood, K. L., Galella, J. G. et al., (2019). Novel ‘chemical cocktails’ in inland waters are a consequence of the freshwater salinization syndrome. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B, 374, Article ID: 20180017.
  • Kaushal, S.S., Likens, G. E., Pace, M. L., Reimer J. E., Maas C. M., Galella J. G. et al., (2021). Freshwater salinization syndrome: from emerging global problem to managing risks. Biogeochemistry, 154, 255-292. DOI: 10.1007/s10533-021-00784-w
  • Kaushal S.S., (2016) Increased salinization decreases safe drinking water. Environ Sci Technol., 50(6): 2745-3284 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b00679.
  • Khan A.E, Ireson A., Kovats S. et al., (2011). Drinking Water Salinity and Maternal Health in Coastal Bangladesh: Implications of Climate Change. Environ Health Perspect, 119:1328-1332. DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1002804
  • Lattemann, S. & Hopner, T., (2008). Environmental impact and impact assessment of seawater desalination. Desalination, 220, 1–15. DOI: 10.1016/j.desal.2007.03.009
  • Li, T., Li, S., Liang, C., Bush, R. T., Xiong, L., Jiang, Y., (2018). A comparative assessment of Australia's Lower Lakes water quality under extreme drought and post-drought conditions using multivariate statistical techniques. Journal of Cleaner Production, 190, 1-11. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.04.121
  • Liao, J., Chen, J., Ru, X., Chen, J., Wu, H., & Wei, C., (2017). Heavy metals in river surface sediments affected with multiple pollution sources, South China: Distribution, enrichment and source apportionment. Journal Geochemical Exploration, 176, 9-19. DOI: 10.1016/j.gexplo.2016.08.013.
  • MA (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment). 2005. Ecosystem services and human well-being: wetlands and water synthesis. World Resources Institute, Washington DC. 68pp.
  • Malik, R. N., Husain, S. Z. & Nazir, I., (2010). Heavy Metal Contamination and Accumulation in Soil and Wild Plant Species from Industrial Area of Islamabad, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 42, 291-301.
  • McCormac, B.M., (1991). Mercury in the Swedish environment. Water, Air Soil Pollut. 55, 1-126.
  • Mdee, O.J., Mndolwa, B., Sadiki, N., (2024). Water-quality assessment and spatial distribution of water-quality parameters of Dodoma Urban, Tanzania. African Journal of Aquatic Science, 49(2), 95-105. DOI: 10.2989/16085914.2024.2313730.
  • Mohan, S.V. Nithila, P. & Reddy, S.J., (1996), Estimation of heavy metals in drinking water and development of heavy metal pollution index: Journal Environmental Science Health Part A, 31(2): 283-289. DOI: 10.1080/10934529609376357
  • Mokarram M., Pourghasemi H.R., Huang K., Zhang H., (2022). Investigation of water quality and its spatial distribution in the Kor River basin, Fars province, Iran. Environmental Research, 204, Part C, 112294-. DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112294
  • Molden, D., (2013). Water for food water for life: A comprehensive assessment of water management in agriculture. 1st Ed. Routledge, London.
  • Ostrega, B.K., Dmowski, K., Stryjewska, E., & Golimowski, J., (2005). Determination of Thallium and Other Elements (As, Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb, Se, Sb, and Zn) in Water and Sediment Samples from the Vicinity of the Zinc-Lead Smelter in Poland. Journal of Soils and Sediments. 5, 71–73.
  • Prasad, B., and Bose, J.M., (2001). Evaluation of heavy metal pollution index for surface and spring water near a l.imestone mining area of the lower Himalayas. Environmental Geology, 41(1-2): 183-188. DOI: 10.1007/s002540100380.
  • Sobhanardakania, S., Yarib, A. R, Taghavic, L., Tayebid, L., (2016). Water quality pollution indices to assess the heavy metal contamination, case study: groundwater resources of Asadabad Plain in 2012. Arch Hyg Sci 5(4):221-228.
  • Tamasi, G., & Cini, R., (2004). Heavy metals in drinking waters from Mount Amiata (Tuscany, Italy). Possible risks from arsenic for public health in the Province of Siena. Science Total Environment, 327, 1–3, 41–51. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2003.10.011.
  • Wen X.., Lu J., Wu J. et al. , (2019). Influence of coastal groundwater salinization on the distribution and risks of heavy metals. Sci.Total Environ. 652: 267–277. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.250
  • Wons M., Szymczyk S., Glińska-Lewczuk K., 2012. Ecological approach to monitoring the hardness of the groundwater. Inż. Ekolog., 31: 137-143. (in Polish). DOI: 10.5601/jelem.2015.20.1.788
  • WPCR (2004). Water Pollution Control Regulations, Offical Gazette. 31.12.2004, Number: 25687. Ministry of Environment and Forests, Ankara. https://www.who.int/news/item/18-06-.
  • Yalcin, M. G., Aydin, O., Elhatip, H. (2008). Heavy metal contents and the water quality of Karasu Creek in Nigde, Turkey. Environ. Monit. Assess., 137 (1–3), 169. DOI: 10.1007/s10661-007-9737-8
  • URL-1. Turkısh Standard Institute (TSE)- (2005). Water intended for human consumption. TS 266, Ankara. (In Turkish)
  • URL-2. WHO-World Health Organization (2011). Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality. Vol.4 World Health Organization, Genewa.
  • URL-3. WHO (2017). The Joint Monitoring Programme report, Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene: 2000-2017: Special focus on inequalities. World Health Organization, Genewa.
  • URL-4. WHO (2022). Guidelines for drinking-water quality: fourth edition incorporating the first and second addenda. World Health Organization, Genewa. (https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/352532/9789240045064-eng.pdf?sequence=1)2

Heavy Metal Estimation and Quality Assurance Parameters for Water Resources in the Ankara, Türkiye

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 113 - 130, 30.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.47769/izufbed.1680577
https://izlik.org/JA26BR38KA

Öz

The increasing economic growth rate in recent years, increasing agricultural activities, industrialization, and population growth, brings about the excessive use and pollution of water resources, like in all natural resources in our country. Therefore, pollution control of water-bodies is extremely important in protecting and monitoring water quality. This study aims to analyze the water quality of two different districts in Ankara which are Karşıyaka, and Karapürçek under increasing pressure from domestic and industrial activities and wastewater in addition to a significant flood risk. The salt stress and heavy metal contamination for two sources were investigated in accordance with this purpose. ICP-OES (inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy) technique was used for determination of heavy metals in these water samples. The validation of the method was performed, and the suitability of heavy metals was compared with the drinking water standards of the Turkish Drinking Water Standard (TS 266, 2005) and the World Health Organization (WHO, 2022). The concentrations of the heavy metals in the samples were found within the limit values given in the standards. There are no studies in the literature on the quality of surface water resources in these neighborhoods within the scope of urban transformation, and it is obvious that the transformation will bring innovations to the neighborhoods in the settlement planning.

Kaynakça

  • Abd Byty A.W. et al., (2021). Estimation of the Concentration of Some Heavy Metals in Groundwater in Rutba City. IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 904. DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/904/1/012009
  • Adam, J.C., Lettenmaier, D.P., (2008). Application of New Precipitation and Reconstructed Streamflow Products to Streamflow Trend Attribution in Northern Eurasia. Journal of Climate, 21(8), 1807-1828. DOI: 10.1175/2007JCLI1535.1
  • Baralkiewicz, D. Gramowska H., Hanc A., & Krzyzaniak I., (2007). A Comparison of ICP-OES and ICP-MS in the Determination of Elements in Lake Water. Atomic Spectroscopy, 26: 164-170.
  • Brown, T. C., Mahat, V., and Ramirez, J. A. (2019). Adaptation to future water shortages in the United States caused by population growth and climate change. Earths Future 7, 219-234. DOI: 10.1029/2018EF001091.
  • CA. 2007. Water for Food, Water for Life. The Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture D. Molden (ed.) London, Earthscan and Colombo, International Water Management Institute.
  • Chechet, O.M., Shulyak, S.V., Shevchenko L.V. Mykhalska, V.M., Gaidei, O.S., Miahka, К.S., Krushelnytsk,a O.V., Liniichuk, N.V., Bardyk, I.U., Кryvenok, M.J., Boyarchuk, S. V., (2021). Effectiveness of inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES) in macro and microelements assessment in water. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology. 11(7), 197-203, DOI: 10.15421/2021_259.
  • Dos Santos A.A, Chang L.W., Liejun Guo G., Aschner M. Chapter 35—Fetal Minamata disease: A human episode of congenital methylmercury poisoining. In: Slikker W, Paule MG, Whang C, editors. Handbook of Developmental Neurotoxicology. 2nd ed. Cambridge, MA: Academic Press; 2018. pp. 399-406.
  • Eaton, A.D., Clesceri, L. S., Rice, E.W. & Greenberg, A.E., (2005) Standart Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water (STMD), American Public Health Association (APHA), USA, 2005.
  • Foti, R., Ramirez, J.A., & Brown, T.C., (2012). Vulnerability of U.S. Water Supply to Shortage: A Technical Document Supporting the Forest Service 2010 RPA Assessment. 295.
  • Hajigholizadeh, M., & Melesse, A. M., (2017). Assortment and spatiotemporal analysis of surface water quality using cluster and discriminant analyses. Catena, 151, 247-258. DOI: 10.1016/j.catena.2016.12.018.
  • Heidari, H., Arabi, M., Warziniack, T., & Kao, S.C., (2020). Assessing shifts in regional hydroclimatic conditions of U.S. River basins in response to climate change over the 21st century. Earth's Future 8, 1–14. DOI: 10.1029/2020EF001657
  • Heidari H., Arabi M., Warziniack T., Sharvelle S., (2021). Effects of Urban Development Patterns on Municipal Water Shortage. Water and Built Environment, 3: 694817. DOI: 10.3389/frwa.2021.694817
  • Kalipci, E., Cüce, H. & Toprak, S., (2017). Evaluation of Surface Water Quality of Mamasin Reservoir by Using Geographical Information System (GIS). Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(2), 351-361. DOI: 10.28948/ngumuh.341144.
  • Karadavut, I.S., Saydam, A.C., Kalipci, E., Karadavut, S. & Özdemir, C., (2011). A research for water pollution of Melendiz stream in terms of sustainability of ecological balance. Carpathian Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 6(1), 65-80.
  • Kaushal, S. S., Likens, G. E., Pace, M. L., Haq, S., Wood, K. L., Galella, J. G. et al., (2019). Novel ‘chemical cocktails’ in inland waters are a consequence of the freshwater salinization syndrome. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B, 374, Article ID: 20180017.
  • Kaushal, S.S., Likens, G. E., Pace, M. L., Reimer J. E., Maas C. M., Galella J. G. et al., (2021). Freshwater salinization syndrome: from emerging global problem to managing risks. Biogeochemistry, 154, 255-292. DOI: 10.1007/s10533-021-00784-w
  • Kaushal S.S., (2016) Increased salinization decreases safe drinking water. Environ Sci Technol., 50(6): 2745-3284 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b00679.
  • Khan A.E, Ireson A., Kovats S. et al., (2011). Drinking Water Salinity and Maternal Health in Coastal Bangladesh: Implications of Climate Change. Environ Health Perspect, 119:1328-1332. DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1002804
  • Lattemann, S. & Hopner, T., (2008). Environmental impact and impact assessment of seawater desalination. Desalination, 220, 1–15. DOI: 10.1016/j.desal.2007.03.009
  • Li, T., Li, S., Liang, C., Bush, R. T., Xiong, L., Jiang, Y., (2018). A comparative assessment of Australia's Lower Lakes water quality under extreme drought and post-drought conditions using multivariate statistical techniques. Journal of Cleaner Production, 190, 1-11. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.04.121
  • Liao, J., Chen, J., Ru, X., Chen, J., Wu, H., & Wei, C., (2017). Heavy metals in river surface sediments affected with multiple pollution sources, South China: Distribution, enrichment and source apportionment. Journal Geochemical Exploration, 176, 9-19. DOI: 10.1016/j.gexplo.2016.08.013.
  • MA (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment). 2005. Ecosystem services and human well-being: wetlands and water synthesis. World Resources Institute, Washington DC. 68pp.
  • Malik, R. N., Husain, S. Z. & Nazir, I., (2010). Heavy Metal Contamination and Accumulation in Soil and Wild Plant Species from Industrial Area of Islamabad, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 42, 291-301.
  • McCormac, B.M., (1991). Mercury in the Swedish environment. Water, Air Soil Pollut. 55, 1-126.
  • Mdee, O.J., Mndolwa, B., Sadiki, N., (2024). Water-quality assessment and spatial distribution of water-quality parameters of Dodoma Urban, Tanzania. African Journal of Aquatic Science, 49(2), 95-105. DOI: 10.2989/16085914.2024.2313730.
  • Mohan, S.V. Nithila, P. & Reddy, S.J., (1996), Estimation of heavy metals in drinking water and development of heavy metal pollution index: Journal Environmental Science Health Part A, 31(2): 283-289. DOI: 10.1080/10934529609376357
  • Mokarram M., Pourghasemi H.R., Huang K., Zhang H., (2022). Investigation of water quality and its spatial distribution in the Kor River basin, Fars province, Iran. Environmental Research, 204, Part C, 112294-. DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112294
  • Molden, D., (2013). Water for food water for life: A comprehensive assessment of water management in agriculture. 1st Ed. Routledge, London.
  • Ostrega, B.K., Dmowski, K., Stryjewska, E., & Golimowski, J., (2005). Determination of Thallium and Other Elements (As, Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb, Se, Sb, and Zn) in Water and Sediment Samples from the Vicinity of the Zinc-Lead Smelter in Poland. Journal of Soils and Sediments. 5, 71–73.
  • Prasad, B., and Bose, J.M., (2001). Evaluation of heavy metal pollution index for surface and spring water near a l.imestone mining area of the lower Himalayas. Environmental Geology, 41(1-2): 183-188. DOI: 10.1007/s002540100380.
  • Sobhanardakania, S., Yarib, A. R, Taghavic, L., Tayebid, L., (2016). Water quality pollution indices to assess the heavy metal contamination, case study: groundwater resources of Asadabad Plain in 2012. Arch Hyg Sci 5(4):221-228.
  • Tamasi, G., & Cini, R., (2004). Heavy metals in drinking waters from Mount Amiata (Tuscany, Italy). Possible risks from arsenic for public health in the Province of Siena. Science Total Environment, 327, 1–3, 41–51. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2003.10.011.
  • Wen X.., Lu J., Wu J. et al. , (2019). Influence of coastal groundwater salinization on the distribution and risks of heavy metals. Sci.Total Environ. 652: 267–277. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.250
  • Wons M., Szymczyk S., Glińska-Lewczuk K., 2012. Ecological approach to monitoring the hardness of the groundwater. Inż. Ekolog., 31: 137-143. (in Polish). DOI: 10.5601/jelem.2015.20.1.788
  • WPCR (2004). Water Pollution Control Regulations, Offical Gazette. 31.12.2004, Number: 25687. Ministry of Environment and Forests, Ankara. https://www.who.int/news/item/18-06-.
  • Yalcin, M. G., Aydin, O., Elhatip, H. (2008). Heavy metal contents and the water quality of Karasu Creek in Nigde, Turkey. Environ. Monit. Assess., 137 (1–3), 169. DOI: 10.1007/s10661-007-9737-8
  • URL-1. Turkısh Standard Institute (TSE)- (2005). Water intended for human consumption. TS 266, Ankara. (In Turkish)
  • URL-2. WHO-World Health Organization (2011). Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality. Vol.4 World Health Organization, Genewa.
  • URL-3. WHO (2017). The Joint Monitoring Programme report, Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene: 2000-2017: Special focus on inequalities. World Health Organization, Genewa.
  • URL-4. WHO (2022). Guidelines for drinking-water quality: fourth edition incorporating the first and second addenda. World Health Organization, Genewa. (https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/352532/9789240045064-eng.pdf?sequence=1)2
Toplam 40 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Kimya Mühendisliği (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Deniz Şahin 0000-0003-3519-4434

Sinan Mithat Muhammet 0000-0001-6250-9476

Ferat Sahın 0009-0006-7791-2413

Gönderilme Tarihi 20 Nisan 2025
Kabul Tarihi 7 Kasım 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2025
DOI https://doi.org/10.47769/izufbed.1680577
IZ https://izlik.org/JA26BR38KA
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Şahin, D., Muhammet, S. M., & Sahın, F. (2025). Heavy Metal Estimation and Quality Assurance Parameters for Water Resources in the Ankara, Türkiye. İstanbul Sabahattin Zaim Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 7(2), 113-130. https://doi.org/10.47769/izufbed.1680577