RÜZGAR EROZYONU

Öz

Aeolian veya eolian olayların bir sonucu veya bir alt çalışma konusu olarak ifade edilen rüzgar erozyonu Türkiye ve dünyada kurak ve yarı kurak bölgelerin tipik olaylarından birisidir. Düzensiz ve yetersiz yağış, yüksek sıcaklık farkları, yüksek yaz mevsimi sıcaklık ortalamaları, frekansı yüksek yaz günleri, aşırı buharlaşma değerleri ve kuvvetli rüzgarlar rüzgar erozyonunun en önemli göstergeleridir. Rüzgar erozyonu aşındırdığı alanın toprak özelliklerinde değişikliğe sebep olduğu gibi, taşıma esnasında geçtiği bölgelerde olumsuz etkiler yapar (su kanalları, drenaj sistemleri, makineler, canlılar), gücünün azaldığı yerde taşıdığı sedimenti bıraktığı yerin toprak özelliklerinde de değişikliğe sebep olur. Bu derece doğrudan ve dolaylı olumsuz etkileri olan rüzgar erozyonunun iyi bilinmesi ve zararlı etkilerinin azaltılması oldukça önemlidir. Çünkü koruma tedbiri uygulamak, meydana gelen zararı telafi etmekten daha ucuzdur. Bu çalışmada rüzgar erozyonu, genel etkileri, rüzgar ve toprak özellikleri tanıtılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Rüzgar erozyonu,rüzgar erozyonu etkileri,rüzgar ve toprak özellikleri

Wind Erosion

Öz

Wind erosion which is expressed as a result or sub-discipiline of aeolian or eolian is one of the typical events in arid and semiarid region of the world and Turkey. Irregular and inadequate precipitation, high temperature amplitudes, high summer temperature averages, high frequency summer days, excessive evaporation values and strong winds are the most important indicators of wind erosion. The wind erosion causes a change in the soil properties of the area it erodes, as well as the negative impacts in the areas where it passes during transportation (water channels, drainage systems, machines, organisms), and causes a change in the soil properties of the place where its power decreases and leaves its sediment. It is very important to know well direct and indirect negative effects of wind erosion and to reduce the harmful effects of it. Because implementing a protection measure is cheaper than compensating for the damage. In this study, wind erosion, general effects, properties of wind and soil were introduced.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Wind erosion,wind erosion effects,properties of wind and soil

Kaynakça

1. Armbrust, D.V., 1968. Windblown soil abrasive injury to cott on plants. Agron. J., 60, 622-625.
2. Baker, J.T., 2007. Cott on seedling abrasion and recovery from windblown sand. Agron. J., 99, 556-561.
3. Belly, P.Y., 1964. Sand movement by wind. Tech. Memor. 1. U.S. ARMY Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Vicksburg, MS.
4. Bisal, F., J. Hsieh, 1966. Influence of moisture on erodibility of soil by wind. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 102, 143-146.
5. Braaten, D.A., T.A. Cahill, 1986. Size and composition of dust transported to Hawaii. Atmos. Environ., 20, 1105-1109.
6. Brooks, S.D., P.J. DeMott , S.M. Dreidenweis, 2004. Water uptake by particles containing humic materials and mixtures of humic materials with ammonium sulfate. Atmos. Environ., 38, 1859-1868.
7. Chen, W., D.W. Fryrear, 1996. Grain-size distributions of wind-eroded material above a flat bare soil. Phys. Geogr., 17, 554-584.
8. Chepil, W.S., 1956. Influence of moisture on erodibility of soil by wind. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc., 20, 288-292.

9. Chepil, W.S., 1958. Soil conditions that influence wind erosion. USDA Tech. Bull. 1185. U.S. Gov. Print. Office, Washington, DC.
10. Chepil, W.S., 1962. A compact rotary sieve and the importance of dry sieving in physical soil analysis. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 26, 4-6.
11. Chiou, C.T., 1989. Theoretical considerations of the partition uptake of nonionic organic compounds by soil organic matter. p. 1-30. In B.L. Sawhney and K. Brown (ed.) Reaction and movement of organic chemicals in soils. SSSA Spec. Publ. 22. SSSA, Madison, WI.
12. Chung, Y.S., H.S. Kim, J. Dulam, J. Harris, 2003. On heavy dustfall observed with explosive sandstorms in Chongwon-Chongju, Korea in 2002. Atmos. Environ., 37, 3425-3433.
13. Delany, A.C., A. Claire Delany, D.W. Parkin, J.J. Griffin, E.D. Goldberg, B.E.F. Reimann, 1967. Airborne dust collected at Barbados. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 31, 885-909.
14. DPIPWE, 2018. Erişim tarihi: 16.12.2018. https://dpipwe.tas.gov.au/agriculture/land-management-and-soils/soil-management/soil-erosion/soil-erosion-types/wind-erosion.
15. Eldridge, D.J., R.S.B. Greene, 1994. Microbiotic soil crusts: A review of their roles in soil and ecological processes in the rangelands of Australia. Aust. J. Soil Res., 32, 389-415.
16. Farmer, A.M., 1993. The eff ects of dust on plants: A review. Environ. Pollut., 79, 63-75.
17. Fryrear, D.W., 1985. Soil cover and wind erosion. Trans. ASAE, 28, 781-784.
18. Fryrear, D.W. ,1973. Wind damage….should I replant? Am. Cott on Grower May, p. 12-25.
19. Fryrear, D.W., J.D. Downes, 1975. Estimating seedling survival from wind erosion parameters. Trans. ASAE, 18, 888-891.
20. Gatz, D.F., J.M. Prospero, 1996. A large siliconaluminum aerosol plume in central Illinois: North African dust? Atmos. Environ., 30, 3789-3799.
21. Gile, L.H., R.B. Grossman, 1979. The desert project soil monograph: Soils and landscapes of desert region astride the Rio Grande Valley near Las Cruces, New Mexico. USDA-SCS, U.S. Gov. Print. Office, Washington, DC.
22. Gillette, D.A., D.W. Fryrear, T.E. Gill, T. Ley, T.A. Cahill, E.A. Gearhart, 1997. Relation of vertical flux of particles smaller than 10 μm to total aeolian horizontal mass flux at Owens Lake. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 26009-26015.
23. Goudie, A.S., 1978. Dust storms and the geomorphological implications. J. Arid Environ., 1, 291-310.
24. Grini, A., G. Myhre, C.S. Zender, J.K. Sundet, I.S.A. Isaksen, 2003. Model simulations of dust source and transport in the global troposphere: Eff ects of soil erodibility and wind speed variability. Institute Report Ser., 124. Dep. of Geosciences, Univ. of Oslo.
25. Hagen, L.J., S. Van Pelt, , B. Sharratt, 2010. Estimating the saltation and suspension components from field wind erosion. Aeolian Research, 1, 147-153.
26. Hagen, L.J., S. Van Pelt, T.M. Zobeck, A. Retta, 2007. Dust deposition near an eroding source field. Earth Surf. Process. Landforms, 32, 281-289.
27. Hagen, L.J., B. Schroeder, E.L. Skidmore, 1995. A vertical soil crushing-energy meter. Trans. ASAE, 38, 711-715.
28. Hagen, L.J., 1991. Wind erosion mechanics: Abrasion of aggregated soil. Trans. ASAE, 34, 831-837.
29. Karaoğlu, M., 2016. Erozyon mu? Avrasya Terim Dergisi, ISSN: 2147-7507, 4(1), 39-44.
30. Karaoğlu, M., 2014. Erozyon, rüzgâr erozyonu ve Iğdır-Aralık örneği. Türk Tarım ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi, ISSN: 2148-3647, 1(2), 167-172.
31. Kennedy, A.C., 1998. Biological fi ngerprinting of dust aerosols. p. 49-50. In A. Busacca (ed.) Dust Aerosols, Loess Soils, and Global Change. Proc. Washington State Univ. Workshop October 11-14, 1998 Seattle, WA. Misc. Publ. MISC0190. College of Agriculture and Home Economics, Washington State Univ., Pullman.
32. Krueger, B.J., V.H. Grassian, J.P. Corwin, and A. Laskin, 2004. Heterogeneous chemistry of individual mineral dust particles from diff erent dust source regions: The importance of particle mineralogy. Atmos. Environ., 38, 253-6261.
33. Larney, F.J., J.F. Leys, J.F. Muller, G.H. McTainsh, 1999. Dust and endosulfan deposition in cotton-growing area of northern New South Wales, Australia. J. Environ. Qual., 28, 692-701.
34. Leathers, L.H., 1981. Plant components of desert dust in Arizona and their significance for man. In T.L. Pewe (ed.) Desert dust: Origin, characteristics, and effect on man. Spec. Publ. 186. Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO.
35. Lee, H.N., T. Tanaka, M. Chiba, Y. Igarashi, 2003. Long range transport of Asian dust from dust storms and its impact on Japan. Water Air Soil Pollut. Focus, 3, 231-243.
36. Leys, J.F., and D.J. Eldridge. 1998. Infl uence of cryptogamic crust disturbance to wind erosion on sand and loam rangeland soils. Earth Surf. Process. Landforms, 23, 963-974.
37. Litaor, M.I., 1987. The influence of eolian dust on the genesis of alpine soils in the Front Range, Colorado. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 51, 142-147.
38. Lyles, L., 1975. Possible eff ects of wind erosion on soil productivity. J. Soil Water Conserv., 30, 279-283.
39. McKenna-Neuman, C.M., W.G. Nickling, 1989. A theoretical and wind tunnel investigation of the eff ect of capillary water on the entrainment of sediment by wind. Can. J. Soil Sci. 69:79–96.
40. Miller, G.C., V.R. Herbert, W.W. Miller, 1989. Effect on sunlight on organic contaminants at the atmosphere-soil interface. p. 99-110. In B.L. Sawhney and K. Brown (ed.) Reaction and movement of organic chemicals in soils. SSSA Spec. Publ. 22. SSSA, Madison, WI.
41. Neave, M., S. Rayburg, 2007. A field investigation into the effects of progressive rainfall-induced soil seal and crust development on runoff and erosion rates: The impact of surface cover. Geomorphology, 87, 378-390.
42. Nickling, W.G., 1994. Aeolian sediment transport and deposition, p. 293-350. In K. Pye (ed.) Sediment transport and depositional processes. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, UK.
43. NSW, 2018. Erişim tarihi: 16.12.2018. https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/topics/land-and-soil/soil-degradation/wind-erosion.
44. Potter, K.N., T.M. Zobeck, 1990. Estimation of soil microrelief. Trans. ASAE, 33, 156-161.
45. Prospero, J.M., 1996. Saharan dust transport over the North Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean: An overview. p. 131-151. In S. Guerzoni and R. Chester (ed.) The impact of desert dust across the Mediterranean. Kluwer Academic Press, the Netherlands.
46. Pye, K., 1987. Aeolian dust and dust deposits. Academic Press, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, New York.
47. Rabenhorst, M.C., L.P. Wilding, C.L. Girdner, 1984. Airborne dusts in the Edwards Plateau region of Texas. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 48, 621-627.
48. Rahn, K.A., R.D. Borys, G.E. Shaw, 1981. Asian dust over Alaska: Anatomy of an Arctic haze episode. p. 37-70. In T.L. Pewe (ed.) Desert dust: Origin, characteristics, and effect on man. Spec. Publ. 186. Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO.
49. Ravi, S., P. D’Odorico, B. Herbert, T. Zobeck, T.M. Over, 2006a. Enhancement of wind erosion by fire-induced water repellency. Water Resour. Res. 42:W11422, doi:10.1029/2006WR004895.
50. Ravi, S., T.M. Zobeck, T.M. Over, G.S. Okin, and P. D’Odorico. 2006b. On the effect of moisture bonding forces in air-dry soils on threshold friction velocity of wind erosion. Sedimentology, 53, 597-609.
51. Reheis, M.C., R. Kihl, 1995. Dust deposition in southern Nevada and California, 1984–1989: Relations to climate, source area, and source lithology. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 8893-8918.
52. Reynolds, R., J. Neff , M. Reheis, P. Lamothe, 2006. Atmospheric dust in modern soil on aeolian sandstone, Colorado Plateau (USA): Variation with landscape position and contribution to potential plant nutrients. Geoderma, 130, 108-123.
53. Shao, Y., 2000. Physics and modelling of wind erosion. Kluwer Academic Publ., Boston.
54. Skidmore, E.L., 1994. Wind erosion. p. 265-293. In R. Lal (ed.) Soil erosion research methods. 2nd ed. Soil and Water Conservation Society, Ankeny, IA.
55. Skidmore, E.L., 1966. Wind and sandblast injury to seedling green beans. Agron. J., 58, 311-315.
56. Sterk, G., L. Hermann, A. Bationo., 1996. Wind-blown nutrient and soil productivity changes in southwest Niger. Land Degrad. Devel., 7, 325-335. Skidmore, E.L., D.H. Powers, 1982. Dry soil-aggregate stability: Energy-based index. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 46, 1274-1279.
57. Stetler, L.D., K.E. Saxton, D.W. Fryrear., 1994. Wind erosion and PM10 measurements from agricultural fields in Texas and Washington. 87th. Paper 94-FA145.02. Air and Waste Management Assoc., Cincinnati, OH.
58. Svensson, A., P. E. Biscaye, F. E. Grousset, 2000. Characterization of late glacial continental dust in the Greenland Ice Core Project ice core. J. Geophys. Res., 105(D4), 4637-4656.
59. Talbot, R.W., M.O. Andreae, H. Berresheim, P. Artaxo, M. Garstang, R.C. Harriss, K.M. Beecher, S.M. Li, 1990. Aerosol chemistry during the wet season in central Amazonia: The influence of long-range transport. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 16955-16969.
60. Toy, T.J., G.R. Foster, K.G. Renard, 2002. Soil erosion: Processes, prediction, measurement, and control. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
61. Trochkine, D., Y. Iwasaka, A. Matsuke, M. Ymada, Y.S. Kim, D. Zhang, G.Y. Shi, Z. Shen, G. Li, 2003. Comparison of the chemical composition of mineral particles collected in Dunhuang, China and those collected in the free troposphere over Japan: Possible chemical modification during long-range transport. Water Air Soil Pollut. Focus, 3, 161-172.
62. Tsoar, H., K. Pye, 1987. Dust transport and the question of desert loess formation. Sedimentology, 34, 139-153.
63. USDA-NRCS. 2002. National agronomy manual. 3rd ed. Available at http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/agronomy.html (verifi ed 7 Dec. 2010). USDA-NRCS.
64. Van Pelt, R.S., and T.M. Zobeck. 2007. Chemical constituents of fugitive dust. Environ. Monit. Assess., 130, 3-16.
65. Zhang, D.D., M. Peart, C.Y. Jim, Y.Q. He, B.S. Li, J.A. Chen, 2003. Precipitation chemistry of Lhasa and other remote towns, Tibet. Atmos. Environ., 37, 231-240. Zobeck, T.M., R.S. Van Pelt, 2014. Wind Erosion. USDA Agricultural Research Service. Lincoln, Nebraska. Publications from USDAARS/UNL Faculty. Paper 1409, 209-227.
66. Zobeck, T.M., R.S. Van Pelt, 2006. Wind-induced dust generation and transport mechanics on a bare agricultural field. J. Hazard. Mater., 132, 26-38.
67. Zobeck, T.M., T.W. Popham, E.L. Skidmore, J.A. Lamb, S.D. Merrill, M.J. Lindstrom, D.L. Mokma, R.E. Yoder, 2003. Aggregate-mean diameter and wind-erodible soil predictions using dry aggregate-size distributions. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 67, 425-436.
68. Zobeck, T.M., 1991a. Soil properties affecting wind erosion. J. Soil Water Conserv. 46, 112-118.
69. Zobeck, T.M., 1991b. Abrasion of crusted soils: Infl uence of abrader flux and soil properties. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 55, 1091-1097.
70. Zobeck, T.M., D.W. Fryrear, 1986a. Chemical and physical characteristics of windblown sediment. I. Quantities and physical characteristics. Trans. ASAE, 29, 1032-1036.
71. Zobeck, T.M., D.W. Fryrear, 1986b. Chemical and physical characteristics of windblown sediment. II. Chemical characteristics and total soil and nutrient discharge. Trans. ASAE, 29, 1037-1041.