THE EXPANSION OF POST-SECULAR INFLUENCE BY CHRISTIAN DENOMINATIONS SUCH AS CHRISTIAN ZIONISTS

Öz

This research work discusses the various ideas on, and various roles of Christian belief that affect communities, national and international policies. To do this, initially the origins and characteristics of phenomena such as; secularism, post-secular era, de-secularization have been briefly examined with the help of various scholars’ perspectives. Following these, the next step has been to share knowledge to understand the topics focused, Christian denominations such as Evangelicalism and Christian Zionism. The historical background and the development processes of these denominations have been briefly reviewed. Lastly, the third chapter have been formulated by examining the developments regarding the contemporary roles of these Christian denominations, with the perspectives, constructed by the information from the first two chapters. As a result of these evaluations; today it can be argued that the Enlightenment’s restrictive effects on church and religion’s influence on public sphere, seem not much that prevailing in some fields within aforementioned societies and their politics.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Secular,De-secular,Post-secular,Christian Zionism,Evangelicalism,Evangelism,Pentecostalism,Religious Expansionism.

HIRİSTİYAN SİYONİZMİ GİBİ HIRİSTİYAN MEZHEPLERİNİN POST-SEKÜLER ETKİ YAYILIMI

Öz

Bu araştırma çalışmasıyla; toplumları, ulusal ve uluslararası politikaları etkileyen Hıristiyan inancı üzerine çeşitli düşünceler ve çeşitli roller tartışılmıştır. Bu amaçla öncelikle sekülerleşme, post-seküler çağ ve de-sekülerleşme gibi olguların kökeni ve özellikleri çeşitli bilim insanlarının perspektiflerinden yardım alınarak kısaca incelenmiştir. Devamında sonraki aşamayı; odak konuları olarak Evangelikalizm ve Hıristiyan Siyonizmi gibi Hıristiyan mezheplerini anlamaya yönelik bilgi paylaşımı oluşturmuştur. Bu Hıristiyan mezheplerinin tarihi arka planı ve gelişim süreçleri kısaca ele alınmıştır. Son olarak, ilk iki bölüm bilgileriyle inşa edilen perspektiflerle bahse konu Hıristiyan mezheplerinin güncel rollerine ilişkin incelemelerle son bölüm oluşturulmuştur. Bu değerlendirmelerin sonucunda günümüzde; Aydınlanmanın kilise ve dinin kamusal alandaki tesirini kısıtlayıcılı etkilerinin, çeşitli alanlarda bahse konu toplumlar ve politikaları için o kadar da geçerli gözükmediği iddia edilebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Seküler,De-seküler,Post-seküler,Hıristiyan Siyonizmi,Evanjelikalizm,Evanjelizm,Pentekostalizm

Kaynakça

1. Aldrovandi, C. (2011) “Theo-Politics in the Holy Land: Christian Zionism and Jewish Religious Zionism”, Religion Compass 5/4: 114–128, 10.1111/j.1749-8171.2011.00267.x
2. Anderson, I. H. (2005) “Biblical Interpretation and Middle East Policy: The Promised Land, America, and Israel, 1917–2002”, Gainseville: University Press of Florida.
3. Areshidze, G. (2017) “Taking Religion Seriously? Habermas on Religious Translation and Cooperative Learning in Post-secular Society”, American Political Science Review 111, 4, 724–737 doi:10.1017/S0003055417000338
4. Bebbington, D. (1989) “Evangelicalism in Modern Britain: A history from the 1730s to the 1980s”, London: Unwin & Hyman.
5. Berger, P. L. (1999) “The Desecularization of the World: A Global Overview.”, The Desecularization of the World: Resurgent Religion and World Politics, Washington, DC: Ethics and Public Center; Grand Rapids; MI: W. B. Eerdmans Pub. Co.
6. Bowman, M. (2011) “The Urban Pulpit: Evangelicals And The City In New York, 1880-1930”, Georgetown University, Washington DC, Available at: https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/bitstream/handle/10822/553119/bowmanMatthew.pdf;sequence=1 26.11.18
7. Brown, T. (2013) “Evangelism for Today's Church”, International Congregational Journal, 12.1, ISSN 1472-2089
8. Brown, W., J. Butler & S. Mahmood (2013) ‘Preface, 2014’ in Is Critique Secular? Blasphemy, Injury, and Free Speech, New York: Fordham University Press, pp. ix–x.

9. Bush, A. F. (2009) “The Implications of Christian Zionism for Mission”, International Bulletin of Missionary Research, Vol. 33, No. 3, Available at: http://www.internationalbulletin.org/issues/2009-03/2009-03-144-bush.pdf 03.12.18
10. Byrd, D. J. (2017) “Islam in a Post-Secular Society: Religion, Secularity and the Antagonism of Recalcitrant Faith”, Boston, Brill, isbn 978-90-04-32855-6.
11. Carpenedo, M. (2018) “Between Christianity and Judaism?: The Rise of ‘Judaising Evangelicalism’ in Brazil”, University of Edinburgh, School of Divinity, Center For the Study of World Christianity, Available at: http://www.cswc.div.ed.ac.uk/2018/03/between-christianity-and-judaism-the-rise-of-judaising-evangelicalism-in-brazil/ 04.12.18
12. Casanova, J. (2011) “The Secular, Secularizations, Secularisms” in C. Calhoun et al. (eds) Rethinking Secularism, Oxford University Press, p. 70.
13. Challand, B. (2014) “De-Secularization in Europe and the Consequences for the Nexus Human Rights- Religion in the Middle East”, Human Rights, Volume 9 , Numbers 1,2, (Summer 2014, Winter2015), 19-46.
14. Channel 4 News (2018) “Finding God in Jail”, Unreported World, Available at: https://www.facebook.com/Channel4/videos/vb.273250047329/278612889668182/?type=2&theater 09.12.18
15. Chapman, M. W. (2016) “Polish Bishops and President Duda Declare Christ King of Poland”, CNS News Blog, Available at: https://www.cnsnews.com/blog/michael-w-chapman/polish-bishops-and-president-duda-declare-christ-king-poland 04.12.18
16. Chetty, I. G. (2014) “The New Apostolic Reformation and Christian Zionism”, Journal for the Study of Religion , Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 297-312, Association for the Study of Religion in Southern Africa, https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/24799454 29.11.18
17. Clark, V. (2007) “Allies for Armageddon: The Rise of Christian Zionism”, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
18. Connoly, W. E. (2005) “The Evangelical-Capitalist Resonance Machine”, Political Theory, Vol. 33, No. 6, pp. 869-886, Sage Publications, Inc., https://www.jstor.org/stable/30038467
19. Costa, A. (2015) “Habermas On Religion In The Public Sphere: A Post-Secular Conservative Critique”, Trinity Western University, Available at: https://www8.twu.ca/library/theses/388834_pdf_404044_8BB2AF28-67A5-11E5-982B-6FC24D662D30_costa_a.pdf 22.11.2018
20. Crowley, Dale (1996-1997), “Errors and Deceptions of Dispensational Teachings”, Capital Hill Voice.
21. Davidson, L. (2010) “Book Review: Christian Zionism and the Formulation of Foreign Policy”, The Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations, Diplomatic History, Vol. 34, No. 3 Wiley Periodicals.
22. Delgado, V.T. (2017) “Embodying Religiosities and Subjectivities: The Responses of Young Spanish Muslims to Violence and Terrorism in the Name of Islam”, in eds. Mapril, J., Blanes, R., Giumbelli, E., Wilson, E., K., Secularisms in a Postsecular Age, Palgrave Macmillan.
23. Doerr, E. (1998) “Desecularization”, The Humanist, July/August 1998.
24. Doleac, C. (2014) “Evangelists in Brazil: A Major Political Force?”, Washington Report on the Hemisphere, Vol.34, No 19, Council on Hemispheric Affairs, www.coha.org
25. Du Toit, P.La.G., (2017), “The Radical New Perspective on Paul, Messianic Judaism and their connection to Christian Zionism”, HTS Teologiese Studies/Theological Studies 73(3), 4603. https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v73i3.4603
26. Fea, J. (2018) “How Trump captured the white evangelical vote, The fear sweepstakes”, Christian Century, Christian Century Foundation.
27. Fink, S. (2014) “Fear Under Construction: Islamophobia Within American Christian Zionism”, Islamophobia Studies Journal, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 26-43, Published by: Pluto Journals, DOI: 10.13169/islastudj.2.1.0026
28. Finney, M.T. (2016) Christian Zionism, the US and the Middle East: A Sketch and Brief Analysis. In: Sandford, M., (ed.) The Bible, Zionism and Palestine: The Bible's Role in Conflict and Liberation in Israel-Palestine. Bible in Effect, 1 . Relegere Academic Press , Dunedin, New Zealand , pp. 20-31. ISBN 978-0-473-33279-2 Available at: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/110543/1/Finney%2C%20BZP%20paper%2C%202016.pdf 27.11.18
29. Fırıncı, Y. (2017) “Post-Liberal, Post-Truth Era Observations On Religion Politics”, Diplomatic Observer, Issue: 114, Ankara.
30. Forero, J. (2012). “Colombian Evangelical Christians Convert to Judaism, Embracing Hidden Past”, The Washington Post, Available at: https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/from-colombian-evangelicals-to-jews-in-region-with-a-hidden-jewish-past/2012/11/23/04889712-2f2f-11e2-af17-67abba0676e2_story.html?utm_term=.24e8e31ee7ef 04.12.18
31. Furani, K. (2014) “Is There a Postsecular?”, Journal of the American Academy of Religion, March 2015, Vol. 83, No. 1, pp. 1–26 doi:10.1093/jaarel/lfu082
32. Habermas, J. (2008) “Notes on a Post-secular Society”, Available at: http://www.signandsight.com/features/1714.html 20.11.18
33. Harvard University (2018) “African Derived Religions in Brazil” Harvard Divinity School, Available at: https://rlp.hds.harvard.edu/faq/african-derived-religions-brazil, 04.12.18
34. Hitchcock, M. (2002) “The Coming Islamic Invasion of Israel”, Oklahoma: Hearthstone Publishing.
35. Horsman, R. (1981) “Race and Manifest Destiny: Origins of American Racial Anglo-Saxonism”, Cambridge, Mass.:Harvard University Press, 3–5.
36. Huggler, J. (2018) “German interior minister declares 'Islam does not belong' in the country”, The Telegraph News, Available at: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/03/16/german-interior-minister-declares-islam-does-not-belong-country/ 04.12.18
37. Jerusalem Decleration on Christian Zionism (2006) The Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem, the Syriac Orthodox Archdiocese of Jerusalem, then Anglican Bishop in Jerusalem of the Episcopal Church in Jerusalem and the Middle East and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Jordan and the Holy Land, "Christians Together in the Highands and Islands", Available at: https://www.christianstogether.net/Publisher/File.aspx?ID=20700 02.12.18
38. Jewdokimow, M. (2015) “From The Secular To The Post-Secular. The Place Of Religion in the Local Public Sphere in The Context Of Monasteries in Poland – A Case Study”, Ciências da Religião: história e sociedade, São Paulo, v. 13, n. 1, p. 226-240, Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289238897_From_the_secular_to_the_post-secular_The_place_of_religion_in_the_local_public_sphere_in_the_context_of_monasteries_in_Poland_-_a_case_study 18.11.18.
39. Kaemingk, M. (2018) “Trump is also baiting Christians with his anti-Muslim videos”, Religion News Service, Available at: https://religionnews.com/2017/12/01/trump-is-also-baiting-christians-with-his-anti-muslim-videos/ 04.12.18
40. Karpov, V. (2010) “Desecularization: A Conceptual Framework”, Journal of Church and State, vol. 52 no. 2, pages 232–270; doi:10.1093/jcs/csq058.
41. Khan, A. A. (2018) “Understanding the Christian Zionism: Zionists Corrupted Christianity Theology – Dispensationalism, Part 2 “, Defence Journal, Vol. 21, Iss. 8, Asianet Pakistan, Karachi.
42. Kirkpatrick, D. D. (2006) “For Evangelicals, Supporting Israel Is ‘God’s Foreign Policy,’” New York Times, November 14, 2006.
43. Kiss, D. (2015) “Desecularisation in Postcommunist Romania”, Belvedere Meridionale, vol. 27, no. 1, 27–37. Pp.
44. Levine, D. H. (2008) “Conclusion: Evangelicals and Democracy- the Experience of Latin America in Context” in Freston, P., Evangelical Christianity and Democracy in Latin America, Oxford University Press USA.
45. Levy, Y. (2018) “Theorizing Desecularization of the Military: The United States and Israel”, Armed Forces & Society, 1-24, DOI: 10.1177/0095327X18806516
46. Marty, E. M. & E. Clifford Nelson, James C. Spalding, Roland H. Bainton, W. Owen Chadwick (2018) “Protestantism” Encyclopedia Britannica, Available at: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Protestantism 26.11.18 Mavelli, L. & Petito, L. (2012) “The Postsecular in International Relations: An Overview”, Review of International Studies, 38(5): 931–942.
47. McLaughlin, D. (2018) “Ukraine set for church independence despite Russia's warnings”, The Irish Times, Available at: https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/ukraine-set-for-church-independence-despite-russia-s-warnings-1.3660595 05.12.18
48. Meisenberg, G. (2011) “Secularization and Desecularization in Our Time”, Journal of Social, Political and Econimic Studies, Vol. 36, No:3.
49. Mesoudi, A. (2009) “How Cultural Evolutionary Theory Can Inform Social Psychology And Vice Versa, Psychological Review, 116: 929-952.
50. Michaels, R. (2018) “Banning Burqas: The Perspective Of Postsecular Comparative Law”, Duke Journal Of Comparative & International Law, Vol 28, Available at: https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1518&context=djcil 05.12.18
51. Muggah, R. (2017). “In Brazil, religious gang leaders say they’re waging a holy war”, The Conversation, Available at: https://theconversation.com/in-brazil-religious-gang-leaders-say-theyre-waging-a-holy-war-86097 04.12.18
52. Nord, R. (2018) “Photo of Brazil President-Elect Bolsonaro’s Sons Wearing IDF and Mossad Shirts Goes Viral”, MPN News, Available at: https://www.mintpressnews.com/grim-sign-bolsonaro-sons-mossad-idf-shirts-signal-pro-apartheid-fascist-tide-brazil/251489/ 04.12.18
53. Phillips, C. A. (2014) “Theo-political Visions Post-secular Politics and Messianic Discourse”, Ecclesiology, 10, 337-354, DOI: 10.1163/17455316-01003003
54. Phillips, D. (2015). “Afro-Brazilian religions struggle against Evangelical hostility”, The Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/afro-brazilian-religions-struggle-against-evangelical-hostility/2015/02/05/b6a30c6e-aaf9-11e4-8876-460b1144cbc1_story.html?utm_term=.e0556634817d, 04.12.18
55. Protestant.co.uk, (2018) “Chart of Protestant Denominations”, Available at: http://protestantism.co.uk/denominations 26.11.18
56. Rood, J.M. & Paul W. Rood (2011) “Is Christian Zionism Based On Bad Theology?”, Cultural Encounters 7 (2011): 37-48. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262827966_Is_Christian_Zionism_Based_on_Bad_Theology 27.11.18
57. Ross, A. R. (2018) “U.S. Evangelicals and Nazi Political Theory Behind Brazil's President-in-waiting”, Haaretz, Available at: https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/.premium-hitler-in-brasilia-the-u-s-evangelicals-and-nazi-political-theory-behind-bolsonaro-1.6581924 04.12.18
58. S.A. Jamieson, (1916) “The Second Coming of Christ,” Weekly Evangel 128 (February 26, 1916): 6.
59. Salvatore, A. (2005) “The Euro-Islamic Roots of Secularity: A Difficult Equation”, Asian Journal of Social Science, 33: 412-437.
60. Schevel, B. (2014) “What Is “Postsecular” About Global Political Discourse”, The Review of Faith & International Affairs, Volume 12, Issue 4, DOI: 10.1080/15570274.2014.976088 Severance, D. (2010) “Era of the Evangelist”, Christianity.com, Available at: https://www.christianity.com/church/church-history/timeline/1801-1900/era-of-the-evangelist-11630566.html 08.12.18.
61. Shipps, J. (1987) “Mormonism: The Story of a New Religious Tradition”, Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
62. Shubert, A. & Judith Vonberg, (2008) “Crosses go up in public buildings across Bavaria as new law takes effect”, CNN World, Available at: https://edition.cnn.com/2018/05/31/europe/bavaria-germany-crosses-public-buildings-intl/index.html 04.12.18
63. Singleton, A. (2011) “The rise and fall of the Pentecostals; The role and significance of the body in Pentecostal spirituality”, Scripta Instituti Donneriani Aboensis, 23: 381-99, Available at: https://journal.fi/scripta/article/view/67396/27693 26.11.18
64. Sizer, S. R. (2002) “The promised land: a critical investigation of Evangelical Christian Zionism in Britain and the United States of America since 1800”, Middlesex University, Available at: https://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/6403/1/Sizer-promised_land.phd.pdf 26.11.2018
65. Spector, S. (2009) “Evangelical and Israel, the Story of American Christian Zionism”, Oxford: OUP.
66. Sturm, T. (2017) “Christian Zionism as Religious Nationalism Par Excellence”, Brown Journal of World Affairs, volume xxiv, issue 1, Available at: https://pure.qub.ac.uk/portal/files/137216402/Sturm_ReadyForLayout.pdf 28.11.18
67. Swomley, M. J. (1968) “Religion, the State and the Schools”, New York, Pegasus.
68. Wagner, D. (1995) “Anxious for Armageddon”, Scottdate, Pennsylvania, Herald, p 109.
69. Weithman, P.J. (2002) “Religion and the Obligations of Citizenship” Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
70. Williams, J. (2015) “The Pentecostalization of Christian Zionism”, Church History 84:1, 159–194, American Society of Church History, doi:10.1017/S0009640714001747
71. Wilson, E.K., May, S., Baumgart-Oshse, C. & Sheikh, F. (2014) “The Religious as Political and the Political as Religious: Globalisation, Post-Secularism and the Shifting Boundaries of the Sacred”, Politics, Religion & Ideology, Vol. 15, No. 3, 331–346, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21567689.2014.948526
72. Winandy, J.(2015) “Religious citizens’ in Post-secular democracies: A critical assessment of the debate on the use of religious argument in public discourse”, Philosophy and Social Criticism, Vol. 41(8), 837–852, Sage Publications, DOI: 10.1177/0191453714566484
73. Zimmerman, L. (2007) “A Night to Honor Israel?: Christian Zionism and Jewish Community”, Jews on the First, Available at: http://www.jewsonfirst.org/07b/zimmerman.pdf 26.11.18
74. Severance, D. (2010) “Era of the Evangelist”, Christianity.com, Available at: https://www.christianity.com/church/churchhistory/timeline/1801-1900/era-of-the-evangelist-11630566.html 08.12.18.
75. Mavelli, L. & Petito, L. (2012) “The Postsecular in International Relations: An Overview”, Review of International Studies, 38(5): 931–942.