Ripe and Unripe Fig Extracts Modulate Cytotoxicity, Invasion, and Apoptosis in Colorectal Cancer Cells

Zeynep Doğru; Mehmet Akbulut; Hüsamettin Vatansev; Serdar Karakurt

doi:10.35229/jaes.1781543

TR EN

Olgun ve Ham İncir Ekstrelerinin Kolorektal Kanser Hücrelerinde Sitotoksisite, İnvazyon ve Apoptoz Üzerindeki Düzenleyici Etkileri

Öz

Kolorektal kanser (CRC), en ölümcül malignitelerden biri olmaya devam etmekte ve yeni terapötik stratejilere duyulan ihtiyacı ortaya koymaktadır. Ficus carica L. (incir) tıbbi özellikleriyle bilinse de CRC hücreleri üzerindeki etkileri yeterince araştırılmamıştır. Bu çalışmada olgun ve ham incir ekstrelerinin sitotoksik, anti-invaziv ve apoptotik aktiviteleri incelenmiştir. Metanol ve su ekstreleri toplam fenolik madde içeriği ve antioksidan kapasite açısından analiz edilmiştir. CRC hücreleri (HT-29 ve DLD-1) üzerindeki sitotoksisite Alamar Blue testi ile değerlendirilmiş, normal hücre kontrolü olarak PNT1A prostat epitel hücreleri kullanılmıştır. Hücre invazyonu Matrigel kaplı transwell odacıkları ile, apoptoz akış sitometrisi ile, moleküler değişiklikler ise Bax, Bcl-2 ve NF-κB’yi hedefleyen qRT-PCR ve Western blot yöntemleri ile incelenmiştir. Ham-metanol ekstresi en yüksek fenolik içerik ve antioksidan aktivite göstermesine rağmen sınırlı sitotoksisite sergilemiştir. Buna karşılık olgun-su ekstresi CRC hücrelerinde proliferasyonu baskılarken normal hücreleri korumuştur. Bu ekstre DLD-1 hücrelerinde invazyonu inhibe etmiş, ancak HT-29 hücrelerinde artırmıştır. Apoptoz HT-29 hücrelerinde belirgin şekilde indüklenmezken, DLD-1 hücrelerinde orta düzeyde artış göstermiştir. Gen ve protein düzeyinde elde edilen veriler, apoptotik ve inflamatuvar belirteçlerin ekstraktlara bağlı olarak modüle edildiğini, ancak mRNA ile protein düzeyleri arasında bazı tutarsızlıklar bulunduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Genel olarak bu bulgular, incir ekstrelerinin terapötik potansiyelini ve biyoaktiviteyi belirlemede olgunlaşma evresi ile çözücü seçiminin önemini vurgulamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ficus carica , kolorektal kanser , apoptoz , invazyon , antioksidan aktivite

Ripe and Unripe Fig Extracts Modulate Cytotoxicity, Invasion, and Apoptosis in Colorectal Cancer Cells

Abstract

Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains one of the deadliest malignancies, underscoring the need for novel therapeutic strategies. Ficus carica L. (fig) has recognized medicinal properties, yet its effects on CRC cells are insufficiently studied. This research examined the cytotoxic, anti-invasive, and apoptotic activities of ripe and unripe fig extracts. Methanol and water extracts were analyzed for total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity. Cytotoxicity against HT-29 and DLD-1 CRC cells was assessed with the Alamar Blue assay, using PNT1A prostate epithelial cells as non-malignant controls. Cell invasion was tested in Matrigel-coated transwell chambers, apoptosis by flow cytometry, and molecular changes by qRT-PCR and Western blot targeting Bax, Bcl-2, and NF-κB. The unripe-methanol extract showed the highest phenolic content and antioxidant activity but limited cytotoxicity. Conversely, the ripe-water extract suppressed CRC cell proliferation while sparing normal cells. It inhibited invasion in DLD-1 but increased it in HT-29. Apoptosis was not markedly induced in HT-29, though DLD-1 cells showed moderate increases. Gene and protein expression suggested extract-dependent modulation of apoptotic and inflammatory markers, with some discrepancies between mRNA and protein levels. Overall, these findings highlight the therapeutic promise of fig extracts and the influence of ripening stage and solvent choice.

Keywords

Ficus carica , colorectal cancer , apoptosis , invasion , antioxidant activity

Kaynakça

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Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Veteriner Biyokimya

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yazarlar

Zeynep Doğru ^*
0000-0001-7115-3360
Türkiye

Mehmet Akbulut
0000-0001-5621-8293
Türkiye

Hüsamettin Vatansev
0000-0002-0230-3414
Türkiye

Serdar Karakurt
0000-0002-4449-6103
Türkiye

Erken Görünüm Tarihi

30 Kasım 2025

Yayımlanma Tarihi

30 Kasım 2025

Gönderilme Tarihi

11 Eylül 2025

Kabul Tarihi

28 Kasım 2025

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2025 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 6

DOI

https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.1781543

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA49RA83GF

APA

Doğru, Z., Akbulut, M., Vatansev, H., & Karakurt, S. (2025). Ripe and Unripe Fig Extracts Modulate Cytotoxicity, Invasion, and Apoptosis in Colorectal Cancer Cells. Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences, 10(6), 1020-1030. https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.1781543

JAES, 2016- 11.yıl

Olgun ve Ham İncir Ekstrelerinin Kolorektal Kanser Hücrelerinde Sitotoksisite, İnvazyon ve Apoptoz Üzerindeki Düzenleyici Etkileri

Öz

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ripe and Unripe Fig Extracts Modulate Cytotoxicity, Invasion, and Apoptosis in Colorectal Cancer Cells

Abstract

Keywords

Kaynakça

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

Konular

Bölüm

Yazarlar

Erken Görünüm Tarihi

Yayımlanma Tarihi

Gönderilme Tarihi

Kabul Tarihi

Yayımlandığı Sayı

DOI

IZ

Kaynak Göster