The Global Problem of the Antibiotic and Heavy Metal Resistance in Aquatic Resources, An examination of Gelevera Creek (Giresun), Turkey

Yıl 2021, , 382 - 389, 28.09.2021

Hakan Işık , Tamer Akkan

https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.960110

Cited By: 3

Öz

In this study is to determine the current heavy metal and antibiotic resistance levels of isolates taken from the Gelevera Creek (Giresun). For this purpose, surface water and sediment were collected monthly from four different stations starting from April 2017 and ending in March 2018. After the Gr (-) and Gr (+) bacteria isolation in selective media, the 325 isolated were tested for their resistance against 4 different heavy metals. The resistance levels of these 325 bacteria against to cadmium, copper, lead and manganese heavy metals were detected respectively as 89.0%, 60.16%, 33.0%, 29.8% (Cd > Cu > Pb > Mn). The 82 isolates with high resistance against heavy metals in each station were also tested for their resistance against antibiotics. The levels of resistance against antibiotics of these isolated strains were found respectively as follows: cefazolin: 69.6%, cefuroxime: 59.4%, nalidixic acid: 51.7%, ampicillin: 46.0%, cefotaxime: 39.1%, meropenem: 31.4%, amikacin: 21.7%, erythromycin: 13.0%, and chloramphenicol: 3.3%. In our study, two isolates with high antibiotic and heavy metal, using the Vitek-II Compact System were identified as Serratia marcenscens (99%) and Enterococcus avium (91%). Furthermore, the multiple antibiotic resistance levels (MAR) of all isolates are 80,5%. The results indicate that the isolates taken from the Gelevera Creek (Giresun) were found to be extremely resistant against commercially used antibiotics and heavy metals, and this shows that there is antibiotic and heavy metal contamination in drinking water reserves.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Antibiotic, Heavy Metal, Resistance

Su Kaynaklarında Antibiyotik ve Ağır Metal Direncinin Küresel Sorunu, Gelevera Deresi’nin İncelemesi (Giresun, Türkiye)

Öz

Bu çalışmada, Gelevera Deresi (Giresun)'nden izole edilen bakterilerin mevcut antibiyotik ve ağır metal direnç düzeylerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla, Gelevera Deresi'ndeki dört istasyondan alınan yüzey suyu ve sediment örnekleri Nisan 2017-Mart 2018’a kadar aylık olarak toplanmıştır. Seçici bir şekilde Gr (-) ve Gr (+) bakteri izolasyonun ardından izole edilmiş olan 325 bakterinin 4 farklı ağır metale karşı direnç düzeyleri tespit edilmiştir. Toplam izole edilen 325 bakterinin kadminyum, bakır, kurşun ve manganez ağır metallerine direnç düzeyleri % ifadesiyle sırasıyla; %89,0, %60,16, %33,0, %29,8 (Cd >Cu >Pb >Mn) olarak tespit edilmiştir. Her bir istasyonda ağır metal direnç düzeyleri yüksek olan izolatların ilaveten antibiyotik direnç düzeyleri de saptanmıştır. İzole edilen bu suşların antibiyotik direnç düzeyleri sırasıyla; sefazolin: %69,6, sefuroksim: %59,4, nalidiksik asit: %51,7, amfisilin: %46,0, sefotaksim: %39,1, meropenem: %31,4, amikasin: %21,7, eritromisin: %13,0 ve kloramfenikol: %3,3 olarak saptanmıştır. Araştırmamızda antibiyotik ve ağır metal direnç düzeyi yüksek olan iki izolat Vitek-II Kompakt Sistem ile identifiye edilerek Serratia marcencens (%99) ve Enterococcus avium (%91) olarak tanımlanmıştır. Ayrıca yüzey suyu örneği izolatlarındaki çoklu antibiyotik direnç değeri (ÇAD) oranının %80,5’ olduğu belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak bu çalışmada Gelevera Deresi (Giresun)'nden izole edilen izolatların ticari olarak kullanılan antibiyotiklere ve ağır metallere karşı yüksek düzeyde direnç gösterdiği ve bu durumun içme suyu kaynakları üzerinde antibiyotik ve ağır metal kirliliğinin olduğunu göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Antibiyotik, Ağır Metal, Direnç

Kaynakça

• Aali, R., Nikaeen, M., Khanahmad, H. & Hassanzadeh, A. (2014). Monitoring and Comparison of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and Their Resistance Genes in Municipal and Hospital Wastewaters. International Journal of Preventive Medicine. 5: 887–894.
• Abbott, S. (1999). Klebsiella , Enterobacter , Citrobacter ve Serratia , s. 475-482.
• Acharya, K.P. & Wilson, R.T. (2019) Antimicrobial Resistance in Nepal. Frontiers Medicine, 6, 105. https://doi.org/10.3389 /fmed.2019.00105.
• Aiking, H., Stinamn, A., Van-Ganderen, C., Van-Heerikhuizen, H. & Vant-Riet, J. (1984). Inorganic phosphate accumulation and cadmium detoxification in Klebsiella aerogenes NCTC 418 growing in continuous culture. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 47:374–377. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.47.2.374-377.1984
• Akkan, T. (2017). Antibiotic resistance case study: Enterobacteriaceae isolated from Batlama Creek in Giresun, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology, 5(8): 969-972. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v5i8.969-972.1262 Alam, M.Z., Ahmad, S. & Malik, A. (2011) Prevalence of heavy metal resistance in bacteria isolated from tannery effluents and affected soil, Environ. Monit. Assess., 178: 281–291. doi: 10.1007/s10661-010-1689-8
• Alanso, A., Sanchez, P. & Martinez, JL. (2001). Environmental selection of antibiotic resistance genes. Environmental Microbiology, 3,(1–9). https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1462-2920.2001.00161.x
• Aljanaby, A. A. J. & Aljanaby, I. A. J. (2018). Prevalence of aerobic pathogenic bacteria isolated from patients with burn infection and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in Al-Najaf City, Iraq-a three-year cross-sectional study. F1000Research, 7(1157), 1157. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.15088.1
• Altuğ, G. & Balkış, N. (2009). Tortu ve deniz suyunda bazı toksik elementlerin seviyeleri ve bakteriyel ağır metal direncinin sıklığı. Çevresel izleme ve değerlendirme, 149 (1), 61-69 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-008-0183-z
• Andersson, D. I., Balaban, N. Q., Baquero, F., Courvalin, P., Glaser, P., Gophna, U. & Tønjum, T. (2020). Antibiotic resistance: turning evolutionary principles into clinical reality. FEMS Microbiology Reviews. 44(2), 171-188. https://doi.org/10.1093/femsre/fuaa001
• Anonim, (2007). Water Quality Outlook. UNEP Global Environment Monitoring System (GEMS)/Water Programme Office, http://esa.un.org/iys/docs/san_lib_docs/water_quality_outlook.pdf.
• Anonim, (2014). World Health Organization. Antimicrobial Resistance Global Report on Surveillance. France. http://www.who.int/drugresistance/documents/surveillancereport/en/ (Erisim Tarihi: 09.12.2019).
• APHA, (1992). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 18th ed. APHA, Washington, DC. https://law.resource.org/pub/us/cfr/ibr/002/apha.method.9221.1992.pdf
• Baquero, F., Martínez, J. L. & Cantó, R. (2008). Antibiotics and antibiotic resistance in water environments. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 19, 260–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2008.05.06
• Bauer, A.W., Kirby, W.M.M., Sherris, J.C. & Turck, M. (1966). Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method. Am. J. Clin. Path., 45, 493-496. https://asm.org/ASM/media/docs/105bauer.pdf
• DESA, U. (2018). The sustainable development goals report 2018. United Nations. https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/files/report/2018/TheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsReport2018-EN.pdf
• Di Cesare, A., Eckert, E. M., Teruggi, A., Fontaneto, D., Bertoni, R., Callieri, C. & Corno, G. (2015). Constitutive presence of antibiotic resistance genes within the bacterial community of a large subalpine lake. Molecular Ecology, 24, 3888–3900. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.13293
• Dweba, C.C., Zishiri, O.T. & El Zowalaty, M.E. (2019). Isolation and molecular identification of virulence, antimicrobial and heavy metal resistance genes in livestock associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Pathogens, 8(2), 79. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens8020079
• Ekundayo, T. C. & Okoh, A. I. (2020). Tatlı suda antimikrobiyal direnç Plesiomonas shigelloides izolatları: Çevre kirliliği ve risk değerlendirmesi için çıkarımlar. Çevre Kirliliği, 257, 113493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113493
• Güler, C. & Cobanoğlu, Z. (1994). “Su Kirliliği, Çevre Sağlığı Temel Kaynak Dizisi” No:12, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Sağlık Bakanlığı, Sağlık Projesi Genel Koordinatörlüğü, TC. Sağlık Bakanlığı Temel Sağlık Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü, ISBN 975-7572-60-8, Ankara.
• Hassen, A., Saidi, N., Cherif, M. & Boudabous, A. (1998). Resistance of Environmental bacteria to heavy metals. Bioresource Technology, 64(1): 7-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(97)00161-2
• Hayder, T. & Aljanaby, A. A. J. (2019). Genotypic Characterization of Antimicrobial Resistance-Associated Genes in Citrobacter Freundii Isolated from Patients with Urinary Tract Infection in Al-Najaf Governorate-Iraq. OnLine Journal of Biological Sciences, 19(2), 132 145. https://doi.org/10.3844/ojbsci.2019.132.145
• Kadhum, H. A. & Hasan, T. H. (2019). The Study of Bacillus Subtils Antimicrobial Activity on Some of the Pathological Isolates. International Journal of Drug Delivery Technology, 9(02), 193-196. DOİ: 10.25258/ijddt.9.2.12
• Kır, I., Tekin Ozan, S. & Tuncay, Y. (2007). Kovada Gölü’nün su ve sedimentindeki bazı ağır metallerin mevsimsel değişimi. Ege Universitesi Su Ürünleri Dergisi, 24(1-2): 155-158. Krumperman, P.H. (1985). Multiple antibiotic resistance indexing of Escherichia coli to identify high-risk sources of fecal contamination of foods. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 46, 165- 170. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.46.1.165-170.1983
• Kumarasamy, K .K., Toleman, M. A., Walsh, T. R., Bagaria, J., Butt, F. & et al. (2010). Emergence of a new antibiotic resistance mechanism in India, Pakistan, and the UK: a molecular, biological, and epidemiological study. Lancet Infect Dis 10: 597-602. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(10)70143-2
• Lawa, (1998). Bewertung der Wasserbeschaffenheit von Fliesgewa¨ssern in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland echemische Gewa¨ssergu¨teklassifikation. Berlin: Kulturbuchverlag Berlin GmbH, pp. 51-54.
• Marinescu, F., Chifiriuc, M.C., Marutescu, L., Ilie, M., Savin, I., Anghel, A.M. & Marcu, E. (2017). Prevalence of heavy metal and antibiotic resistance in bacterial isolates from wastewater and receiving aquatic environments. Biointerface Research in Applied Chemistry, 7(5): 2140-2144.
• Nadimpalli, M. L., Marks, S. J., Montealegre, M. C., Gilman, R. H., Pajuelo, M. J., Saito, M., Tsukayama, P., Njenga, S. M., Kiiru, J., Swarthout, J., Islam, M. A., Julian ,T. R. & Pickering, A. J. (2020). Nat. Microbiol, 5, (6), 787 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-020-0722-0
• Nies, D.H. & Silver, S. (1995). Ion efflux systems involved in bacterial metal resistances. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 14(2), 186-199.
• Pal, C., Asiani, K., Arya, S., Rensing, C., Stekel, D. J., Larsson, D. G. J. & Hobman, J. L. (2017). Metal resistance and its association with antibiotic resistance. Advances in microbial physiology, 70, 261-313. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.ampbs.2017.02.001
• Rizvi, A., Ahmed, B., Zaidi, A. & Khan, M. S. (2019). Heavy metal mediated phytotoxic impact on winter wheat: oxidative stress and microbial management of toxicity by Bacillus subtilis BM2. – Royale Society of Chemistry Advances 9(11): 6125-6142. DOI: 10.1039/C9RA00333A
• Sahin, F. (2018). Kilis Icme Suyu Kaynaklarında Fekal Koliform Duzeyinin Belirlenmesi ve Coklu Antibiyotik Direncliligi. Kilis 7 Aralık Universitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitusu, Yuksek Lisans Tezi. [inTurkish]
• Samanta, A., Bera, P., Khatun, M., Sinha, C., Pal, P., Lalee, A. & Mandal, A. (2012). An investigation on heavy metal tolerance and antibiotic resistance properties of bacterial strain Bacillus sp. isolated from municipal waste. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology Research, 2(1), 178-189.
• Sipahi, N., Mutlu, C. & Akkan, T. (2013). Giresun ilinde tuketime sunulan bazı balıklardan izole edilen Enterobacteriaceae üyelerinin antibiyotik ve agır metal direnclilik duzeyleri. Gıda Dergisi, 38(6): 343-349. [inTurkish] doi: 10.5505/gida.2013.55264
• Sivri, N., Sandalli, C., Ozgumus, O.B., Colakoglu, F. & Dogan, D. (2012). Antibiotic resistance profiles of enteric bacteria isolated from Kucukcekmece Lagoon (Istanbul-Turkey). Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 12(3): 699-707. DOI: 10.4194/1303-2712-v12_3_19
• Stock, I., Grueger, T. & Wiedemann, B. (2003). Natural antibiotic susceptibility of strains of Serratia marcescens and the S. liquefaciens complex: S. liquefaciens sensu stricto, S. proteamaculans and S. grimesii. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 22: 35-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-8579(02)00163-2
• Topkaraoglu, T. (2018). Tatlısu Kaynaklarımızdaki Escherichia coli İzolatlarının Antibiyotik Direnc Duzeylerinin Belirlenmesi: Batlama Deresi, Giresun. Giresun Universitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitusu, Yüksek Lisans Tezi. [inTurkish] https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.650210
• Turetken, P.S.C., Altug, G., Cardak, M. & Gunes, K. (2019). Bacteriological quality, heavy metal and antibiotic resistance in Sapanca Lake, Turkey. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 191(7): 469. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7588-8
• Waglechner, N. & Wright, G. D. (2017). Antibiotic resistance: it’s bad, but why isn’t it worse?. BMC biology, 15(1), 1-8. DOI 10.1186/s12915-017-0423-1
• Yarsan, E., Bilgili, A. & Turel, I. (2000). Van Gölü’nden toplanan midye (Uniostevenianus Krynicki) örneklerindeki ağır metal düzeyleri. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 24(1): 93-96.
• Zhu, Y. G., Johnson, T.A., Su, J. Q., Qiao, M., Guo, G. X., Stedtfeld, R.D., Hashsham, S.A. & Tiedje, J.M. (2013) Diverse and Abundant Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Chinese Swine Farms. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 110 (9), 3435–3440. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1222743110