Green Synthesis of Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Mediated by Plant Extracts

Öz

This study focuses on the biogenic synthesis of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) specifically mediated by plant extracts, highlighting this approach as a rapid, cost-effective, and eco-friendly alternative to traditional methods. While nanotechnology enables the engineering of materials with high surface-to-volume ratios, the environmental risks associated with chemical reagents have shifted research interest toward green synthesis. In this process, the secondary metabolites inherent in plant extracts-such as alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic acids, saponins, and terpenoids-function as potent natural reducing and capping agents. These phytochemicals facilitate the biochemical reduction of metal ions into stable nanoparticles through a three-phase mechanism: activation, thermodynamic stabilization, and termination. The study details how extracts from various plant parts (leaves, roots, fruits, and seeds) enable the controlled production of Ag, Au, ZnO, and CuO NPs with distinct morphological and functional properties. Advanced characterization tools, including XRD, FTIR, UV-Vis, SEM, and TEM, are utilized to elucidate the structural integrity and size distribution of these biogenic NPs. Furthermore, the evaluation of biosafety highlights that while these NPs offer high biocompatibility, their efficacy and cytotoxicity must be balanced through precise dose optimization. Ultimately, plant-mediated synthesis represents a sustainable paradigm for producing high-purity nanoparticles with robust biological and catalytic activities.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Green synthesis
• Metal/Metal Oxide nanoparticles
• Phytochemicals
• Plant extracts

Destekleyen Kurum

This research received no external funding.

Etik Beyan

This study does not involve human or animal participants. All procedures were performed in accordance with scientific and ethical principles, and all cited works have been appropriately referenced.

Teşekkür

This study is derived from a part of author's doctoral thesis.

Bitki Ekstraktları Aracılığıyla Metal ve Metal Oksit Nanopartiküllerin Yeşil Sentezi

Öz

Bu çalışma, metal ve metal oksit nanopartiküllerin (NP) özellikle bitki ekstraktları aracılığıyla gerçekleştirilen biyojenik sentezine odaklanmakta; bu yaklaşımı geleneksel yöntemlere karşı hızlı, ekonomik ve çevre dostu bir alternatif olarak sunmaktadır. Nanoteknoloji, yüksek yüzey/hacim oranına sahip malzemelerin mühendisliğine imkan tanırken, kimyasal reaktiflerin çevresel riskleri, araştırma ilgisini yeşil senteze yöneltmiştir. Bu süreçte; bitki özütlerinde doğal olarak bulunan alkaloidler, flavonoidler, fenolik asitler, saponinler ve terpenoidler gibi ikincil metabolitler, güçlü doğal indirgeme ve kaplama ajanları olarak işlev görmektedir. Bu fitokimyasallar, metal iyonlarının kararlı nanopartiküllere biyokimyasal dönüşümünü; aktivasyon, termodinamik stabilizasyon ve sonlanma aşamalarından oluşan üç fazlı bir mekanizma ile gerçekleştirmektedir. Çalışma; yaprak, kök, meyve ve tohum gibi farklı bitki kısımlarından elde edilen ekstraktların Ag, Au, ZnO ve CuO gibi NP’lerin kontrollü üretimine nasıl olanak tanıdığını detaylandırmaktadır. Biyojenik NP’lerin yapısal bütünlüğünü ve boyut dağılımını belirlemek amacıyla XRD, FTIR, UV-Vis, SEM ve TEM gibi ileri karakterizasyon araçlarından yararlanılmaktadır. Ayrıca biyogüvenlik değerlendirmeleri, bu NP’lerin yüksek biyouyumluluk sunmasına rağmen, etkinlik ve sitotoksisite dengesinin hassas doz optimizasyonu ile korunması gerektiğini vurgulamaktadır. Sonuç olarak bitki aracılı sentez, güçlü biyolojik ve katalitik aktiviteye sahip yüksek saflıkta nanopartiküller üretmek için sürdürülebilir bir paradigma teşkil etmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Bitki ekstraktları
• Fitokimyasallar
• Metal/Metal oksit nanopartiküller
• Yeşil sentez

Kaynakça

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