A Potential Biomarker MicroRNAs in the Diagnosis of Some Psychiatric and Neurodegenerative Disorders

Öz

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a large endogenous, non-coding RNA class of 19-25 nucleotides. Mature miRNAs regulate target gene expression at both transcriptional and translational levels. As a current area of interest in molecular diagnostic research, microRNAs (miRNAs) have recently been shown to be effective circulatory biomarkers for many diseases. Major depressive disorder, Bipolar disorder, Schizophrenia, Obsessive compulsive disorder, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease are among the most common psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders known to be a serious public health problem in terms of morbidity, mortality and functional handicap. MicroRNAs are aware of the events occurring in the cell as normal mechanical, physical and biochemical functions due to many psychiatric and other medical diseases, and are very promising as a biomarker for emerging disorders and neuropathological changes.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Biomarker
• miRNA
• psychiatry
• neurodegenerative disorder

Bazı Psikiyatrik ve Nörodejeneratif Bozuklukların Tanısında Potansiyel Bir Biyobelirteç MikroRNA’ ların İncelenmesi

Öz

Mikro Ribonükleik asitler (miRNA'lar) 19-25 nükleotitin büyük bir endojen, kodlayıcı olmayan RNA sınıfıdır. Olgun miRNA'lar hedef gen ekspresyonunu hem transkripsiyonel hem de translasyonel seviyelerde düzenler. Moleküler teşhis araştırmalarına yönelik güncel bir ilgi alanı olarak, mikroRNA'ların (miRNA'ların) son zamanlarda birçok hastalık için etkili dolaşım biyobelirteçleri olduğu gösterilmiştir. Majör depresif bozukluk, Bipolar bozukluk, Şizofreni, Obsesif kompulsif bozukluk, Alzheimer hastalığı ve Parkinson hastalığı günümüzde morbidite, mortalite ve fonksiyonel handikap açısından ciddi bir halk sağlığı sorunu oluşturduğu bilinen en yaygın psikiyatrik ve nörodejeneratif bozukluklar arasındadır. MikroRNA’lar psikiyatrik ve diğer tıbbi birçok hastalık nedeniyle normal mekanik, fiziksel ve biyokimyasal işlevler olarak hücre içinde gerçekleşen olaylardan haberdar olup, ortaya çıkan bozukluklar ve nöropatolojik değişiklikler için bir biyobelirteç olma bakımından oldukça umut vadetmektedir.

Kaynakça

1. 1. Parikh NI, Vasan RS. Assessing the clinical utility of biomarkers in medicine. 2007.
2. 2. Mosallaei M, Ehtesham N, Rahimirad S, Saghi M, Vatandoost N, Khosravi S. PBMCs: a new source of diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Arch Physiol Biochem. 2020:1-7. Epub 2020/04/16. doi: 10.1080/13813455.2020.1752257. PubMed PMID: 32293207.
3. 3. Zhang H-p, Liu X-l, Chen J-j, Cheng K, Bai S-J, Zheng P, et al. Circulating microRNA 134 sheds light on the diagnosis of major depressive disorder. Translational psychiatry. 2020;10(1):1-9.
4. 4. van den Berg M, Krauskopf J, Ramaekers J, Kleinjans J, Prickaerts J, Briedé J. Circulating microRNAs as potential biomarkers for psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. Progress in Neurobiology. 2019:101732.
5. 5. Gurwitz D. Genomics and the future of psychopharmacology: MicroRNAs offer novel therapeutics. Dialogues in clinical neuroscience. 2019;21(2):131.
6. 6. Kiltschewskij DJ, Geaghan MP, Cairns MJ. Characterising the Transcriptional and Translational Impact of the Schizophrenia-Associated miR-1271-5p in Neuronal Cells. Cells. 2020;9(4):1014.
7. 7. Fregeac J, Moriceau S, Poli A, Nguyen LS, Oury F, Colleaux L. Loss of the neurodevelopmental disease-associated gene miR-146a impairs neural progenitor differentiation and causes learning and memory deficits. Molecular autism. 2020;11(1):1-14.
8. 8. Silvestro S, Bramanti P, Mazzon E. Role of miRNAs in Alzheimer’s disease and possible fields of application. International journal of molecular sciences. 2019;20(16):3979.

9. 9. Roy B, Yoshino Y, Allen L, Prall K, Schell G, Dwivedi Y. Exploiting Circulating MicroRNAs as Biomarkers in Psychiatric Disorders. Molecular Diagnosis & Therapy. 2020.
10. 10. Ferrúa CP, Giorgi R, da Rosa LC, do Amaral CC, Ghisleni GC, Pinheiro RT, et al. MicroRNAs expressed in depression and their associated pathways: A systematic review and a bioinformatics analysis. Journal of chemical neuroanatomy. 2019:101650.
11. 11. Wang L, Zhang L. Circulating Exosomal miRNA as Diagnostic Biomarkers of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience. 2020;13.
12. 12. Malan-Müller S, Hemmings S. The big role of small RNAs in anxiety and stress-related disorders. Vitamins and hormones. 103: Elsevier; 2017. p. 85-129.
13. 13. Ciebiera M, Włodarczyk M, Zgliczyński S, Łoziński T, Walczak K, Czekierdowski A. The Role of miRNA and Related Pathways in Pathophysiology of Uterine Fibroids—From Bench to Bedside. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020;21(8):3016.
14. 14. Fries GR, Zhang W, Benevenuto D, Quevedo J. MicroRNAs in Major Depressive Disorder. Reviews on Biomarker Studies in Psychiatric and Neurodegenerative Disorders: Springer; 2019. p. 175-90.
15. 15. Allen L, Dwivedi Y. MicroRNA mediators of early life stress vulnerability to depression and suicidal behavior. Molecular psychiatry. 2019:1-13.
16. 16. Goto Y, Yang CR, Otani S. Functional and dysfunctional synaptic plasticity in prefrontal cortex: roles in psychiatric disorders. Biological psychiatry. 2010;67(3):199-207.
17. 17. Smigielski L, Jagannath V, Rössler W, Walitza S, Grünblatt E. Epigenetic mechanisms in schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders: a systematic review of empirical human findings. Molecular Psychiatry. 2020:1-31.
18. 18. Cao H, Baranova A, Yue W, Yu H, Zhu Z, Zhang F, et al. miRNA-Coordinated Schizophrenia Risk Network Cross-Talk With Cardiovascular Repair and Opposed Gliomagenesis. Frontiers in genetics. 2020;11:149.
19. 19. Kidnapillai S, Wade B, Bortolasci CC, Panizzutti B, Spolding B, Connor T, et al. Drugs used to treat bipolar disorder act via microRNAs to regulate expression of genes involved in neurite outgrowth. Journal of Psychopharmacology. 2020:0269881119895534.
20. 20. Lee S-Y, Lu R-B, Wang L-J, Chang C-H, Lu T, Wang T-Y, et al. Serum miRNA as a possible biomarker in the diagnosis of bipolar II disorder. Scientific reports. 2020;10(1):1-10.
21. 21. Jansen M, Overgaauw S, De Bruijn ER. Social cognition and obsessive-compulsive disorder: A review of subdomains of social functioning. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 2020;11:118.
22. 22. Privitera AP, Distefano R, Wefer HA, Ferro A, Pulvirenti A, Giugno R. OCDB: a database collecting genes, miRNAs and drugs for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Database. 2015;2015.
23. 23. Kandemir H, Erdal ME, Selek S, Ay Öİ, Karababa İF, Ay ME, et al. Microribonucleic acid dysregulations in children and adolescents with obsessive–compulsive disorder. Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment. 2015;11:1695.
24. 24. Reddy AP, Ravichandran J, Carkaci-Salli N. Neural regeneration therapies for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease-related disorders. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Molecular Basis of Disease. 2020;1866(4):165506.
25. 25. Kuang H, Tan CY, Tian HZ, Liu LH, Yang MW, Hong FF, et al. Exploring the bi‐directional relationship between autophagy and Alzheimer’s disease. CNS neuroscience & therapeutics. 2020;26(2):155-66.
26. 26. Conti I, Varano G, Simioni C, Laface I, Milani D, Rimondi E, et al. miRNAs as Influencers of Cell–Cell Communication in Tumor Microenvironment. Cells. 2020;9(1):220.
27. 27. Souza VC, Morais GS, Jr., Henriques AD, Machado-Silva W, Perez DIV, Brito CJ, et al. Whole-Blood Levels of MicroRNA-9 Are Decreased in Patients With Late-Onset Alzheimer Disease. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen. 2020;35:1533317520911573. Epub 2020/04/18. doi: 10.1177/1533317520911573. PubMed PMID: 32301334.
28. 28. Indrieri A, Carrella S, Carotenuto P, Banfi S, Franco B. The Pervasive Role of the miR-181 Family in Development, Neurodegeneration, and Cancer. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020;21(6):2092.
29. 29. Yu H, Sun T, An J, Wen L, Liu F, Bu Z, et al. Potential Roles of Exosomes in Parkinson’s Disease: From Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment to Prognosis. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology. 2020;8.
30. 30. Titze-de-Almeida SS, Soto-Sánchez C, Fernandez E, Koprich JB, Brotchie JM, Titze-de-Almeida R. The Promise and Challenges of Developing miRNA-Based Therapeutics for Parkinson’s Disease. Cells. 2020;9(4):841.