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The Post Covid-19 World System: A New Hegemonic Cycle (?)

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 19 - 32, 30.09.2020

Öz

The US hegemony, which was built after the Second World War, continued its existence under the conditions of a bipolar order until the collapse of the USSR. After the Cold War, the USA, the winner of the war, was in an effort to establish a unipolar world system. This global system has been maintained through free market ideology and international institutions. US hegemony faced several challenges after a brief concentration of power in the 1990s. The crisis of US hegemony has deepened with COVID-19. Expectations about a great transformation in the system have been strengthened. The chief point that the symptom of change, which is reviewed extensively in the popular and academic literature, are the China-USrelations.
COVID-19, which started in China and spread worldwide, is not just a health crisis. This crisis differs from other crises of capitalism because it has a dramatic impact on economic, social and political aspects, as well as threatening all human life. The fact that countries raised their economic and cultural protection walls before the pandemic is a sign that the world order, which is symbolised by the concept of globalisation, is changing. With the coronavirus, the dynamics of change that have emerged in the US-based global order have sped up. In this study, the positions and strategies of the USA and China will be analysed and the dynamics of change in the world order will be discussed through the possibilities of hegemonic transition.

Kaynakça

  • Amin, S. (2018). “It is imperative to reconstruct the internationale of workers and peoples”. https://www.networkideas.org/featured-articles/2018/07/it-is-imperative-to-reconstruct-the-internationale-of-workers-and-peoples/ (Erişim Tarihi: 24.09.2019).
  • Bieler, A. Morton A. (2018). Global capitalism, global war, global crisis. Cambridge Univ. Press.
  • Bureau of Economic Analysis (2020), https://www.bea.gov/news/glance (Erişim Tarihi: 31.07.2020).
  • Cooley, A. ve D. Nexon (2020). “How hegemony ends the unraveling of American power”. Foreign Affairs. Vol. 99. No:4. s: 143-156.
  • Eurostat (2020), Eurostat Newsrelease, 31 July, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/11156775/2-31072020-BP-EN.pdf/cbe7522c-ebfa-ef08-be60-b1c9d1bd385b (Erişim Tarihi: 01.08.2020).
  • Fukuyama, F. (1989). “The end of history?. The National Interest, No. 16, s: 3-18.
  • Fukuyama, F. (2020). “The pandemic and political order it takes a state”. Foreign Affairs, Vol. 99 . No:4. s: 26-32.
  • Gökten, K. (2011). “Çin’in Barışçıl Yükselişi’ne Muhafazakar-Realist ‘Çözümler’”, Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi, 21, 110-129.
  • Gökten, Y.S. (2020). “Küresel kamusal bir mal olarak ABD hegemonyası”. Turkish Studies - Social Sciences. Volume 15. Issue 2. s: 335-347. DOI: 10.29228/TurkishStudies.40111.
  • Hardt, M. ve A. Negri (2019). “Empire, twenty years on”. New Left Review. 120 Nov/Dec 2019. s: 67-92.
  • Huntington, S.P. (1999). “The lonely superpower”. Foreign Affairs. Vol. 78. No. 2. s: 35-49.
  • Ikenberry, G.J. (2020). “The next liberal order the age of contagion demands more internationalism, not Krauthammer Less”. Foreign Affairs, s: 133-142.
  • IMF (2020). https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/HH_LS@GDD/CHN (Erişim Tarihi: 18.06.2020).
  • Layne, C. (1993). “The unipolar illusion: why new great powers”. International Security. Vol. 17. No. 4. s: 5-51.
  • Layne, C. (2012). “This time it's real: the end of unipolarity and the pax Americana”. International Studies Quarterly. 56. s: 203-213.
  • Macrotrends (2020). https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/CHN/china/exports (Erişim Tarihi: 18.06.2020).
  • Patrick, S. (2020). “When the system fails COVID-19 and the costs of global dysfunction”. Foreign Affairs. Vol. 99. No:4. s: 40-50.
  • Pei, M. (2020). “China’s coming upheaval competition, the coronavirus, and the weakness of Xi Jinping”. Foreign Affairs. Vol. 99. No:4. s: 82-95.
  • Reuters (2020), China’s second-quarter GDP grow 3.2 % year on year, beats expectations, July 16, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-economy-gdp/chinas-second-quarter-gdp-grows-3-2-year-on-year-beats-expectations-idUSKCN24H090 (Erişim Tarihi: 23.07.2020).
  • Schweller, R.L ve Pu, X. (2011). “After unipolarity: China's visions of international order in an era of U.S. decline”. International Security, Vol. 36. No. 1. s: 41-72.
  • Smith, J. (2016). Imperialism in the twenty-first century: globalization, super-exploitation and capitalism’s final crisis. New York: Monthly Review Press.
  • Tradingeconomics (2020). https://tradingeconomics.com/china/households-debt-to-gdp. (Erişim Tarihi: 18.06.2020).
  • Wallerstein, I. (2019). “U.S. weakness and the struggle for hegemony”, Monthly Review, 2019. Volume 71. Issue 06. https://monthlyreview.org/2019/11/01/u-s-weakness-and-the-struggle-for-hegemony-2/ (Erişim Tarihi: 11.10.2019).
  • Walt, S.M. (2009). “Alliances in a unipolar world”. World Politics. Vol. 61. No. 1. International Relations Theory and the Consequences of Unipolarity, s: 86-120.
  • Waltz, K.N. (1993). “The emerging structure of international politics”. International Security. Vol. 18. No. 2. s: 44-79.
  • Waltz K.N. (1997). “Evaluating theories”. The American Political Science Review., Vol. 91. No. 4. s: 913-917.
  • Wohlforth, W.C. (1999). “The stability of a unipolar world”. International Security. Vol. 24. No. 1. s: 5-41.
  • Wohlforth, W.C. (2012). “How not to evaluate theories” International Studies Quarterly. Vol. 56. No.1. s: 219-222.
  • World Bank (2020). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.CON.PRVT.ZS?locations =CN-1W (Erişim Tarihi: 18.06.2020).

Covid-19 Sonrası Dünya Sistemi: Yeni Bir Hegemonik Çevrim (mi?)

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 19 - 32, 30.09.2020

Öz

İkinci Dünya Savaşı ertesinde inşa edilen ABD hegemonyası, SSCB’nin yıkılmasına kadarki dönemde iki kutuplu bir düzen koşullarında varlığını sürdürmüştür. Soğuk Savaşın ardından, savaşın galibi ABD, tek kutuplu dünya sistemi oluşturma çabası içinde olmuştur. Bu küresel sistem, serbest piyasa ideolojisi ve uluslararası kurumlar aracılığıyla günümüze kadar sürdürülmüştür. ABD hegemonyası 1990'lardaki kısa bir güç yoğunlaşmasının ardından bir takım meydan okumalarla karşılaşmıştır. ABD hegemonyasının krizi COVID-19’un ortaya çıkması ile derinleşmiştir. Sistemde büyük bir dönüşümün yaşanacağına dair beklentiler iyice güçlenmiştir. Popüler ve akademik yazında yoğun biçimde ele alınan değişim belirtilerinin yöneldiği başlıca nokta, Çin-ABD ilişkileri olmaktadır.
Çin’de başlayıp tüm dünya çapında yayılım gösteren COVID-19 sadece bir sağlık krizi değildir. Bu kriz iktisadi, toplumsal ve politik açıdan dramatik etkilere sahip olmasının yanı sıra insan yaşamını doğrudan tehdit etmesi nedeniyle kapitalizmin diğer krizlerinden farklılık göstermektedir. Pandemi öncesinde ülkelerin iktisadi ve kültürel olarak koruma duvarlarını yükseltmeye başlaması küreselleşme kavramıyla sembolize edilen dünya düzeninin değişmeye başladığının işaretidir. Koronavirüs ile birlikte ABD merkezli küresel düzende ortaya çıkan değişim dinamikleri hız kazanmaya başlamıştır. Bu çalışmada ABD ve Çin’in konum ve stratejileri analiz edilecek, dünya düzenindeki değişim dinamikleri hegemonik geçiş olasılıkları üzerinden ele alınacaktır.

Kaynakça

  • Amin, S. (2018). “It is imperative to reconstruct the internationale of workers and peoples”. https://www.networkideas.org/featured-articles/2018/07/it-is-imperative-to-reconstruct-the-internationale-of-workers-and-peoples/ (Erişim Tarihi: 24.09.2019).
  • Bieler, A. Morton A. (2018). Global capitalism, global war, global crisis. Cambridge Univ. Press.
  • Bureau of Economic Analysis (2020), https://www.bea.gov/news/glance (Erişim Tarihi: 31.07.2020).
  • Cooley, A. ve D. Nexon (2020). “How hegemony ends the unraveling of American power”. Foreign Affairs. Vol. 99. No:4. s: 143-156.
  • Eurostat (2020), Eurostat Newsrelease, 31 July, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/11156775/2-31072020-BP-EN.pdf/cbe7522c-ebfa-ef08-be60-b1c9d1bd385b (Erişim Tarihi: 01.08.2020).
  • Fukuyama, F. (1989). “The end of history?. The National Interest, No. 16, s: 3-18.
  • Fukuyama, F. (2020). “The pandemic and political order it takes a state”. Foreign Affairs, Vol. 99 . No:4. s: 26-32.
  • Gökten, K. (2011). “Çin’in Barışçıl Yükselişi’ne Muhafazakar-Realist ‘Çözümler’”, Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi, 21, 110-129.
  • Gökten, Y.S. (2020). “Küresel kamusal bir mal olarak ABD hegemonyası”. Turkish Studies - Social Sciences. Volume 15. Issue 2. s: 335-347. DOI: 10.29228/TurkishStudies.40111.
  • Hardt, M. ve A. Negri (2019). “Empire, twenty years on”. New Left Review. 120 Nov/Dec 2019. s: 67-92.
  • Huntington, S.P. (1999). “The lonely superpower”. Foreign Affairs. Vol. 78. No. 2. s: 35-49.
  • Ikenberry, G.J. (2020). “The next liberal order the age of contagion demands more internationalism, not Krauthammer Less”. Foreign Affairs, s: 133-142.
  • IMF (2020). https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/HH_LS@GDD/CHN (Erişim Tarihi: 18.06.2020).
  • Layne, C. (1993). “The unipolar illusion: why new great powers”. International Security. Vol. 17. No. 4. s: 5-51.
  • Layne, C. (2012). “This time it's real: the end of unipolarity and the pax Americana”. International Studies Quarterly. 56. s: 203-213.
  • Macrotrends (2020). https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/CHN/china/exports (Erişim Tarihi: 18.06.2020).
  • Patrick, S. (2020). “When the system fails COVID-19 and the costs of global dysfunction”. Foreign Affairs. Vol. 99. No:4. s: 40-50.
  • Pei, M. (2020). “China’s coming upheaval competition, the coronavirus, and the weakness of Xi Jinping”. Foreign Affairs. Vol. 99. No:4. s: 82-95.
  • Reuters (2020), China’s second-quarter GDP grow 3.2 % year on year, beats expectations, July 16, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-economy-gdp/chinas-second-quarter-gdp-grows-3-2-year-on-year-beats-expectations-idUSKCN24H090 (Erişim Tarihi: 23.07.2020).
  • Schweller, R.L ve Pu, X. (2011). “After unipolarity: China's visions of international order in an era of U.S. decline”. International Security, Vol. 36. No. 1. s: 41-72.
  • Smith, J. (2016). Imperialism in the twenty-first century: globalization, super-exploitation and capitalism’s final crisis. New York: Monthly Review Press.
  • Tradingeconomics (2020). https://tradingeconomics.com/china/households-debt-to-gdp. (Erişim Tarihi: 18.06.2020).
  • Wallerstein, I. (2019). “U.S. weakness and the struggle for hegemony”, Monthly Review, 2019. Volume 71. Issue 06. https://monthlyreview.org/2019/11/01/u-s-weakness-and-the-struggle-for-hegemony-2/ (Erişim Tarihi: 11.10.2019).
  • Walt, S.M. (2009). “Alliances in a unipolar world”. World Politics. Vol. 61. No. 1. International Relations Theory and the Consequences of Unipolarity, s: 86-120.
  • Waltz, K.N. (1993). “The emerging structure of international politics”. International Security. Vol. 18. No. 2. s: 44-79.
  • Waltz K.N. (1997). “Evaluating theories”. The American Political Science Review., Vol. 91. No. 4. s: 913-917.
  • Wohlforth, W.C. (1999). “The stability of a unipolar world”. International Security. Vol. 24. No. 1. s: 5-41.
  • Wohlforth, W.C. (2012). “How not to evaluate theories” International Studies Quarterly. Vol. 56. No.1. s: 219-222.
  • World Bank (2020). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.CON.PRVT.ZS?locations =CN-1W (Erişim Tarihi: 18.06.2020).
Toplam 29 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Yeliz Sarıöz Gökten

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Eylül 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Sarıöz Gökten, Y. (2020). Covid-19 Sonrası Dünya Sistemi: Yeni Bir Hegemonik Çevrim (mi?). Başkent Üniversitesi Ticari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 4(2), 19-32.