Yapay Zeka Teknolojilerinin Gazetecilik Alanında Kullanımı: Avantajlar ve Dezavantajları

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 306 - 331, 30.09.2024

Kudret Gül

https://doi.org/10.59534/jcss.1457410

Öz

Gazetecilik uygulamaları, yapay zeka teknolojileri sayesinde hızla değişmektedir. İnsanların sıklıkla başvurduğu ve onlara doğru bilgi sağlamayı amaç edinen medya mecraları da yapay zeka teknolojilerini kullanarak haber üretim ve dağıtımını daha kolay bir şekilde yapmaktadır. Bu bağlamda çalışmanın amacı yapay zeka teknolojilerinin gazetecilik alanında yoğun kullanımının ne gibi konuları gündeme getirdiğine dair bir portre çizmektir. Çalışmada geleneksel derleme yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Bu amaçla çalışmada yapay zeka ve gazetecilik ilişkisi arasındaki tartışmalar değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmadan elde edilen sonuçlar incelendiğinde ise yapay zekanın gazetecilik alanında, bilgi toplama, haber öneri sistemleri geliştirme ve yabancı metinlerin otomatik çevirisi gibi faydalar sağlamaktadır. Bunlara ek olarak olumsuz sonuçlar ise; gazetecileri işlevsiz hale getirdiği, sahte ve dezenformasyon yüklü haberlerin üretimini kolaylaştırdığı, etik anlamda insanların daha fazla taraflı düşünceler içerisine girmesini ve buna bağlı olarak etik sorunları daha da arttırdığı literatür taraması sonucu elde edilen sonuçlardan biridir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Yapay Zeka Haberciliği, Gazetecilik, Sahte Haberler, Haber Üretimi.

Teşekkür

Bu makaleyi böyle bir dergiye gönderiyor olduğum için sizlere çok teşekkür ederim . İyi çalışmalar dilerim.

Use of Artificial Intelligence Technologies in Journalism: Advantages and Disadvantages

Öz

Journalism practices are changing rapidly thanks to artificial intelligence technologies. Media channels, which are frequently used by people and aim to provide them with accurate information, use artificial intelligence technologies to produce and distribute news more easily. In this context, the aim of this study is to draw a portrait of the issues raised by the intensive use of artificial intelligence technologies in the field of journalism. Traditional review method was used in the study. For this purpose, the study evaluated the debates between artificial intelligence and journalism. When the results obtained from the study are analyzed, artificial intelligence provides benefits in the field of journalism such as information gathering, developing news recommendation systems and automatic translation of foreign texts. In addition to these, one of the negative results obtained as a result of the literature review is that it renders journalists dysfunctional, facilitates the production of fake and disinformation-laden news, makes people more biased in terms of ethics and accordingly increases ethical problems.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Artificial Intelligence Journalism, Journalism, Fake News, News Production.

Kaynakça

• Acemoglu, D. & Restrepo P. (2018) The Race Between Man and Machine: Implications of Technology for Growth, Factor Shares, and Employment, American Economic Review, 108(6), 1488-1542.
• Allcott, H. & Gentzkow, M. (2017). Social Media and Fake News in the 2016 Election, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 31 (2): 211-36.
• Ananny, M. (2016). Toward an ethics of algorithms: Convening, observation, probability, and timeliness. Science, Technology, & Human Values, 41(1), 93-117.
• Arguedas, R., Robertson, C., Fletcher, C., & Nielsen, R. (2020). Echo chambers, filter bubbles, and polarisation: a literature review . Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism.
• Beckett, C. (2019). London: London School of Economics.
• Binark, M. (2017). Algoritmaların yarattığı yankı odalarında siyasal katılımın olanaksızlığı. Varlık, 1317, 19-23.
• Biswal, K. S. (2023). Reporting on Malicious Uses of AI Technologies. M. Jaakkola içinde, A Handbook for Journalism Educators Reporting on Artificial Intelligence (s. 69-80). Unesco.
• Bradshaw, P. (2014). “Data Journalism.” içinde Ethics for Digital Journalists: Emerging Best Practices, Lawrie Zion ve David Craig, Routledge, New York and London, 202-220.
• Broussard, M. (2018). Artificial unintelligence: How computers misunderstand the world. London: The MIT Press.
• Carlson, M. (2014). The Robotic Reporter. Automated Journalism and the Redefinition of Labor, Compositional Forms, and Journalistic Authority. Digital Journalism 3 (3): 416–431. doi: 10.1080/21670811.2014.976412.
• Dahlgren, P. M. (2022). A critical review of filter bubbles and a comparison with selective exposure. Nordicom Review, 42(1), 15-33.
• Deuze, M. (2005). What is Journalism?: Professional Identity and Ideology of Journalists Reconsidered. Journalism 6 (4): 422–464
• Diakopoulos, N. (2015). Algorithmic accountability: journalistic investigation of computational power structures. Digital Journalism 3(3): 398–415.
• Dörr, Konstantin Nicholas (2016). Mapping the field of Algorithmic Journalism. Digital Journalism, 4(6):700-722. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2015.1096748
• Etike, Ş. (2022). Mesleğin geleceği robot değil gazeteci: Gazetecilerin yapay zekâ deneyimleri 3. Communication in the Digital Age Symposium Cida International, Ankara.
• Gibbs, L. (2020). How AI is becoming an integral part of the news-making process? Youtube, PolisLSE. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dpi7Gt8GAHM
• Gillespie, T. (2014). The relevance of algorithms. In Gillespie T., Boczkowski P., & Foot K., (Ed.) Media Technologies: Essays on Communication, Materiality, and Society (pp. 167- 194). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
• Gillis, A. S. (2023). Machine learning bias (AI bias). Techtarget: https://www.techtarget.com/searchenterpriseai/definition/machine-learning-biasalgorithm-bias-or-AI-bias adresinden alındı.
• Graefe, A. (2016). Guide to automated journalism. Tow Center for Digital Journalism Publications Issue. C. U. Tow Center for Digital Journalism.
• Grochowski, J. R. & Ornstein, C. (2016). Matching Industry Payments to Medicare Prescribing Patterns: An Analysis. ProPublica Whitepaper. https://static.propublica.org/projects/d4d/20160317-matching-industry-payments.pdf?22.
• Hansen, M., Roca-Sales, M., Keegan, J. & King, G. (2017). Artificial Intelligence: Practice and Implications for Journalism. Brown Institute for Media Innovation and the Tow Center for Digital Journalism.
• Jagadish, H.V. (2016). Data Science Ethics. Erişim: https://courses.edx.org/courses/course-v1:MichiganX+DS101x+3T2016/course/
• Jarrahi, M. H. (2018) Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Work: Human-AI Symbiosis in Organizational Decision Making, Business Horizons, 6184), 577-586.
• Karaçam, Z. (2013). Sistematik Derleme Metodolojisi: Sistematik Derleme Hazırlamak İçin Bir Rehber. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi, 6(1), 26-33.
• Kazaz, M. & Akyüz, S. S. (2019). Sahte Haber, Literatürk academia.
• Kim, D., & Kim, S. (2018). Newspaper journalists’ attitudes towards robot journalism. Telematics and Informatics, 35(2), 340-357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2017.12.009
• Konstantin, D, N. & Katharina, H. (2016). Ethical Challenges of Algorithmic Journalism. Digital Journalism.doi:10.1080/21670811.2016.1167612. edited by Lawrie Zion and David Craig, 202–219. New York: Routledge.
• Köse, U. (Nisan 2019) Yapay Zeka ve Geleceğin Siber Savaşları, Bilim ve Teknik, 76- 84.
• Kraemer, F., Van Overveld, K., & Peterson, M. (2011). Is there an ethics of algorithms?. Ethics and information technology, 13(3), 251-260.
• Leben, D. (2018). Ethics for robots: How to design a moral algorithm. Routledge.
• Lewis, S. C. & Zamith, R. (2017) On the Worlds of Journalism, P J Boczkowski and C W Anderson (eds), Remaking The News: Essays on The Future of Journalism Scholarship In The Digital Age, MIT Press, Cambridge, 111-128.
• Linden, C. G. (2017) Algorithms for Journalism: The Future of News Work, The Journal of Media Innovations, 4.1, 60-76. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5617/jmi.v4i1.2420, Erişim Tarihi: 06.02.2024.
• Loosen, W. (2018). Four forms of datafied journalism: Journalism’s response to the datafication of society. Communicative Figurations Research Network. Electronic Working Paper, 18.
• McBride, Kelly. & Tom Rosenstiel (2014). “New Guiding Principles for a New Era of Journalism.” İçinde The New Ethics of Journalism, edited by Kelly McBride and Tom Rosenstiel, 1–6. Thousand Oaks, CA: CQ Press.
• Milosavljević, M. & Vobič, I. (2019). Human Still in the Loop: Editors Reconsider the Ideals of Professional Journalism Through Automation. Digital Journalism. 1098– 1116. doi:10.1080/21670811.2019.1601576
• Mittelstadt, B. D., Allo, P., Taddeo, M., Wachter, S., & Floridi, L. (2016). The ethics of algorithms: Mapping the debate. Big Data & Society, 3(2), 2053951716679679
• Mohri, M. Afshin. R & Ameet, T. (2018) Foundations of Machine Learning, The MIT press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, London.
• Morris, A. (2019). Combating Deepfakes – Inside the Next AI Battleground, HPC Wire, 05 Şubat 2024 tarihinde https://www.hpcwire.com/solution_content/ibm/media-entertainmentibm/combating-deepfakes-inside-the-next-ai-battleground/ adresinden alındı.
• Nabiyev, V. V. (2012). Yapay Zekâ: İnsan-Bilgisayar Etkileşimi. Baskı Yeri: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
• Nicholas, D. & Koliska, M. (2017). Algorithmic Transparency in the News Media, Digital Journalism, 5:7, 809-828, DOI: 10.1080/21670811.2016.1208053.
• Nixon, B. (2020). The business of news in the attention economy: Audience labor and MediaNews Group’s efforts to capitalize on news consumption. Journalism, 21(1), 73-94.
• Noain-Sánchez, A. (2022). Addressing the Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Journalism: the perception of experts, journalists and academics. Communication & Society, 35(3), 105-121.
• Parmar, B., & Freeman, R. E. (2016). Ethics and the algorithm. MIT Sloan Management Review, 58(1), 16.
• Petropoulos, G. (2018) The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Employment, M Neufeind, J O Reilly, and F Ranft (eds), Work in the Digital Age. Challenges of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, Rowman & Littlefield International Ltd, 119-132.
• Pirim, H. (2006). “Yapay zekâ ”, Journal of Yasar University, 1(1), 81-93.
• Raymond, A. H., & Shackelford, S. J. (2014). Technology, ethics, and access to justice: should an algorithm be deciding your case. Mich. J. Int'l L., 35, 485.
• Tandoc Jr, E. C, & Thomas, R. J. (2015). The ethics of web analytics: Implications of using audience metrics in news construction. Digital journalism, 3(2), 243-258.
• Techcrunch.(2011). Stat sheet changes name to automated ınsights, scores$4million.https://techcrunch.com/2011/09/12/statsheet-changes-name-to-automated-insights-lands-4-million/#:~:text=StatSheet%20Changes%20Name%20To%20Automated%20Insights%2C%20Scores%20%244%20Million,-%2F%20Invalid%20DateTime%E2%80%A2&text=Exclusive%20%E2%80%93%20Sta adresinden 22 Mart 2024 tarihinde alınmıştır.
• Tejedor, S., & Vila, P. (2021). Exo Journalism: A Conceptual Approach to a Hybrid Formula between Journalism and Artificial Intelligence. Journalism and media, 2(4), 830-840.
• Thurman, N., Dörr, K., Kunert, J. (2017). When reporters get hands-on with robo-writing: Professionals consider automated journalism’s capabilities and consequences. Digital journalism, 5(10).
• Van Dalen, A. (2012). The algorithms behind the headlines: How machine-written news redefines the core skills of human journalists. Journalism practice, 6(5-6), 648-658.
• Whittaker, J. (2019). Tech giants, artificial intelligence, and the future of journalism. Routledge.
• Wiik, j. (2023). Artificial Intelligence in Journalism and Journalistic Practice Summary. M. Jaakkola içinde, A Handbook for Journalism Educators Reporting on Artificial Intelligence (s. 94-106). Unesco.
• Yıldızgörür, M. R. (2023). "Ne Önemi Var?" Okuyucuların Haberden Kaçınma Davranışları Üzerine Nitel Bir Araştırma. Etkileşim, 11(2), 266-290.
• Young, M. L., & Alfred, H. (2014). From Mr. and Mrs. Outlier to central tendencies. Digital Journalism. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2014.976409
• Ytre-Arne, B., & Moe, H. (2021). Doomscrolling, Monitoring and Avoiding: News Use in COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown. Journalism Studies, 1739-1755.
• Zamith, R. (2019). Algorithms and Journalism, Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Communication, Subject: Journalism Studies Online Publication Date: Feb 2019, 1-21, DOI: 10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.013.779
• Zengin & Kapır (2021). Yapay Zekâ ve Medya, Doruk Yayımcılık.
• Zion, L. & Craig D. (2014). Ethics for Digital Journalists. Emerging Best Practices. New York: Routledge.