Sosyal Sermaye ve İnovasyonun Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkisi

Öz

Ülkelerin ekonomik büyümeleri arasında görülen farklılıkların nedenleri ve sürdürülebilir ekonomik büyümenin kaynakları ekonomik büyüme modellerinin temel ilgi alanıdır. Geleneksel büyüme modelleri ülkeler arasındaki büyüme farklılıklarını genellikle geleneksel üretim faktörleri ile açıklamaktadır. Ancak modern büyüme teorileriyle birlikte büyüme farklılıklarının sadece ekonomik göstergeler ile açıklanamayacağı keşfedilmiş, bunlarla birlikte sosyal, kültürel, kurumsal, politik, teknolojik faktörlerinde önemli olduğu görüşü ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu faktörlerden biri de sosyal sermayedir. Sosyal ilişkilerin önemine vurgu yapan ve güven, sosyal ağlar, sosyal normlar gibi unsurları barındıran bu kavram son dönem büyüme modellerinde yer edinmeye başlamıştır. Özellikle inovasyon temelli ekonomik büyümede sosyal sermayenin rolü öne çıkmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı sosyal sermaye ve inovasyon ilişkisinden yola çıkarak sosyal sermayenin ve inovasyonun ekonomik büyüme üzerine nasıl bir role sahip olduğunu ortaya koymaktır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda seçilmiş 52 ülke için 1990-2014 yılları arasında sosyal sermaye ve inovasyonun ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisi sabit etkiler panel veri analizi ile araştırılmıştır. İkinci aşamada gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkeler ayrımı yapılarak, değişkenler arası ilişkiler test edilmiştir. 52 ülke açısından sosyal sermayenin ve inovasyonun ekonomik büyüme üzerinde pozitif bir etkisi tespit edilmiştir. Analiz sonuçları sosyal sermaye ve inovasyon ilişkisinin pozitif olduğunu da göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Sosyal sermaye,inovasyon,ekonomik büyüme,panel veri analizi

The Effect of Social Capital and Innovation on Economic Growth

Öz

The reasons for the differences between countries’ economic growths and the sources of sustainable economic growth are the basis of interest of economic growth models. Traditional economic growth models often explain the differences between countries based on traditional production factors. However, with modern growth theories, it has been discovered that the differences in growth cannot be explained by economic indicators only: Social, cultural, institutional, political and technological factors should also be considered. One of the social factors is the social capital. The modern growth models have considered the concept of social capital, which emphasizes the importance of social relations including elements such as trust, social networks and social norms. The role of social capital in economic growth based on innovation is prominent. 

The aim of this study is to show how social capital and innovation play a role in economic growth based on the relationship between social capital and innovation. For this purpose, data from 52 countries, between 1990 and 2014 were analyzed using fixed-effect panel. In the second phase, an analysis was conducted for developed and developing countries. A positive effect of social capital and innovation on economic growth was observed in 52 countries. In addition, a positive relationship was found between social capital and innovation in the analysis of country groups.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Social capital,innovation,economic growth,panel data analysis

Kaynakça

1. Acemoğlu, D. ve Robinson, J. A. (2015). Ulusların düşüşü. (F. R. Velioğlu, Çev.). İstanbul: Doğan Kitap.
2. Aghion, P., & P. Howitt (1992). A model of growth through creative destruction. Econometrica, 60(2), 323–331.
3. Akçomak, İ. S. (2008). The impact of social capital on economic and social outcomes. (Phd Thesis). Universitaire Pers Maastricht, Maastricht.
4. Akçomak S. İ., & Weel B. (2009). Social capital, innovation and growth: Evidence from Europe. European Economic Review, 53, 544–567.
5. Akçomak, S. İ., & Müller-Zick, H. (2013). Trust and innovation in Europe: Causal, spatial and non-linear forces. WP5/15 Search Working Paper European Commission, 1-43.
6. Akın, C. S. (2013). Sosyal sermaye ve ekonomik büyüme: Farklı gelir grupları üzerine yatay kesit analizi. The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, 6 (7), 13–35.
7. Baliamoune-Lutz, M. (2005). Institutions, social capital and economic development in Africa: An empirical study. ICER Working Papers, 18, 1-31.
8. Bedirhanoğlu, N. ve Balaban, U. (2015). Türkiye’de inovasyon rejimi ve fikri mülkiyet. Z. Yılmaz ve E. Embel (Ed.), Ali Fıkırkoca anı kitabı yaşam, düşünce ve inovasyon kitabı içinde (s. 139-165). Ankara: Mülkiyeliler Birliği.

9. Beugelsdijk, S., & Schaik T.V.(2005). Differences in social capital between 54 Western European Regions. Regional Studies, 39(8), 1053–1064.
10. Bjørnskov, C. (2006). How does social trust affect economic growth? Aarhus Economics Working Paper, 06–2,1–37.
11. Bjørnskov, C. (2009). Social trust and the growth of schooling. Economics of Education Review 28(2), 249–257.
12. Boulila, G., Bousrih, L., & Trabelsi, M. (2008). Social capital and economic growth: Empirical ınvestigations on the transmission channels. International Economic Journal, 22(3), 399–417.
13. Bourdieu, P.(1986). Sermaye biçimleri. M. M. Şahin ve A. Z. Ünal (Ed.), Sosyal sermaye kuram uygulama-eleştiri kitabı içinde (s. 45–75). İstanbul: Değişim Yayınları.
14. Casey, T., & Christ, K. (2005). Social capital and economic performance in the American States. Social Science Quarterly, 84(4), 826–845.
15. Chakrabarti, D. (2007). Economic Freedom and Social Capital Determinants on Economic Growth of Developed and Developing Nations. (Phd Thesis). Mississippi State University, Mississippi.
16. Cheng, M. Y., & Mittelhammer, R. (2008). Globalization and economic development: Impact of social capital and institutional building. The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 67(5), 859–888.
17. Coleman, J. S. (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. American Journal of Sociology, 94, 95–120.
18. Coleman, J. S. (1990). Foundations of social theory. London, UK : Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
19. Cooke, P., & Wills, D. (1999). Small firms, social capital and the enhancement of business performance through innovation programmes. Small Business Economics, 13(3), 219–234.
20. Dakhli, M., & De Clercq, D. (2004). Human capital, social capital and ınnovation: A multi-country study. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 16, 107–128.
21. Dearmon, J., & Kevin, G. (2009). Trust and development. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 71(2), 210–220.
22. Dinda, S. (2008). Social capital in the creation of human capital and economic growth: A productive consumption approach. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 37, 2020–2033.
23. Doh, S., & Acs, Z. J. (2010). Innovation and social capital: A cross-country ınvestigation. Industry and Innovation, 17(3), 241–262.
24. Dominicis, L., Raymond, J. G. M., & Groot, H. L. F. (2011). Regional clusters of ınnovative activity in Europe: Are social capital and geographical proximity the key determinants? Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper, 9(3), 1–23.
25. Driscoll, J. C., & Kraay, A. C. (1998). Consistent covariance matrix estimation with spatially dependent panel data. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 80(4), 549–560.
26. Echebarria, C., & Barrutia, J. M. (2013). Limits of social capital as a driver of ınnovation: An empirical analysis in the context of European Regions. Regional Studies, 47(7), 1001–1017.
27. Fagerberg, J. (1987). A technology gap approach to why growth rates differ. Research Policy, 16, 87–99.
28. Fagerberg, J. (1988). International competitiveness. Economic Journal, 98, 355–374.
29. Fagerberg, J., & Verspagen, B. (2002). Technology-gaps, ınnovation-diffusion and transformation: An evolutionary ınterpretation. Research Policy, 31, 1291–1304.
30. Fagerberg, J. (2005). Innovation: A guide to the literature. In J. Fagerberg, D. C. Mowery & R. R. Nelson (Eds.), The handbook of innovation (pp. 1–28). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
31. Forte, A., Peiró-Palomino, J., & Tortosa-Ausina, E. (2015). Does social capital matter for european regional growth? European Economic Review, 77, 47–64.
32. Fukuyama, F. (1995). Social capital and the global economy. Foreign Affairs, 74, 89–103.
33. Gujarati, D. N. (2009). Basic econometrics. New York, NY: Tata McGraw-Hill Education.
34. Gülmez, A. ve Akpolat, A. G. (2014). Ar-Ge & inovasyon ve ekonomik büyüme: Türkiye ve AB örneği için dinamik panel veri analizi. Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 14(2), 1–17.
35. Güloğlu, B., & Tekin, R. B. (2012). A Panel causality analysis of the relationship among research ve development, innovation, ve economic grwoth in High -Income OECD Countries. Eurasian Economic Review, 2(1) , 32–47.
36. Grossman, G. M., & Helpman, E. (1991). Innovation and growth in the global economy. Cambridge, UK: MIT Press.
37. Hall, S. G., & Ahmad, M. (2013). Can trust explain social capital effect on property rights and growth? Procedia Economics and Finance, 7, 55–64.
38. Hauser, C., Tappeiner, G., & Walde, J. (2007). The learning region: The ımpact of social capital ve weak ties on innovation. Regional Studies, 41(1), 75–88.
39. Helliwell, J. F. (1996). Economic growth and social capital in Asia. NBER Working Paper Series, 5470 , 1-21.
40. Helliwell, J. F., & Putnam, R. D. (1995). Economic growth and social capital in Italy. Eastern Economic Journal, 21(3), 295–307.
41. Hjerppe, R. (1998). Social capital and economic growth. VATT Discussion Papers183, Government Institute for Economic Research, Helsinki, 1-26.
42. Horváth, R. (2013). Does trust promote growth? Journal of Comparative Economics, 41, 777–788.
43. Hvıžďáková, I., & Urbančíková, N. (2014). The level of social capital, ınnovation and competitiveness in the countries of the European Union (EU). European Spatial Research and Policy, 21(1), 123–136.
44. Işık, C. (2014). Patent harcamaları ve iktisadi büyüme arasındaki ilişki: Türkiye Örneği. Sosyoekonomi, 1, 69–86.
45. Kaasa, A. (2009). Effects of different dimensions of social capital on ınnovative activity: Evidence from Europe at the regional level. Technovation, 29, 218–233.
46. Karagül, M. ve Akçay, S. (2002). Ekonomik büyüme ve sosyal sermaye: Amprik bir kanıt. İktisat İşletme ve Finans, 17(198), 82–90.
47. Kirankabeş, M. C., & Erçakar, M. E. (2012). Importance of relationship between R&D personnel and patent applications on economics growth: A panel data analysis. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 92, 72–81.
48. Knack, S., & Keefer, P. (1997). Does social capital have an economic payoff ? A cross-country ınvestigation. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112(4), 1251–1288.
49. Koç, A. ve Ata, Y. (2012). Sosyal sermaye ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: AB ülkeleri ve Türkiye üzerine ampirik bir inceleme. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 17(1),199–218.
50. Lvery, R., Amara, N., & Lamari, M. (2002). Does social capital determine ınnovation? To what extent? Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 69, 681–701.
51. Miguélez, E., Moreno, R., & Artis, M. (2011). Does social capital reinforce technologlical inputs in the creation of knowledge? Evidence from the Spanish regions. Regional Studies 45 (8), 1019-1038 .
52. Neira, I., Vazquez, E., & Portela, M. (2009). An empirical analysis of social capital ve economic growth in Europe (1980–2000). Social Indicators Research, 92, 111–129.
53. Öksüzler, O. (2006). Sosyal sermaye, güven ve belirleyicileri: Bir panel analizi. Akdeniz İktisadi İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 12, 108–129.
54. Özcan, B. (2011). Sosyal sermaye ve ekonomik kalkınma. (Doktora Tezi). İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
55. Özcan, B. ve Zeren, F. (2013). Sosyal güven ve ekonomik kalkınma: Avrupa ülkeleri üzerine mekansal ekonometri analizi. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İktisadi İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 8(1), 7–36.
56. Perez, F., De Guevara, J. F., Serrano, L., & Montesınos, V. (2006). Measurement of social capital and growth: An economic methodology. MPRA Paper, 16006, 1–47.
57. Putnam, R. D., Leonardi, R., & Nanetti, Y. N. (1993). Making democracy work: Civic traditions in modern Italy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UniversityPress.
58. Putnam, R. D. (1995). Bowling alone: America’s declining social capital. Journal of Democracy, 6, 65–78.
59. Raiser, M., Haerpfer, C., Nowatny, T., & Wallace, C. (2001). Social capital in transition: A first look at the evidence. European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Working Paper, 61, 1–30.
60. Rodriguez-Pose, V. (1999). Innovation prone and ınnovation averse societies: economic performance in Europe. Growth and Change, 30(1), 75–105.
61. Romer, P. M. (1986), Increasing returns and long-run growth. Journal of Political Economy, 94(5), 1002–1037.
62. Roth, F., & Schüler, D. (2006). Trust and economic growth: A panel analysis. Manuscript Draft: University of Göttingen
63. Roth, F. (2009). Does to much trust hamper economic growth? Kyklos, 62(1), 103-128
64. Sabatini, F. (2005). The role of social capital in economic development: Investigating the causal nexus through structural equation models. Retrieved from http://ssrn.com/abstract=901361
65. Schumpeter, J. A. (1934). The theory of economic development: An ınquiry into profits, capital, credit, ınterestve the business cycle (RedversOpie, Trans.). Cambridge, UK: Harvard University Press.
66. Schumpeter, J. A. (1942). Capitalism, socialism and democracy. New York, NY: Harper&Brothers.
67. Schneider, G., Plümper, T. & Baumann, S.(2000). Bringing Putnam to the European regions on the relevance of social capital for economic growth. European Urban and Regional Studies, 7(4). 307-317.
68. Tatoğlu, F. Y. (2012). Panel veri ekonometrisi . İstanbul: Beta Yayıncılık.
69. Tatoğlu, F. Y. (2016). Panel veri ekonometrisi: Stata uygulamalı. İstanbul: Beta Yayıncılık.
70. Teixeira, A. C., & Fortuna, N. (2004). Human capital, innovation capability and economic growth in Portugal, 1960-2001. Portuguese Economic Journal, 3, 205–225.
71. The World Bank. (2015). Overview : Social capital. Retrieved from http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTSOCIALDEVELOPMENT/EXTTSOCIALCAPITAL/0,, contentMDK:20642703~menuPK:401023~pagePK:148956~piPK:216618~theSitePK:401015,00.html
72. Ulku, H. (2004). R & D, Innovation and economic growth: An empirical analysis. IMF Working Paper, 185, 1-37.
73. Ünver, Ö., Altunkaynak, B. ve Gamgam, H. (2016). SPSS uygulamalı temel istatistik yöntemler. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
74. Whiteley, P. F. (2000). Economic growth and social capital. Political Studies, 48, 443–466.
75. Wooldridge, J. M. (2015). Introductory econometrics: A modern approach. Canada: Nelson Education.
76. World Values Survey. http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/wvs.jsp
77. Wu, Y. (2010). Innovation and economic growth in China, The University of Western Australia. Retrieved from http://www.web.uwa.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/888448/10-10_Innovation_ve_Economic_Growth_in_China.pdf
78. Zak, P. J., & Knack, S. (2001). Trust and growth. The Economic Journal, 111, 295–321.