Teorik Makale
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Meslek Sosyolojisinde Teorik Yaklaşımlar

Yıl 2020, Sayı: Özel Sayı 1 / Supplement 1, 1 - 27, 11.09.2020
https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2020-0010

Öz

Türkiye’de meslek sosyolojisi son on yılda gelişen bir alan olarak henüz teorik ve kavramsal bir zemine sahip değildir. Bu makalenin amacı Durkheim ve Weber’den bugüne sosyoloji külliyatında meslek olgusuna dair geliştirilen teorik yaklaşımları eleştirel bir şekilde değerlendirip tasnif etmektir. Meslek olgusu farklı dönemlerde ve farklı ulusal bağlamlarda değişen açılardan ele alınmış ve tanımlanmıştır. Bilhassa DurkheimcıFlexnercı bir çerçeve geliştiren işlevselci meslek tanımı 1970’lere kadar etkili olmuştur. Batı toplumlarında yaygın şekilde kullanılan profession tabiri, avukatlık ve hekimlik gibi 19. yüzyıldan bu yana yüksek gelir, statü ve imtiyaz ifade eden işleri model alan bu geleneğin mirasıdır. Meslek olgusu bu çerçevede bir tür ahlak ve denge mekanizması olarak düşünülmüş; bu da bir özellikler seti olarak tanımlanmasını beraberinde getirmiştir. Alternatif olarak profesyonelleşme ve meslek aşınması kavramları mesleği süreç olarak düşünmeyi teklif etmiştir. 1970’lerden itibaren çatışma, mücadele ve iktidar mefhumlarını merkeze alan Weberci ve Marksist yaklaşımlar alana girmiş ve eleştirel, şüpheci ve ilişkisel bir bakış gelişmiştir. Meslekî kapanma ve tekel, proleterleşme, çatışma ve iktidar alanı olarak meslek gibi mefhumlar son otuz yılda yaygınlaşmıştır. Bununla birlikte farklı tarihsel tecrübelere dair çalışmalar arttıkça meslek anlamında profession kavramına dair tashih ihtiyacı da belirginleşmektedir.

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Theoretical Approaches in the Sociology of Professions

Yıl 2020, Sayı: Özel Sayı 1 / Supplement 1, 1 - 27, 11.09.2020
https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2020-0010

Öz

The sociology of professions as a developing field in the last decade in Turkey does not yet have a theoretical and conceptual ground. This article aims to critically evaluate and classify the theoretical approaches developed to understand professions in the sociology literature since Durkheim and Weber. In sociology, professions have been analyzed from different perspectives that vary according to different national contexts and periods. The functionalist definition of professions which is rooted in Durkheimian-Flexnerian framework in particular has been dominant until the 1970s. The term profession is a legacy of this tradition which took as a universal model prestigious jobs such as the lawyer and physician that have designated a high status and high income in Western societies since the 19th century. In this framework, professions are considered as sets of traits and attributes that are convenient to function as moral balance mechanisms. Alternatively, the concepts of professionalization and deprofessionalization offer to reconsider the established professions as dynamic processes rather than abstracted models. Since the 1970s, Weberian and Marxist approaches that emphasize conflict, struggle and power rather than harmony, have entered the field and fostered critical, skeptical and relational perspectives. Notions such as professional closure and monopoly, proletarianization, and field of power have become widespread in the last thirty years. In addition, as studies on different historical experiences increase, the need for a fundamental revision of the concept profession becomes indispensable.

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  • Oppenheimer, M. (1972). The proletarianization of the professional. The Sociological Review, 20(1_suppl), 213-227. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954X.1972.tb03218.x
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  • Parkin, F. (1979). Marxism and class theory: A bourgeois critique. Londra: Tavistock.
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  • Parsons, T. (1964). A sociologist looks at the legal profession. Essays in Sociological Theory içinde (ss. 370─385). Illinois: Free Press.
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  • Pavalko, R. M. (1988). Sociology of occupations and professions (2. bs). Ithaca, Ill.: Peacock.
  • Pickard, S. (2010). The role of governmentality in the establishment, maintenance and demise of professional jurisdictions: The case of geriatric medicine: Governmentality and geriatric medicine. Sociology of Health & Illness, 32(7), 1072─1086. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9566.2010.01256.x
  • Poulantzas, N. (1975). Classes in contemporary capitalism. Londra: New Left Books. Reed, M. I. (1996). Expert power and control in late modernity: An empirical review and theoretical synthesis. Organization Studies, 17(4), 573─597. https://doi.org/10.1177/017084069601700402
  • Ritzer, G. (1975). Professionalization, bureaucratization and rationalization: The views of Max Weber. Social Forces, 53(4), 627─634. https://doi.org/10.2307/2576478
  • Ritzer, G., & Walczak, D. (1988). Rationalization and the deprofessionalization of physicians. Social Forces, 67(1), 1─22. https://doi.org/10.2307/2579098
  • Rogowski, R. (1995). German corporate lawyers: Social closure in autopoietic perspective. Y. Dezalay & D. Sugarman (Ed.), Professional Competition and Professional Power: Lawyers, Accountants and the Social Construction of Markets içinde (ss. 114─135). Londra: Routledge.
  • Roth, J. A. (1974). Professionalism: The sociologist’s decoy. Sociology of Work and Occupations, 1(1), 6─23. https:// doi.org/10.1177/073088847400100102
  • Rothman, R. A. (1984). Deprofessionalization: The case of law in America. Work and Occupations, 11(2), 183─206. https://doi.org/10.1177/0730888484011002004
  • Saks, M. (1983). Removing the blinkers? A critique of recent contributions to the sociology of professions. The Sociological Review, 31(1), 3─21. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954X.1983.tb00677.x
  • Saks, M. (2015). The professions, state and the market: Medicine in Britain, the United States and Russia (1. bs). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315727493
  • Saks, M. (2016). A review of theories of professions, organizations and society: The case for neo-Weberianism, neoinstitutionalism and eclecticism. Journal of Professions and Organization, 3(2), 170─187. https://doi. org/10.1093/jpo/jow005
  • Saks, M., & Adams, T. L. (2019). Neo-Weberianism, professional formation and the state: Inside the black box. Professions and Professionalism, 9(2). https://doi.org/10.7577/pp.3190
  • Sander, R. H., & Williams, E. D. (1989). Why are there so many lawyers? Perspectives on a turbulent market. Law & Social Inquiry, 14(3), 431─479.
  • Schinkel, W., & Noordegraaf, M. (2011). Professionalism as symbolic capital: Materials for a Bourdieusian theory of professionalism. Comparative Sociology, 10(1), 67─96. https://doi.org/10.1163/156913310X514083
  • Sciulli, D. (2005). Continental sociology of professions today: Conceptual contributions. Current Sociology, 53(6), 915─942. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011392105057155
  • Sciulli, D. (2007). Paris Visual Académie as first prototype profession: Rethinking the sociology of professions. Theory, Culture & Society, 24(1), 35─59. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276407071567
  • Sennett, R. (2010). Karakter aşınması: Yeni kapitalizmde işin kişilik üzerindeki etkileri (B. Yıldırım, Çev.). İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
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  • Suddaby, R., & Muzio, D. (2015). Theoretical perspectives of the professions. L. Empson, D. Muzio, J. Broschak, & B. Hinings (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Professional Service Firms içinde (C. 1, ss. 25─47). https://doi. org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199682393.013.2
  • Sunar, L. (2018). Değişim sosyolojisi. Kavramlar, kuramlar ve yaklaşımlar. Ankara: Nobel Akademik. Sunar, L., & Kaya, Y. (2018). Türkiye’de değişen sosyo-ekonomik yapı içerisinde meslekler. Türkiye’de Toplumsal Tabakalaşma ve Eşitsizlik içinde (2. bs, C. 2, ss. 3─52). Ankara: Nobel Akademik.
  • Susskind, R. E., & Susskind, D. (2015). The future of the professions: How technology will transform the work of human experts. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Şeref, E. (2014). Emergent distinctions in the juridical field: The case of “plaza attorneys” in Turkey (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Sabancı Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
  • Tawney, R. H. (1920). The acquisitive society. New York: Harcourt, Brace And Howe. Terzioğlu, A. (1998). Turkish medical doctors: Historical experience and self narratives (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
  • Toren, N. (1975). Deprofessionalization and its sources: A preliminary analysis. Sociology of Work and Occupations, 2(4), 323─337. https://doi.org/10.1177/073088847500200402
  • Vatansever, A., & Yalçın, M. G. (2015). “Ne ders olsa veririz”: Akademisyenin vasıfsız işçiye dönüşümü (3. bs). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Villegas, M. G. (2009). Champ juridique et sciences sociales en France et aux Etats-Unis. L’Année sociologique, 1(59), 29-62. https://doi.org/10.3917/anso.091.0029
  • Vollmer, H., & Mills, D. (Ed.). (1966). Professionalization. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc.
  • Waring, J., & Bishop, S. (2013). Mcdonaldization or commercial re-stratification: Corporatization and the multimodal organisation of English doctors. Social Science & Medicine, 82, 147─155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. socscimed.2012.12.023
  • Warner, W. L. (1949). Social class in America. Chicago: Science Research Associates.
  • Weber, M. (1978). Economy and society. An outline of interpretive sociology (G. Roth & C. Wittich, Ed.). Berkeley, Los Angeles: University of California Press.
  • Weber, M. (2004). The vocation lectures: “Science as a vocation”, “Politics as a vocation” (D. Owen & T. B. Strong, Ed.; R. Livingstone, Çev.). Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company.
  • Weeden, K. A. (2002). Why do some occupations pay more than others? Social closure and earnings inequality in the United States. American Journal of Sociology, 108(1), 55─101.
  • Wilensky, H. (1964). The professionalization of everyone? American Journal of Sociology, 70(2), 137─158.
  • Willemez, L. (2015). Un champ mis à l’épreuve. Structure et propriétés du champ juridique dans la France contemporaine. Droit et société, 1(89), 129─149. https://doi.org/10.3917/drs.089.0129
  • Wright, E. O. (1980). Class and occupation. Theory and Society, 9(1), 177─214.
  • Wright, E. O. (2000). Class counts: Student edition. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Wright, E. O. (Ed.). (2005). Approaches to class analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Toplam 171 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sosyoloji
Bölüm Kuramsal Makale
Yazarlar

Elyesa Koytak 0000-0001-6530-7917

Yayımlanma Tarihi 11 Eylül 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 3 Şubat 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Sayı: Özel Sayı 1 / Supplement 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Koytak, E. (2020). Meslek Sosyolojisinde Teorik Yaklaşımlar. Journal of Economy Culture and Society(Özel Sayı 1 / Supplement 1), 1-27. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2020-0010
AMA Koytak E. Meslek Sosyolojisinde Teorik Yaklaşımlar. Journal of Economy Culture and Society. Eylül 2020;(Özel Sayı 1 / Supplement 1):1-27. doi:10.26650/JECS2020-0010
Chicago Koytak, Elyesa. “Meslek Sosyolojisinde Teorik Yaklaşımlar”. Journal of Economy Culture and Society, sy. Özel Sayı 1 / Supplement 1 (Eylül 2020): 1-27. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2020-0010.
EndNote Koytak E (01 Eylül 2020) Meslek Sosyolojisinde Teorik Yaklaşımlar. Journal of Economy Culture and Society Özel Sayı 1 / Supplement 1 1–27.
IEEE E. Koytak, “Meslek Sosyolojisinde Teorik Yaklaşımlar”, Journal of Economy Culture and Society, sy. Özel Sayı 1 / Supplement 1, ss. 1–27, Eylül 2020, doi: 10.26650/JECS2020-0010.
ISNAD Koytak, Elyesa. “Meslek Sosyolojisinde Teorik Yaklaşımlar”. Journal of Economy Culture and Society Özel Sayı 1 / Supplement 1 (Eylül 2020), 1-27. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2020-0010.
JAMA Koytak E. Meslek Sosyolojisinde Teorik Yaklaşımlar. Journal of Economy Culture and Society. 2020;:1–27.
MLA Koytak, Elyesa. “Meslek Sosyolojisinde Teorik Yaklaşımlar”. Journal of Economy Culture and Society, sy. Özel Sayı 1 / Supplement 1, 2020, ss. 1-27, doi:10.26650/JECS2020-0010.
Vancouver Koytak E. Meslek Sosyolojisinde Teorik Yaklaşımlar. Journal of Economy Culture and Society. 2020(Özel Sayı 1 / Supplement 1):1-27.