Enhancement of City Liveability Model by Examining Sustainability, Resiliency and Smart City Dimensions

Öz

Liveability models of cities play an important role in many issues such as raising awareness in cities, determining management strategies, and determining and solving criteria that affect human life. However, current liveability models are inadequate in measuring liveability. For this purpose, the currently used EIU The Global Liveability Index model was evaluated and enriched by examining it from 3 aspects and turning it into a more comprehensive index in this article. Since sustainability, resilience and smart city index studies are intertwined with liveability, studies in these areas and their effects on liveability have been utilized. In addition to the equally weighted indicators under the 5 categories within the scope of this enriched model, missing indicators were added. Importance weighting has been done in terms of the impact of these indicators on liveability. This weighting study was carried out with the widely used Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) which is a systematic and consistent method. With the enriched index model, data of 6 cities were collected and a comparison study was carried out and applied. Melbourne has become the most liveable city among these cities. The revised liveability index is expected to provide a more comprehensive and reliable measure of the liveability of cities, considering a wide range of factors that can affect the life quality of residents. The enhanced index is expected to be useful for policymakers, urban planners, and researchers in assessing the liveability of cities and identifying areas for improvement. Ultimately, the goal of a liveability index is to provide a more reliable measure of the quality of life in cities, considering a wide range of factors that can affect residents' daily lives.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Liveable City Index
• Sustainability
• Resiliency
• Smart City
• City Rankings
• Liveability Index

Şehirlerde Yaşanabilirlik Modelinin Sürdürülebilirlik, Dayanıklılık ve Akıllı Şehir Boyutları İncelenerek İyileştirilmesi

Öz

Şehirlerin yaşanabilirlik modelleri, şehirlerde farkındalığın arttırılması, yönetim stratejilerinin belirlenmesi, insan hayatını etkileyen kriterlerin belirlenip çözüm geliştirilmesi gibi birçok konuda önemli rol oynamaktadır. Ancak mevcut yaşanabilirlik modelleri yaşanabilirliğin ölçümünde yetersiz kalmaktadır. Makalemizde bu amaçla halihazırda kullanılan “EIU The Global Liveability Index” modeli 3 açıdan incelenerek zenginleştirilmiş ve daha kapsamlı bir endeks haline getirilmiştir. Sürdürülebilirlik, dayanıklılık ve akıllı şehir endeksi çalışmaları yaşanabilirlik ile iç içe olduğundan bu alanlardaki çalışmalardan ve yaşanabilirliğe etkilerinden faydalanılmıştır. Zenginleştirilen bu model kapsamında 5 kategori altında yer alan eşit ağırlıklı göstergelerin yanı sıra yaşanabilirliğin ölçülmesinde elzem olan ve sonradan eklediğimiz göstergeler de yer almaktadır. Bu göstergelerin yaşanabilirliğe etkisi açısından önem ağırlıklandırması yapılmıştır. Bu ağırlıklandırma çalışması yaygın olarak kullanılan sistematik ve tutarlı bir yöntem olan Analitik Hiyerarşi Süreci (AHP) ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Zenginleştirilmiş endeks modeli kullanılarak 6 ilin verileri toplanmış ve karşılaştırma çalışması yapılmıştır. Melbourne bu şehirler arasında en yaşanabilir şehir olarak gözlenmiştir. Güncellenen yaşanabilirlik endeksinin, şehir sakinlerinin yaşam kalitesini etkileyebilecek çok çeşitli faktörleri göz önünde bulundurarak şehirlerin yaşanabilirliğine ilişkin daha kapsamlı ve güvenilir bir ölçüm sağlaması beklenmektedir. Yeni endeksin politika yapıcılar, şehir planlamacıları ve araştırmacılar için şehirlerin yaşanabilirliğini değerlendirme ve iyileştirme alanlarını belirleme konusunda faydalı olması amaçlanmıştır. Sonuç olarak güncellenen yaşanabilirlik endeksinin amacı, şehir sakinlerinin günlük yaşamlarını etkileyebilecek çok çeşitli faktörleri göz önünde bulundurarak şehirlerdeki yaşam kalitesinin ölçümünün daha güvenilir bir şekilde yapılmasını sağlamaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Yaşanabilir Şehir Endeksi
• Sürdürülebilirlik
• Dayanıklılık
• Akıllı Şehir
• Şehir Sıralaması
• Yaşanabilirlik Endeksi

Kaynakça

1. Choon, S.W., Siwar, C., Pereira, J.J., Jemain, A.A., Hashim, H.S., & Hadi, A.S., (2011). A sustainable city index for Malaysia. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 18(1), 28-35.
2. Mori, K., & Choon, A., (2012). Review of sustainability indices and indicators: Towards a new City Sustainability Index (CSI). Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 32(1), 94-106.
3. Faisal, A., Tunaboylu, B., & Koyuncu, I., (2020). Environmental and social sustainability index (ESSI). Present Environment and Sustainable Development, 1, 325-342.
4. Haque, A.B., Bhushan, B., & Dhiman, G., (2022). Conceptualizing smart city applications: Requirements, architecture, security issues, and emerging trends. Expert Systems, 39(5), e12753.
5. Falconer, G., & Mitchell, S., (2012). Smart city framework. Cisco Internet Business Solutions Group (IBSG), 12(9), 2-10.
6. Suárez, M., Gómez-Baggethun, E., Benayas, J., & Tilbury, D., (2016). Towards an urban resilience index: A case study in 50 Spanish cities. Sustainability, 8(8), 774.
7. Normandin, J.M., Therrien, M.C., & Tanguay, G.A., (2009). City strength in times of turbulence: strategic resilience indicators. In Proc. of the Joint Conference on City Futures, 4-6.
8. Nieuwenhuijsen, M.J., (2021). New urban models for more sustainable, liveable and healthier cities post covid19; reducing air pollution, noise and heat island effects and increasing green space and physical activity. Environment international, 157, 106850.

9. Iskandar, P., & Prasetyo, W., (2022, February). Liveable city from the perpective of disaster management. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 986(1)
10. Randhawa, A., & Kumar, A., (2017). Exploring Livability as a dimension of Smart City Mission. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), 4(11), 277-285.
11. Pandey, R.U., Mitra, T., Wadwekar, M., Nigam, J., & Trivedi, K., (2021). Green Infrastructure as a Tool for Improving Livability of Area Based Development Projects Under Smart City Mission. Geospatial Technology and Smart Cities: ICT, Geoscience Modeling, GIS and Remote Sensing, 447-468.
12. Tariq, M.A.U.R., Faumatu, A., Hussein, M., Shahid, M.L.U.R., & Muttil, N., (2020). Smart city-ranking of major Australian cities to achieve a smarter future. Sustainability, 12(7), 2797.
13. Tapsuwan, S., Mathot, C., Walker, I., & Barnett, G., (2018). Preferences for sustainable, liveable and resilient neighbourhoods and homes: A case of Canberra, Australia. Sustainable cities and society, 37, 133-145.
14. Howley, P., Scott, M., & Redmond, D., (2009). Sustainability versus liveability: an investigation of neighbourhood satisfaction. Journal of environmental planning and management, 52(6), 847-864.
15. The Global Liveability Index 2021: How the Covid-19 Pandemic Affected Liveability Worldwide, The Economist Intelligence Unit, https://melbourne.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/global-liveability-index-2021-free-report.pdf, (June 2022)
16. Global Liveability Survey, The Economist Intelligence Unit, https://www.eiu.com/topic/liveability?zid=liveability2019&utm_source=economist-daily-chart&utm_med_2, (May 2022).
17. Arcadis Sustainable City Index 2022, Arcadis, https://www.arcadis.com/en/knowledge-hub/perspectives/global/sustainable-cities-index, (Sep 2024).
18. Citizen Centric Cities: The Sustainable Cities Index Europe, Arcadis, https://www.arcadis.com/campaigns/citizencentriccities/images/%7B1d5ae7e2-a348-4b6e-b1d7-6d94fa7d7567%7Dsustainable_cities_index_2018_arcadis.pdf, (Sep 2023).
19. Cohen, B., (2014). The smartest cities in the world 2015: Methodology. Fast Company, 11(20), 2014.
20. Qonita, G.S.R., & M., (2023). Smart City Assessment Using the Boyd Cohen Smart City Wheel in Salatiga. GeoJournal, 88(1), 479-492.
21. Silva, J., Bhoite, S., (2014). City Resilience Framework. The Rockefeller Foundation and ARUP, 928.
22. Silva, J., Morera, B.E., (2016). Measuring City Resilience, 4.
23. 68% of the World Population Projected to Live in Urban Areas by 2050, Says UN, United Nations, https://www.un.org/development/desa/en/news/population/2018-revision-of-world-urbanization-prospects.html, (May 2022).
24. Diesendorf, M., (2000). Sustainability and Sustainable Development. In Sustainability: The Corporate Challenge of the 21st Century. 2. edition, Allen & Unwin, Sydney, 19-37.
25. The 17 Goals, Uniten Nations, https://sdgs.un.org/goals (May 2023).
26. Asheim, G.B., (1994). Sustainability: Ethical Foundations and Economic Properties. Policy Research Working Paper Series, 1302, The World Bank.
27. Samir, I.G., (1992). Caring for the Earth: A Strategy for Sustainable Living. White Horse Press.
28. Imperatives, S., (1987). Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future. UN.
29. Labadi, S., (2017). UNESCO, world heritage, and sustainable development: International discourses and local impacts. Collision or collaboration: Archaeology encounters economic development, 45-60.
30. Arcadis, (2018). Citizen Centric Cities: The Sustainable Cities Index. https://www.arcadis.com/campaigns/citizencentriccities/index.html, Arcadis, Amsterdam.
31. Albo, A., Gomez, A., Mena, C., (2018). Sustainable Cities Index: Challenges Facing the SDGs in the Metropolitan Areas of Mexico, Looking to 2030. https://indicedeciudadessostenibles2018.lnpp.cide.edu/resources/Executive_summary.pdf, Sep 2023).
32. Li, X., Li, X., Woetzel, J., Zhang, G., & Zhang, Y., (2014). The China Urban Sustainability Index 2013. The Urban China Initiative, 1.
33. National Policy Frameworks on Resilience in OECD Countries, OECD, https://www.oecd.org/cfe/regionaldevelopment/national-policy-resilience-frameworks.pdf, (May 2023).
34. Silva, J., Bhoite, S., (2014). City Resilience Index: City Resilience Framework, ARUP, New York.
35. UNISDR terminology on disaster risk reduction, (2009). United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction.
36. Harrison, W.P.R., & C.G., (2016). A Systems Approach to Natural Disaster Resilience. Elsevier, 11-31.
37. Reiner, M.L., & M., (2017). Foundational Infrastructure Framework for City Resilience. Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure, 1(2), 1-7.
38. European Commission Directorate-General for Communication, Smart Cities, https://commission.europa.eu/eu-regional-and-urban-development/topics/cities-and-urban-development/city-initiatives/smart-cities_en, ( 20 May 2023).
39. 2020-2023 2020-2023 National Smart Cities Strategy and Action Plan, (2019), TC Ministry of Environment, Urbanisation and Climate Change of the Republic of Turkey.
40. Lee, C., (2016) Shaping Smarter and More Sustainable Cities: Striving for Sustainable Development Goals, ITU-T’s Technical Reports and Specifications, ITU.
41. Matta, A., (2020). Smart Cities and Inclusive Growth: Building on the Outcomes of the 1st OECD Roundtable on Smart Cities and Inclusive Growth, OECD.
42. Smart Cities – Vocabulary, BSI, BSI Standards Publication. https://www.bsigroup.com/en-IN/smart-cities/Smart-Cities-Standards-and-Publication/PAS-180-smart-cities-terminology/, (May 2023).
43. Iqbal, M., (2021). Smart City in Practice: Learn from Taipei City. Journal of Governance and Public Policy, 8(1), 50-59.
44. Manville, C., Cochrane G., Cave J., (2014)., Mapping Smart Cities in the EU. Policy Department A: Economic And Scientific Policy, Luxembourg, 27-29.
45. Kumar, D.B., & V., (2017). In Smart Economy in Smart Cities. Springer, 3-76.
46. Giffinger, R., Fertner, C., Kramar, H., Kalasek, R., Pichler-Milanovic, N., & Meijers, E.J., (2007). Smart Cities: Ranking of European Medium-Sized Cities. Final Report.
47. Cohen, B., (2014). The smartest cities in the world 2015: Methodology. Fast Company, 11(20).
48. Islam, R., Dali, N.M., & Abdullah, A., (2018). Prioritization of the Indicators and Sub-Indicators of Maqasid Al-Shariah in Measuring Liveability of Cities. International Journal of the Analytic Hierarchy Process, 10(3).
49. Demircan, N., & Sezen, I., (2018). Use of Green Spaces for Liveable and Sustainable Cities: Urban Allotment Gardens. Journal of the Institute of Science & Technology, 8(1).
50. Ramanathan, R., (2004). Multicriteria Analysis of Energy. Encyclopedia of Energy, 4, 77-88.
51. Taherdoost, H., (2017). Decision Making Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP): A Step-by-Step Approach. International Journal of Economics and Management Systems, 4, 245-246.