Araştırma Makalesi

Comparative Analysis of HLS- and RTL-Based SHA-256 Accelerators on a Zynq FPGA: Performance, Power, and Resource Utilization

Cilt: 38 Sayı: 2 30 Haziran 2026
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Comparative Analysis of HLS- and RTL-Based SHA-256 Accelerators on a Zynq FPGA: Performance, Power, and Resource Utilization

Öz

The Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA)-256 is a widely used cryptographic hash function in modern information security systems. This study presents the design and comparative analysis of a SHA-256 hardware accelerator implemented on a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) using two hardware development methodologies: a Register Transfer Level (RTL)-based Hardware Description Language (HDL, Verilog) approach and a High-Level Synthesis (HLS) approach. In the HLS-based methodology, the SHA-256 core was developed in the C programming language and synthesized into an Advanced eXtensible Interface (AXI)-compliant Intellectual Property (IP) core using an HLS tool, followed by system integration in the Vivado design environment. In contrast, the RTL-based approach involved designing an equivalent SHA-256 IP core fully described at the RTL level using Verilog and integrating it into the same system architecture. Verification of the HLS-based design was performed using C-level simulations and C/RTL co-simulations, while the RTL-based design was functionally verified using a dedicated testbench in the Vivado environment. Both hardware accelerators were integrated with a processor system using the Vivado Block Design tool and implemented on the Python Productivity for Zynq (PYNQ)-Z1 FPGA platform operating at a target clock frequency of 100 MHz. Post-implementation results indicate that the HLS-based design consumed more hardware resources, whereas the RTL-based design achieved a more resource-efficient implementation. Both designs met timing constraints and provided approximately a 16× performance improvement compared to a software-based SHA-256 implementation. Overall, the results highlight the trade-off between development efficiency and hardware optimization offered by HLS and RTL approaches, respectively.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Etik Beyan

Not required.

Kaynakça

  1. Gilbert, C., & Gilbert, M. (2025). Exploring secure hashing algorithms for data integrity verification. SSRN Electronic Journal, 7, 373–390.
  2. Li, T., Cheng, C., Wang, R., Wang, C., Zou, X., Yu, D. (2024). A high performance hardware implementation of SHA-256 algorithm. In Proceedings of the IEEE 4th International Conference on Information Technology, Big Data and Artificial Intelligence (ICIBA).
  3. Lee, H. S., Jeon, J. W. (2020). Comparison between HLS and HDL image processing in FPGAs. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics – Asia (ICCE-Asia).
  4. Puranik, S., Barve, M., Rodi, S., Patrikar, R. (2023). Acceleration of trading system back end with FPGAs using high-level synthesis flow. Electronics, 12, 520.
  5. Lundstrom, M. S., Alam, M. A. (2022). Moore’s law: The journey ahead. Science, 378(6621), 722–723.
  6. Liu, F., Li, H., Hu, W., He, Y. (2024). Review of neural network model acceleration techniques based on FPGA platforms. Neurocomputing, 610, 128511.
  7. Sugier, J. (2025). Implementing cryptographic algorithms across various generations of FPGA devices: A case study. In Advances in Dependable Systems and Networks (Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, Vol. 1427). Springer.
  8. Lahti, S., Hämäläinen, T. D. (2025). High-level synthesis for FPGAs—A hardware engineer’s perspective. IEEE Access, 13, 28574–28593.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Elektronik, Sensörler ve Dijital Donanım (Diğer)

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yayımlanma Tarihi

30 Haziran 2026

Gönderilme Tarihi

17 Ocak 2026

Kabul Tarihi

2 Nisan 2026

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2026 Cilt: 38 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA
Bal, S. (2026). Comparative Analysis of HLS- and RTL-Based SHA-256 Accelerators on a Zynq FPGA: Performance, Power, and Resource Utilization. International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Pure Sciences, 38(2), 272-280. https://doi.org/10.7240/jeps.1864699
AMA
1.Bal S. Comparative Analysis of HLS- and RTL-Based SHA-256 Accelerators on a Zynq FPGA: Performance, Power, and Resource Utilization. JEPS. 2026;38(2):272-280. doi:10.7240/jeps.1864699
Chicago
Bal, Sezen. 2026. “Comparative Analysis of HLS- and RTL-Based SHA-256 Accelerators on a Zynq FPGA: Performance, Power, and Resource Utilization”. International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Pure Sciences 38 (2): 272-80. https://doi.org/10.7240/jeps.1864699.
EndNote
Bal S (01 Haziran 2026) Comparative Analysis of HLS- and RTL-Based SHA-256 Accelerators on a Zynq FPGA: Performance, Power, and Resource Utilization. International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Pure Sciences 38 2 272–280.
IEEE
[1]S. Bal, “Comparative Analysis of HLS- and RTL-Based SHA-256 Accelerators on a Zynq FPGA: Performance, Power, and Resource Utilization”, JEPS, c. 38, sy 2, ss. 272–280, Haz. 2026, doi: 10.7240/jeps.1864699.
ISNAD
Bal, Sezen. “Comparative Analysis of HLS- and RTL-Based SHA-256 Accelerators on a Zynq FPGA: Performance, Power, and Resource Utilization”. International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Pure Sciences 38/2 (01 Haziran 2026): 272-280. https://doi.org/10.7240/jeps.1864699.
JAMA
1.Bal S. Comparative Analysis of HLS- and RTL-Based SHA-256 Accelerators on a Zynq FPGA: Performance, Power, and Resource Utilization. JEPS. 2026;38:272–280.
MLA
Bal, Sezen. “Comparative Analysis of HLS- and RTL-Based SHA-256 Accelerators on a Zynq FPGA: Performance, Power, and Resource Utilization”. International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Pure Sciences, c. 38, sy 2, Haziran 2026, ss. 272-80, doi:10.7240/jeps.1864699.
Vancouver
1.Sezen Bal. Comparative Analysis of HLS- and RTL-Based SHA-256 Accelerators on a Zynq FPGA: Performance, Power, and Resource Utilization. JEPS. 01 Haziran 2026;38(2):272-80. doi:10.7240/jeps.1864699