Sefazidim Analizi İçin GO@AuNPs Destekli Moleküler Baskılı Polimer Temelli Elektrokimyasal Sensör Tasarımı

Öz

Üçüncü nesil sefalosporin olan seftazidim (CTZ), Gram-negatif patojenlere karşı güçlü aktivitesi nedeniyle ciddi bakteriyel enfeksiyonların tedavisinde yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Biyolojik ve farmasötik matrislerde CTZ'nin doğru ve hassas bir şekilde belirlenmesi, terapötik ilaç izleme ve kalite kontrolü için büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu çalışmada, CTZ'nin seçici ve ultra hassas tespiti için moleküler baskılı polimer (MIP) temelli bir elektrokimyasal sensör tasarlanmıştır. Mükemmel elektriksel iletkenliği, geniş özgül yüzey alanı ve sinerjik sinyal yükseltmesi nedeniyle destekleyici matris olarak grafen oksit/altın nanopartikül (GO@AuNPs) nanokompoziti kullanılmıştır. Bu nanoyapılı platformun entegrasyonu, sensörün elektrokimyasal performansını önemli ölçüde artırmıştır. Moleküler tanıma, GO@AuNPs ile modifiye edilmiş elektrot yüzeyine bir MIP tabakası oluşturularak sağlanmıştır. Polimerik film, polimer yapısının hassas kontrolüne olanak tanıyan ve hafif reaksiyon koşulları altında yapısal homojenliği sağlayan fotopolimerizasyon (PP) yoluyla sentezlenmiştir. Trans-3-(3-piridil)akrilik asit (3,3-PAA), CTZ ile güçlü ve spesifik etkileşimleri nedeniyle seçilen fonksiyonel monomer olarak kullanıldı ve böylece baskılı polimer ağında yüksek afinite ve seçiciliğe sahip tamamlayıcı tanıma bölgelerinin oluşumunu kolaylaştırdı. Optimize edilmiş deneysel koşullar altında, geliştirilen MIP sensörü, düşük tespit limiti (LOD) ile geniş bir doğrusal yanıt aralığı sergileyerek CTZ'ye karşı mükemmel hassasiyet gösterdi. Seçicilik çalışmaları, sensörün yapısal olarak benzer sefalosporin antibiyotiklerine karşı yüksek özgüllüğünü doğruladı. Ayrıca, önerilen sensörün pratik uygulanabilirliği, gerçek biyolojik örneklerde ve farmasötik formülasyonlarda CTZ'nin başarılı bir şekilde tespit edilmesiyle doğrulandı ve gerçek örnek analizi için sağlamlığı ve potansiyeli vurgulandı.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Sefazidim
• Moleküler baskılı polimerler
• İlaç analizi
• Nanomalzemeler
• Elektrokimyasal sensörler

Design of a GO@AuNPs-embedded MIP-based electrochemical sensor for ceftazidime analysis

Öz

Ceftazidime (CTZ), a third-generation cephalosporin, is widely used to treat severe bacterial infections owing to its strong activity against Gram-negative pathogens. Accurate and sensitive determination of CTZ in biological and pharmaceutical matrices is of great importance for therapeutic drug monitoring and quality control. In this study, a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP)–based electrochemical sensor was designed for the selective and ultrasensitive detection of CTZ. A graphene oxide/gold nanoparticle (GO@AuNPs) nanocomposite was used as the supporting matrix owing to its excellent electrical conductivity, large specific surface area, and synergistic signal amplification. The incorporation of this nanostructured platform significantly enhanced the sensor's electrochemical performance. Molecular recognition was achieved by constructing an MIP layer on the GO@AuNPs-modified electrode surface. The polymeric film was synthesized via photopolymerization (PP), which allows precise control of polymer structure and ensures structural uniformity under mild reaction conditions. Trans-3-(3-pyridyl)acrylic acid (3,3-PAA) was utilized as the functional monomer, selected for its strong and specific interactions with CTZ, thereby facilitating the formation of complementary recognition sites with high affinity and selectivity within the imprinted polymer network. Under optimized experimental conditions, the sensor exhibited a linear response in the range of 2.50×10⁻¹³ to 3.75×10⁻¹² M, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 5.65×10⁻¹⁴ M and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 1.88×10⁻¹³ M. Selectivity studies demonstrated negligible interference even in the presence of a 1000-fold excess of structurally related compounds. The method was successfully applied to commercial serum samples and pharmaceutical dosage forms, yielding recovery values of 98.61–99.82% and 99.60%, respectively. Furthermore, the practical applicability of the proposed sensor was validated by successfully CTZ in real biological samples and pharmaceutical formulations, highlighting its robustness and potential for real-sample analysis.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Ceftazidime
• Molecularly imprinted polymers
• Drug analysis
• Nanomaterials
• Electrochemical sensors

Kaynakça

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