Öz

Centromere is a complex structure that ensures equal distribution of chromosomes to new cells via microtubules during cell division. Such a complex structure attracted great attention in plant species as well as in all eukaryotes and formed the basis of various study disciplines. Plant centromere biology, which is one of the study disciplines, provides basic information on genome biology, taxonomy, phylogeny by revealing the similarities and differences in various plant centromeres. In eukaryotes, the centromere, which is functionally conserved on chromosomes, may show various structural features. These structural changes are most commonly expressed in terms of the centromere-specific histone H3 (CENH3) protein and centromeric DNA sequences, which are two structural elements. To define the characteristic structural features of the centromere types, extensive studies must be performed involving cloning and sequencing. However, due to the long repeat DNA elements present in centromeric regions, erroneous sequences may occur and correct physical and genetic maps cannot be created. Therefore, plant centromere evolution has not been sufficiently resolved. To analyze the plant centromeres, new analysis methods have been developed by integrating the fields of centromere engineering, plant biotechnology and bioinformatics. Within the scope of this review, starting from a historical perspective, the centromere DNA sequences and centromere proteins with different epigenetic properties will be examined for various model plants and with special emphasis to legumes (Fabaceae), and the properties of the universal plant centromere structure will be revealed. In addition, different scientific studies will be presented that can add great innovations to plant breeding in applied agricultural sciences through centromere engineering.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• tandem repeats
• CENH3
• epigenetics
• kinetochore
• chromosome
• centromere engineering

Bitki kromozomlarında sentromerlerin önemi, moleküler yapısı ve organizasyonu

Öz

Sentromer hücre bölünmesi esnasında mikrotübüller aracılığıyla kromozomların yeni hücrelere eşit dağılımını sağlayan kompleks bir yapıdır. Böylesi bir kompleks yapı, tüm ökaryotlarda olduğu gibi bitki türlerinde de büyük ilgi çekerek farklı çalışma disiplinlerinin temelini oluşturmuştur. Çalışma disiplinlerinden birisi olan bitki sentromer biyolojisi, çeşitli bitki sentromerlerindeki benzerlik ve farklılıkları ortaya koyarak genom biyolojisi, taksonomi, filogeni gibi alanlara temel bilgiler sunmaktadır. Ökaryotlarda kromozomları üzerinde fonksiyonel olarak korunmuş sentromer, yapısal anlamda farklı özellikler gösterebilmektedir. Bu yapısal değişiklikler en yaygın anlamda iki yapısal unsur olan sentromere özgü histon H3 (CENH3) proteini ve sentromerik DNA dizileri bakımından ifade edilmektedir. Sentromer tiplerinin karakteristik yapısal özelliklerinin tanımlanabilmesi için klonlanarak dizilenmesi gerekmektedir. Ancak sentromerik DNA dizilerinde bulunan uzun tekrar DNA elementlerinden dolayı hatalı dizilemeler meydana gelebilmekte ve doğru fiziksel haritalar oluşturulamamaktadır. Bu nedenle bitki sentromer evrimi yeteri kadar çözümlenememiştir. Bitki sentromerini çözümleyebilmek amacıyla sentromer mühendisliği, bitki biyoteknolojisi ve biyoinformatik alanları birbiriyle entegre edilerek yeni analiz yöntemleri geliştirilmiştir. Bu çalışma kapsamında, tarihsel perspektiften yola çıkarak çeşitli model bitkiler ve devamında baklagiller (Fabaceae) özelinde farklı epigenetik özellikteki sentromerik DNA dizileri ve sentromer proteinleri irdelenerek evrensel bitki sentromer yapısının özellikleri ortaya konulacaktır. Ayrıca sentromer mühendisliği aracılığıyla uygulamalı tarım bilimlerinde bitki ıslahına büyük yenilikler katabilecek farklı bilimsel çalışmalar sunulacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• ardışık tekrarlar
• CENH3
• epigenetik
• kinetokor
• kromozom
• sentromer mühendisliği

Kaynakça

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