INVESTIGATION OF DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF MATERIALS USED IN CEMENT MORTAR MIXTURES DESIGNED FOR SEMI-RIGID PAVEMENTS

Öz

Semi-rigid pavements are a type of pavement constructed by injecting a flowable cement mortar into the voids of a compacted porous asphalt skeleton with a void percentage between 25-35%. Cement mortar is one of the most important components for semi-rigid pavements, but the properties of the mortar are not well researched. The design of cement mortar for semi-rigid pavements is different from the traditional cement mortar used for concrete design. In semi-rigid pavements, workability, flowability and strength of mortars play an important role in the performance level of mixtures. In this study, the properties, mixing ratios and performance characteristics of the materials in cement mortar used in the production of semi-rigid pavement systems were evaluated. In the study, the flowability and compressive strength properties of cement mortar prepared using two different aggregates, different w/c ratios and different proportions of superplasticizing admixtures were investigated. In addition, research on the materials, design and performance of cement mortar is summarized and presented. As a result of this study, it was determined that in order for the cement mortar to penetrate well into the voids in porous asphalt, the w/c ratio used should be kept low and the ratio of superplasticizing additive should be maximum 2%.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Semi Rigid Pavement
• Cement Mortar
• Material
• Design.

YARI RİJİT KAPLAMALAR İÇİN DİZAYN EDİLEN ÇİMENTO HARÇ KARIŞIMLARINDA KULLANILAN MALZEMELERİN TASARIM VE PERFORMANS ÖZELLİKLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ

Öz

Yarı rijit kaplamalar, boşluk yüzdesi %25-35 arasında olan sıkıştırılmış Poroz asfalt iskeletinin boşluklarına akıcı çimento harcının enjekte edilmesiyle inşa edilen bir kaplama çeşididir. Çimento harcı, yarı rijit kaplamalar için en önemli bileşenlerden biridir ancak harcın özelliklerine dair fazla araştırma yapılmamaktadır. Yarı rijit kaplamalar için çimento harcı tasarımı, beton tasarımı için kullanılan geleneksel çimento harcından farklıdır. Yarı rijit kaplamalarda, harçların işlenebilirliği, akışkanlığı ve mukavemeti karışımların performans seviyesinde önemli rol oynamaktadır. Bu çalışmada, yarı rijit kaplama karışımları elde etmek için kullanılan çimento harcı içerisindeki malzemelerin özelliklerinin, karışım oranları ve performans özellikleri değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmada, iki farklı agrega, farklı s/ç oranları ile farklı oranlarda süperakışkanlaştırıcı katkı malzemesi kullanılarak hazırlanan çimento harcının akışkanlık ve basınç dayanımı özellikleri incelenmiştir. Ayrıca çimento harcının malzemeleri, tasarımı ve performansı üzerine yapılan araştırmalar özetlenmiş ve sunulmuştur. Bu araştırmadaki sonuçlar neticesinde, çimento harcının poroz asfalt içerisindeki boşluklara iyi nüfus edebilmesi için, kullanılan w/c oranın düşük tutulması ve süperakışkanlaştırıcı katkı malzemesinin oranının en fazla %2 oranında olması gerektiği belirlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Yarı Rijit Kaplama
• Çimento Harcı
• Tasarım.
• Malzeme

Kaynakça

1. Abedini, M., Hassani, A., Kaymanesh, M. R., & Yousefi, A. A. (2017). Low-temperature adhesion performance of polymer-modified Bitumen emulsion in chip seals using different SBR latexes. Petroleum Science and Technology, 35(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/10916466.2016.1238932
2. Afonso, M. L., Dinis-Almeida, M., Pereira-De-Oliveira, L. A., Castro-Gomes, J., & Zoorob, S. E. (2016). Development of a semi-flexible heavy duty pavement surfacing incorporating recycled and waste aggregates - Preliminary study. Construction and Building Materials, 102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.10.165
3. An, S., Ai, C., Ren, D., Rahman, A., & Qiu, Y. (2018). Laboratory and Field Evaluation of a Novel Cement Grout Asphalt Composite. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 30(8). https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0002376
4. Arabani, M., Tahami, S. A., & Taghipoor, M. (2017). Laboratory investigation of hot mix asphalt containing waste materials. Road Materials and Pavement Design, 18(3). https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2016.1189349
5. Astm:C939-10. (2010). Standard Test Method for Flow of Grout for Preplaced-Aggregate Concrete (Flow Cone Method). ASTM International, 04(c).
6. Bang, J. W., Lee, B. J., & Kim, Y. Y. (2017). Development of a semirigid pavement incorporating ultrarapid hardening cement and chemical admixtures for cement grouts. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/4628690
7. British Standards Institution BSI. (2016). Methods of testing cement Part 1: Determination of strength. In British Standard.
8. Chen, Z., Qiao, J., Yang, X., Sun, Y., & Sun, D. (2023). A review of grouting materials for pouring semi-flexible pavement: Materials, design and performance. In Construction and Building Materials (Vol. 379). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.131235

9. Cihackova, P., Hyzl, P., Stehlik, D., Dasek, O., Šernas, O., & Vaitkus, A. (2015). Performance characteristics of the open-graded asphalt concrete filled with a special cement grout. The Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering, 10(4). https://doi.org/10.3846/bjrbe.2015.40
10. Corradini, A., Cerni, G., D’Alessandro, A., & Ubertini, F. (2017). Improved understanding of grouted mixture fatigue behavior under indirect tensile test configuration. Construction and Building Materials, 155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.08.048
11. Davoodi, A., Aboutalebi Esfahani, M., Bayat, M., & Mohammadyan-Yasouj, S. E. (2021). Evaluation of performance parameters of cement mortar in semi-flexible pavement using rubber powder and nano silica additives. Construction and Building Materials, 302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.124166
12. Fediuk, R. S., Smoliakov, A. K., Timokhin, R. A., Batarshin, V. O., & Yevdokimova, Y. G. (2017). Using thermal power plants waste for building materials. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 87(9). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/87/9/092010
13. Gong, M., Xiong, Z., Chen, H., Deng, C., Chen, X., Yang, J., Zhu, H., & Hong, J. (2019). Evaluation on the cracking resistance of semi-flexible pavement mixture by laboratory research and field validation. Construction and Building Materials, 207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.02.064
14. Gong, M., Xiong, Z., Deng, C., Peng, G., Jiang, L., & Hong, J. (2022). Investigation on the impacts of gradation type and compaction level on the pavement performance of semi-flexible pavement mixture. Construction and Building Materials, 324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.126562
15. Guo, X., & Hao, P. (2021). Influential factors and evaluation methods of the performance of grouted semi-flexible pavement (Gsp)—a review. Applied Sciences (Switzerland), 11(15). https://doi.org/10.3390/app11156700
16. Hardiman, Hamzah, M. O., & Mohammed, A. A. (2004). Binder Drainage Test for Porous Mixtures Made By Varying the Maximum Aggregate Sizes. Civil Engineering Dimension, 6(1).
17. Hassan, K. E., Setyawan, A., & Zoorob, S. E. (2018). Effect of cementitious grouts on the properties of semi-flexible bituminous pavements. In Performance of Bituminous and Hydraulic Materials in Pavements. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203743928-15
18. Hassani, A., Taghipoor, M., & Karimi, M. M. (2020). A state of the art of semi-flexible pavements: Introduction, design, and performance. In Construction and Building Materials (Vol. 253). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119196
19. Hu, C., Zhou, Z., & Chen, G. (2022). Effects of different types of acid rain on water stability of asphalt pavement. Construction and Building Materials, 322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.126308
20. Husain, N. M., Karim, M. R., Mahmud, H. B., & Koting, S. (2014). Effects of aggregate gradation on the physical properties of semiflexible pavement. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/529305
21. Khan, M. I., Sutanto, M. H., Khahro, S. H., Zoorob, S. E., Nur, N. I., Al-Sabaeei, A. M., & Javed, Y. (2023). Fatigue Prediction Model and Stiffness Modulus for Semi-Flexible Pavement Surfacing Using Irradiated Waste Polyethylene Terephthalate-Based Cement Grouts. Coatings, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13010076
22. Khan, M. I., Sutanto, M. H., Napiah, M. Bin, Zoorob, S. E., Yusoff, N. I. M., Usman, A., & Memon, A. M. (2022). Irradiated polyethylene terephthalate and fly ash based grouts for semi-flexible pavement: design and optimisation using response surface methodology. International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 23(8). https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2020.1861446
23. Khan, M. I., Sutanto, M. H., Yusoff, N. I. M., Zoorob, S. E., Rafiq, W., Ali, M., Fediuk, R., & Vatin, N. I. (2022). Cementitious Grouts for Semi-Flexible Pavement Surfaces—A Review. Materials, 15(15). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15155466
24. Koting, S., Karim, M. R., Mahmud, H., Mashaan, N. S., Ibrahim, M. R., Katman, H., & Husain, N. M. (2014). Effects of using silica fume and polycarboxylate-type superplasticizer on physical properties of cementitious grout mixtures for semiflexible pavement surfacing. The Scientific World Journal, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/596364
25. Li, G., Xiong, H., Ren, Q., Zheng, X., & Wu, L. (2022). Experimental Study and Performance Characterization of Semi-Flexible Pavements. Coatings, 12(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12020241
26. Ling, S., Chen, Z., Sun, D., Ni, H., Deng, Y., & Sun, Y. (2022). Optimal Design of Pouring Semi-Flexible Pavement via Laboratory Test, Numerical Research, and Field Validation. In Transportation Research Record (Vol. 2676, Issue 11). https://doi.org/10.1177/03611981221093631
27. Ling, S., Sun, Y., Sun, D., & Jelagin, D. (2022). Pore characteristics and permeability simulation of porous asphalt mixture in pouring semi-flexible pavement. Construction and Building Materials, 330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.127253
28. Luo, S., Yang, X., Zhong, K., & Yin, J. (2020). Open-graded asphalt concrete grouted by latex modified cement mortar. Road Materials and Pavement Design, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2018.1479290
29. Pei, J., Cai, J., Zou, D., Zhang, J., Li, R., Chen, X., & Jin, L. (2016). Design and performance validation of high-performance cement paste as a grouting material for semi-flexible pavement. Construction and Building Materials, 126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.09.036
30. Sunil, S., Varuna, M., & Nagakumar, M. S. (2019). Performance evaluation of semi rigid pavement mix. Materials Today: Proceedings, 46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.10.311
31. Vavrik, W. R., Pine, W. J., Huber, G., Carpenter, S. H., & Bailey, R. (2001). The Bailey method of gradation evaluation: The influence of aggregate gradation and packing characteristics on voids in the mineral aggregate. Proceedings of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, 70.
32. Vijaya, S. S. A., Karim, M. R., Mahmud, H., & Ishak, N. F. (2009). Influence of superplasticiser on properties of cementitious grout used in semi-flexible pavement. In Proceedings of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, 296–296.
33. Wang, L., & Juan, H. (2020). Research on the Influence Factors of Low-Temperature Crack Resistance of Semiflexible Pavement Materials Based on Freezing Test. Journal of Highway and Transportation Research and Development (English Edition), 14(3). https://doi.org/10.1061/jhtrcq.0000740
34. Xu, G., Fan, J., Ma, T., Zhao, W., Ding, X., & Wang, Z. (2021). Research on application feasibility of limestone in sublayer of Double-Layer permeable asphalt pavement. Construction and Building Materials, 287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.123051
35. Yajun, W., Guo, C., Yanfeng, T., & Jianjun, W. (2013). Design of mix proportion of cement mortar with high-performance composite semi-flexible pavement. Advanced Materials Research, 641–642(1). https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.641-642.342
36. Zhang, J., Huang, W., Zhang, Y., Lv, Q., & Yan, C. (2020). Evaluating four typical fibers used for OGFC mixture modification regarding drainage, raveling, rutting and fatigue resistance. Construction and Building Materials, 253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119131
37. Zhao, W., & Yang, Q. (2022). Study on the applicability of asphalt concrete skeleton in the semi-flexible pavement. Construction and Building Materials, 327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.126923
38. Zhiqiang, C. H. E. N. G., Fansheng, K. O. N. G., & Rongrong, J. (2016). Study on the bleeding performance of cement grouting material on semiflexible pavement. Journal of China and Foreign Highway, 36(4), 276-279.