İNSANSIZ HAVA ARACI KULLANILARAK ANTİK KENT VE TARİHİ KERVAN YOLUNUN FOTOGRAMETRİK BELGELENMESİ: SARIHACILAR ÖRNEĞİ

Öz

Kültürel mirasın incelenmesi, yorumlanması ve yönetilmesi için kültürel ve arkeolojik mirasın gerçeğe uygun ve doğru bir tasvirine sahip olmak gerekmektedir. Malzeme kullanımındaki özen ve işçilikleriyle, taş malzeme ile yapılan ve dünya medeniyetlerinin izlerini taşıyan antik yolların ve kentlerin belgelenmesi ve korunması önemlidir. Düşük maliyetle yüksek doğrulukta 3B veri ve ortofoto görüntü üretmesi sebebiyle insansız hava araçları (İHA) kültürel miras alanlarını ölçmek için ciddi avantajlar sunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, sivil standartlara uygun GNSS-IMU ve otopilot destekli bir İHA kullanılarak Osmanlı İmparatorluğu dönemine ait bir antik kent ve kervan yolunun 80 metre uçuş yüksekliğinde örtüşmeli olarak 731 adet yüksek çözünürlüklü görüntüsü üretilmiştir. Elde edilen görüntüler, SFM (Hareketten Şekillendirme) algoritması ile işlenmiş, sit alanının 2.1 cm mekânsal çözünürlüklü ortofoto görüntüsü ve 8.4 cm çözünürlüklü sayısal yükseklik modeli üretilmiştir. İHA sisteminin doğruluğu geleneksel yersel yöntem ile test edilmiş, aplikasyon yapılarak belirlenen aynı ölçüm noktalarında iki yöntem arasında yaklaşık 0.4-4.3 cm aralığında kot farkı belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar, antik kentler ve kervan yollarının belgelenmesinde, İHA fotogrametri sistemlerinin detaylı ve hassas 3B veri elde etmek için uygun bir yöntem olduğunu göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• İnsansız hava aracı,Fotogrametri,Kültürel miras,Antik kent,Kervan Yolu

PHOTOGRAMMETRIC DOCUMENTATION OF ANCIENT CITY AND HISTORICAL CARAVAN ROAD BY USING UNMANNED AIR VEHICLE: SARIHACILAR EXAMPLE

Öz

It is necessary to have a proper and accurate depiction of the cultural and archaeological heritage in order to examine, interpret and manage cultural heritage. It is important to document and protect the ancient roads and cities built with stone materials and bearing the traces of world civilizations, which were built with care and workmanship in the use of materials. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) offer significant advantages to survey areas of cultural heritage because they produce 3D data and orthophoto images with high accuracy at low cost. In this study, at a flight height of 80 meters, 731 piece high-resolution overlapping images of an ancient city and a caravan road belonging to the Ottoman Empire period were obtained by using an UAV, which is appropriate for GNSS-IMU civil standards, and an autopilot assisted. Obtained images were processed with SFM (Structure from motion) algorithm, and 2.1 cm spatial resolution orthophoto image and 8.4 cm resolution digital elevation model of the site were produced. The accuracy of the UAV system was tested with the conventional terrestrial method, and at the same measurement points determined by application, the height difference between the two methods was found in the range of 0.4-4.3 cm. The results obtained show that the UAV photogrammetry systems are suitable methods for obtaining detailed and accurate 3D data in the documentation of ancient cities and caravan roads.    

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Unmanned aerial vehicle,Photogrammetry,Cultural heritage,Ancient city,Caravan road

Kaynakça

1. Adak, M. 2016. Akseki-Sarıhacılar Arasındaki Döşeme Yol Hakkında Bir Rapor.
2. Agisoft PhotoScan User Manual, 2017. http://www.agisoft.com/pdf/photoscan pro_1_3_en.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 12.03.2017).
3. Besl, P.J., Mckay, N.D. 1992. A Method for Registration of 3D Shapes. IEEE Transactions On Pattern Analysis And Machine Intelligence, 14(2), 239-256.
4. Beşdok, E., Kasap, B. 2006. 3D Nesne Modellemeye Yönelik Lazerli Bir Tarayıcı Sisteminin Tasarımı ve Gerçekleştirilmesi. Eleco, Elektrik - Elektronik - Bilgisayar Mühendisliği Sempozyumu ve Fuarı Bildirileri, 6-10 Aralık, Bursa, Türkiye.
5. Chiabrando, F., Nex, F., Piatti, D., Rinaudo, F. 2011. UAV and RPV Systems for Photogrammetric Surveys in Archaelogical Areas: Two Tests in the Piedmont Region (Italy). Journal of Archaeological Science, 38, 697-710.
6. Dubbini, M., Curzio, L.I., Campedelli, A. 2016. Digital Elevation Models from Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Surveys for Archaeological Interpretation of Terrain Anomalies: Case Study of the Roman Castrum of Burnum (Croatia). Journal of Archaeological Science, 8, 121-134.
7. Eisenbeiss, H. 2009. UAV Photogrammetry, Dissertation Institute of Geodesy and Photogrammetry, ETH Zurich, Switzerland.
8. Eisenbeiss, H., Lambers, K., Sauerbier, M., Zhang, L. 2005. Photogrammetric Documentation of An Archeological Site (Palpa, Peru) Using An Autonomous Model Helicopter. International Archives of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 34(5), 238-243.

9. Gomes, K.R., Lopez, D.H., Ballesteros, R., Moreno, M.A. 2016. Approximate Georeferencing and Automatic Blurred Image Detection to Reduce the Costs of UAV Use in Environmental and Agricultural Applications. Biosystems Engineering, 151, 308-327.
10. Hendrickx, M., Gheyle, W., Bonne, J., Bourgeois, J., De Wulf, A., Goossens, R. 2011. The Use of Stereoscopic Images Taken from a Microdrone for the Documentation of Heritage - An Example from the Tuekta Burial Mounds in the Russian Altay. Journal of Archaeological Science, 38, 2968-2978.
11. Hernandez, J.F., Aguilera, D.G., Gonzalves, P.R., Taboada, J.M. 2015. Image-Based Modelling From Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Photogrammetry: An Effective, Low-cost Tool for Archaeological Applications. Archaeometry, 57(1), 128-145.
12. Jorayev, G., Wehr, K., Calvo, A.B., Njau, J., de la Torre, I. 2016. Imaging and Photogrammetry Models of Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania) by Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: A High-resolution Digital Database for Research and Conservation of Early Stone Age Sites. Journal of Archaeological Science, 75, 40-56.
13. Karkinli, A.E., Kesikoğlu, A., Kesikoğlu, M.H., Atasever, Ü.H., Özkan, C., Beşdok, E. 2015. İnsansız Hava Araçları ile Sayısal Arazi Modeli Üretimi. Türkiye Ulusal Fotogrametri ve Uzaktan Algılama Birliği (TUFUAB) VIII. Sempozyumu, 21-23 Mayıs, Konya, Türkiye.
14. Lahoz, G.J., Aguilera, G.D. 2009. Recovering Traditions in the Digital Era: The Use of Blimps for Modelling the Archaeological Cultural Heritage. Journal of Archaeological Science, 36(1), 100-109.
15. Lambers, K., Eisenbeiss, H., Sauerbier, M., Kupferschmidt, D., Gaisecker, T., Sotoodeh, S., Hanusch, T. 2007. Combining Photogrammetry and Laser Scanning for the Recording and Modelling of the Late Intermediate Period Site of Pinchango Alto (Palpa, Peru). Journal of Archaeological Science, 34(10), 1702-1712.
16. Lozano, J.F., Alonso, G.G. 2016. Improving Archaeological Prospection Using Localized UAVs Assisted Photogrammetry: An Example from The Roman Gold District of the Eria River Valley (NW Spain). Journal of Archaeological Science, 5, 509-520.
17. Mavinci, 2017. http://www.mavinci.de/pro-version/ (Erişim Tarihi: 12.03.2017).
18. Messinger, M., Silman, M. 2016. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for the Assessment and Monitoring of Environmental Contamination: An Example from Coal Ash Spills. Environmental Pollution, 218, 889-894.
19. Nikolakopoulos, K.G., Soura, K., Koukouvelas, I.K., Argyropoulos, N.G. 2016. UAV vs Classical Aerial Photogrammetry for Archaeological Studies. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports.
20. Remondino, F., Barazzetti, L., Nex, F., Scaioni, M., Sarazzi, D. 2011. UAV Photogrammetry for Mapping and 3D Modeling-current Status and Future Perspectives. Proceedings of the International Conference on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Geomatics (UAV-g), 14-16 Eylül, Zurich, İsviçre.
21. Sarıkaya, M.A. 2015. Akseki ve Çevresinin Coğrafyası ve Jeolojisi. ss 46-65. Durak, A., Güzelyürek, C., ed. 2015. Ben Akseki’yim, Elit Ofset Matbaacılık, 600s. Siebert, S., Teizer, J. 2014. Mobile 3D Mapping for Surveying Earthwork Projects Using An Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) System. Automation in Construction, 41, 1-14.
22. Stek, T.D. 2016. Drones over Mediterranean Landscapes. The Potential of Small UAV’s (Drones) for Site Detection and Heritage Management in Archaeological Survey Projects: A Case Study from Le Pianelle in the Tappino Valley, Molise (Italy). Journal of Cultural Heritage, 22, 1066-1071.
23. Themistocleous, K., Lysandrou, V., Cuca, B., Agapiou, A., Hadjimitsis, D.G. 2015. Exploring the Ancient Kourion City Site from the Air Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles. International Journal of Heritage in the Digital Era, 4, 307-323
24. Uçkan, Y.B., Evcim, S. 2015. Arkeolojik Alanlarda Lazer Ölçümle Belgeleme ve Kent Modeli Oluşturma Üzerine Bir Örnek: Olympos Antik Kenti. Journal of Academic Social Sciences, 16(16), 1-15.
25. Vilariño, L.D., Jorge, G.H., Sánchez, M.J., Bueno, M., Arias, P., 2016. Determining the Limits of Unmanned Aerial Photogrammetry for the Evaluation of Road Runoff. Measurement, 85, 132-141.
26. Wang, L., Chen, F., Yin, H. 2016. Detecting and Tracking Vehicles in Traffic by Unmanned Aerial Vehicle. Automation in Construction, 72, 294-308.
27. Zhang, C., Elaksher, A. 2011. An Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Based Imaging System for 3D Measurement of Unpaved Road Surface Distresses. Computer-Aided Civil Infrastructure Engineering, 27(2), 118-129.