UYUZ HASTALIĞI (SKABİYES), TEDAVİSİ VE UYUZ HASTALIĞI TEDAVİSİNDE KULLANILAN BİTKİLER

Öz

Amaç: Uyuz hastalığı (Skabiyes) dünyada yaygın olarak görülen kaşıntılı, döküntülü ve bulaşıcı ektoparaziter bir hastalıktır. Etken Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis adı verilen mikroskobik bir eklem bacaklıdır. Her yaş, cinsiyet, coğrafya ve kültürden insanı etkileyebilir. Gelişmekte olan ülkeler, tropikal ve subtropikal ülkelerde endemik olan parazit nedenli bu hastalık, büyük kalabalıklar ve hijyenin korunamadığı ortamlarda salgınlar yapabilir. Tedavide topikal ve oral olarak kullanılan seçenekler kısıtlı sayıdadır. Permetrin, Benzil Benzoat, Kükürtlü merhemler, Lindan, İvermektin gibi ilaçların birçoğu toksik etkilerinden dolayı bebek, çocuk, gebe ve laktasyon ile ilgili kısıtlılıklar nedeniyle risk altındaki tüm popülasyonlara uygulanamamaktadır. Scabiyes tedavi edilmediğinde, özellikle pediyatrik yaş grubunda görülen piyoderma, impetigo gibi sekonder enfeksiyonların da tabloya eklenmesi, hastalığın yükünü artırmaktadır. Bu nedenle daha az toksik etkileri olan ilaç arayışları halihazırda kullanılagelen bitkilere olan ilgiyi de canlı tutmaktadır.

Sonuç ve Tartışma: Sporadik ya da epidemik tüm vakalarda, yayılımı önlemek için skabiyesin etkin tedavisi şarttır. Başarılı bir tedavi, ilaç uygulamasının doğru yapılmasına, tedavinin komplikasyonlar ve semptomları kontrol etmeye yönelik ek yaklaşımları içermesine ve beraberinde koruyucu önlemlerin alınmasına bağlıdır. Bu derlemede skabiyes, tedavisi, kullanılan ilaçlar, kullanılma potansiyeli olan yeni ilaçlar ve geleneksel olarak kullanılan bitkiler incelenmiştir. Ülkemizde yetişen, tanınan ve yetişme potansiyeli olan 49 taksonun uyuz hastalığı tedavisinde kullanıldığı belirlenmiştir. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Skabiyes
• Skabiyes tedavisi
• Tıbbi bitkiler
• Uyuz hastalığı

SCABIES, SCABIES TREATMENT AND PLANTS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF SCABIES

Öz

Objective: Scabies are an itch and contagious ectoparasite that is common around the World. There is the causative Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis. It can affect people of all ages, sexes, geographies and cultures. It is endemic in developing countries, tropical and subtropical countries. It can cause epidemics in large crowds and environments where hygiene cannot be maintained. Topical and oral options for treatment are limited. Drugs such as Permethrin, Benzyl Benzoate, Sulfur Ointments, Lindan, Ivermectin cannot be applied to all populations at risk due to their toxic effects, infants, children, pregnant women, and lactation-related restrictions. When scabies are not treated, the addition of secondary infections such as pyoderma and impetigo, which are seen especially in the pediatric age group, increases the burden of the disease. For that reason, the search for drugs with less toxic effects keeps the interest in plants still alive.

Result and Discussion: In all cases of sporadic or epidemic, effective treatment of scabies is essential to prevent to spread. Successful treatment depends on the correct administration of the medication, the inclusion of additional approaches to control complications and symptoms and the taking of preventive measures. In this review, scabies, their treatment, drugs used, new drugs with the potential to be used and traditionally used plants were examined. It has been determined that 49 taxa that are grown, known and have the potential to grow in our country are used in the treatment of scabies.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Human scabies
• Medicinal plant
• Scabies
• Scabies treatment

Kaynakça

1. 1. Ramos-e-Silva, M. (1998). Giovan Cosimo Bonomo (1663-1696): discoverer of the etiology of scabies. Int J Dermatol, 37 (8) 625-630.[CrossRef]
2. 2. Thomas, C., Coates, S. J., Engelman, D., Chosidow, O. and Chang, A. Y. (2020). Ectoparasites: Scabies. J Am Acad Dermatol, 82 (3) 533-548. [CrossRef]
3. 3. Jackson, R. (2004). Scabies by Kenneth Mellanby. J Cutan Med Surg, 8 (2) 73-76. [CrossRef]
4. 4. Organization, W. H. Web cite (2020). From https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/scabie Erişim Tarihi: 10.09.2020 5. Wang, C. H., Lee, S. C., Huang, S. S., Kao, Y. C., See, L. C. and Yang, S. H. (2012). Risk factors for scabies in Taiwan. J Microbiol Immunol Infect, 45 (4) 276-280. [CrossRef]
5. 6. Ciftci, I. H., Karaca, S., Dogru, O., Cetinkaya, Z. and Kulac, M. (2006). Prevalence of pediculosis and scabies in preschool nursery children of Afyon, Turkey. Korean J Parasitol, 44 (1) 95-98. [CrossRef]
6. 7. Çetinkaya, Ü., Şahin, S. and Ulutabanca, R. (2018). The Epidemiology of Scabies and Pediculosis in Kayseri. Turkiye Parazitol Derg, 42 (2) 134-137. [CrossRef]
7. 8. Thomas, J., Peterson, G. M., Walton, S. F., Carson, C. F., Naunton, M. and Baby, K. E. (2015). Scabies: an ancient global disease with a need for new therapies. BMC Infectious Diseases, 15 (1) 250. [CrossRef]
8. 9. GBD. (2017). Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet, 390 (10100) 1211-1259. [CrossRef]

9. 10. Cinotti, E., Perrot, J. L., Labeille, B., Maguet, H., Couzan, C., Flori, P. and Cambazard, F. (2015). Inefficacy of alcohol-based hand rub on mites in a patient with hyperkeratotic scabies. Clin Exp Dermatol, 40 (2) 177-181. [CrossRef]
10. 11. Hicks, M. I. and Elston, D. M. (2009). Scabies. Dermatol Ther, 22 (4) 279-292. [CrossRef]
11. 12. Kazan, D. and Demirsoy, E. O. SKABİYES; KLİNİK BULGULAR, TANI VE TEDAVİ. Acta Medica Nicomedia, 3 (2) 80-87,
12. 13. Şimşek, E., Keskin, A. and Dağcıoğlu, B. F. (2019). Sık Rastlanan ve Sık Atlanan Hastalık Uyuz: Olgu Sunumu. Ankara Medical Journal, 19 (1) 205-209. [CrossRef]
13. 14. Shimose, L. and Munoz-Price, L. S. (2013). Diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of scabies. Curr Infect Dis Rep, 15 (5) 426-431. [CrossRef]
14. 15. Tai, D. B. G., Abu Saleh, O. and Miest, R. (2020). Genital nodular scabies. IDCases, 22 e00947. [CrossRef]
15. 16. Çetin, B. Ş. (2017). Uyuz Hastalığına Yaklaşım (Güncel Kılavuz Değerlendirmesi). Cocuk Enfeksiyon Dergisi, 11 (2) 107-109. [CrossRef]
16. 17. Leung, A. K. C., Lam, J. M. and Leong, K. F. (2020). Scabies: A Neglected Global Disease. Curr Pediatr Rev, 16 (1) 33-42. [CrossRef]
17. 18. Micali, G., Lacarrubba, F., Verzì, A. E., Chosidow, O. and Schwartz, R. A. (2016). Scabies: Advances in Noninvasive Diagnosis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 10 (6) e0004691. [CrossRef]
18. 19. Roncalli, R. A. (1987). The history of scabies in veterinary and human medicine from biblical to modern times. Vet Parasitol, 25 (2) 193-198. [CrossRef]
19. 20. Johnstone, P. and Strong, M. (2014). Scabies. BMJ Clin Evid, 2014. [CrossRef]
20. 21. Medscape Web cite (2020). From https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1109204-treatment#d1 Erişim Tarihi: 13.09.2020 22. Goodman, L. S., Gilman, A., Brunton, L. L., Lazo, J. S., & Parker, K. L. . (2009). Goodman and Gilman Tedavinin Farmakolojik Temeli, (12 ed.). Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri Ltd. Şti. Ss: 1691-92
21. 23. Karthikeyan, K. (2007). Scabies in children. Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed, 92 (3) ep65-69. [CrossRef]
22. 24. Taplin, D., Porcelain, S. L., Meinking, T. L., Athey, R. L., Chen, J. A., Castillero, P. M. and Sanchez, R. (1991). Community control of scabies: a model based on use of permethrin cream. Lancet, 337 (8748) 1016-1018. [CrossRef]
23. 25. Dressler, C., Rosumeck, S., Sunderkötter, C., Werner, R. N. and Nast, A. (2016). The Treatment of Scabies. Dtsch Arztebl Int, 113 (45) 757-762. [CrossRef]
24. 26. MedlinePlus Web cite (2020). From https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a698037.html Erişim Tarihi: 24.02.2020 27. Drago, B., Shah, N. S. and Shah, S. H. (2014). Acute permethrin neurotoxicity: Variable presentations, high index of suspicion. Toxicology reports, 1 1026-1028. [CrossRef]
25. 28. Yang, P.-Y., Lin, J.-L., Hall, A. H., Tsao, T. C. and Chern, M.-S. (2002). Acute ingestion poisoning with insecticide formulations containing the pyrethroid permethrin, xylene, and surfactant: a review of 48 cases. Journal of toxicology: clinical toxicology, 40 (2) 107-113. [CrossRef]
26. 29. Khalil, S., Abbas, O., Kibbi, A. G. and Kurban, M. (2017). Scabies in the age of increasing drug resistance. PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 11 (11) e0005920. [CrossRef]
27. 30. Pasay, C., Walton, S. F., Fischer, K., Holt, D. and McCarthy, J. (2006). PCR-based assay to survey for knockdown resistance to pyrethroid acaricides in human scabies mites (Sarcoptes scabiei var hominis). American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 74 (4) 649-657. [CrossRef]
28. 31. Kayaalp, O. (2009). Rasyonel Tedavi Yönünden Tıbbi Farmakoloji (12 ed.). syf 291-93
29. 32. Salavastru, C. M., Chosidow, O., Boffa, M. J., Janier, M. and Tiplica, G. S. (2017). European guideline for the management of scabies. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol, 31 (8) 1248-1253. [CrossRef]
30. 33. Drugs.com Web cite (2020). From https://www.drugs.com/cons/benzyl-benzoate-topical.html Erişim Tarihi: 10.10.2021 34. Uptodate Web cite (2021). From https://www.uptodate.com/contents/malathion-drug-information?topicRef=114369&source=see_link Erişim Tarihi: 10.10.2021 35. The Emperor's Itch. The Legend Concerning Napoleon's Affliction with Scabies. (1940). Bulletin of the Medical Library Association, 29 (1) 63-63. [CrossRef]
31. 36. Sharquie, K. E., Al-Rawi, J. R., Noaimi, A. A. and Al-Hassany, H. M. (2012). Treatment of scabies using 8% and 10% topical sulfur ointment in different regimens of application. J Drugs Dermatol, 11 (3) 357-364, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22395587/ Erişim Tarihi: 01.01.2021
32. 37. Website Web cite (2020). From Dermiton ilaç bilgisi; http://berkoilac.com.tr/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/dermiton-kt-revG-onayli.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 10.12.2020
33. 38. Nolan, K., Kamrath, J. and Levitt, J. (2012). Lindane toxicity: a comprehensive review of the medical literature. Pediatr Dermatol, 29 (2) 141-146. [CrossRef]
34. 39. Humphreys, E. H., Janssen, S., Heil, A., Hiatt, P., Solomon, G. and Miller, M. D. (2008). Outcomes of the California ban on pharmaceutical lindane: clinical and ecologic impacts. Environ Health Perspect, 116 (3) 297-302. [CrossRef]
35. 40. Akram, M., Riaz, M., Noreen, S., Shariati, M. A., Shaheen, G., Akhter, N., Parveen, F., Akhtar, N., Zafar, S., Owais Ghauri, A., Riaz, Z., Khan, F. S., Kausar, S. and Zainab, R. (2020). Therapeutic potential of medicinal plants for the management of scabies. Dermatol Ther, 33 (1) e13186. [CrossRef]
36. 41. Thomas, J., Carson, C. F., Peterson, G. M., Walton, S. F., Hammer, K. A., Naunton, M., Davey, R. C., Spelman, T., Dettwiller, P., Kyle, G., Cooper, G. M. and Baby, K. E. (2016). Therapeutic Potential of Tea Tree Oil for Scabies. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 94 (2) 258-266. [CrossRef]
37. 42. Goodman, L. S., Gilman, A., Brunton, L. L., Lazo, J. S., & Parker, K. L. (2009). Tedavinin Farmakolojik Temeli (J. S. L. Laurence L.Brunton, Keith L Parker, Ed.). Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri Ltd.Şti. Ss: 1084-87
38. 43. Strong, M. and Johnstone, P. (2007). Interventions for treating scabies. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2007 (3) Cd000320. [CrossRef]
39. 44. Hay, R. J., Steer, A. C., Engelman, D. and Walton, S. (2012). Scabies in the developing world--its prevalence, complications, and management. Clin Microbiol Infect, 18 (4) 313-323. [CrossRef]
40. 45. Mounsey, K. E., McCarthy, J. S. and Walton, S. F. (2013). Scratching the itch: new tools to advance understanding of scabies. Trends Parasitol, 29 (1) 35-42. [CrossRef]
41. 46. Thomas, J., Peterson, G. M., Walton, S. F., Carson, C. F., Naunton, M. and Baby, K. E. (2015). Scabies: an ancient global disease with a need for new therapies. BMC Infect Dis, 15 250. [CrossRef]
42. 47. Mounsey, K. E., Bernigaud, C., Chosidow, O. and McCarthy, J. S. (2016). Prospects for Moxidectin as a New Oral Treatment for Human Scabies. PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 10 (3) e0004389. [CrossRef]
43. 48. Prichard, R., Ménez, C. and Lespine, A. (2012). Moxidectin and the avermectins: Consanguinity but not identity. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist, 2 134-153. [CrossRef]
44. 49. Talaga-Ćwiertnia, K. (2021). Sarcoptes Infestation. What Is Already Known, and What Is New about Scabies at the Beginning of the Third Decade of the 21st Century? Pathogens, 10 (7). [CrossRef]
45. 50. Pasay, C., Rothwell, J., Mounsey, K., Kelly, A., Hutchinson, B., Miezler, A. and McCarthy, J. (2012). An exploratory study to assess the activity of the acarine growth inhibitor, fluazuron, against Sarcoptes scabei infestation in pigs. Parasit Vectors, 5 40. [CrossRef]
46. 51. Mumcuoglu, K. Y. and Gilead, L. (2008). Treatment of scabies infestations. Parasite, 15 (3) 248-251. [CrossRef]
47. 52. Seebaluck, R., Gurib-Fakim, A. and Mahomoodally, F. (2015). Medicinal plants from the genus Acalypha (Euphorbiaceae)--a review of their ethnopharmacology and phytochemistry. J Ethnopharmacol, 159 137-157. [CrossRef]
48. 53. Riebenbauer, K., Weber, P. B., Haitel, A., Walochnik, J., Valencak, J., Meyersburg, D., Kinaciyan, T. and Handisurya, A. (2022). Comparison of permethrin-based treatment strategies against scabies in infants and young children. J Pediatr. [CrossRef]
49. 54. CORRIGENDUM to "Therapeutic potential of medicinal plants for the management of scabies". (2021). Dermatol Ther, 34 (4) e15027. [CrossRef]
50. 55. Company, M. E. (2000). PDR for Herbal Medicines. Medical Economics Company 56. Sezik, E., Yeşilada, E., Honda, G., Takaishi, Y., Takeda, Y. and Tanaka, T. (2001). Traditional medicine in Turkey X. Folk medicine in central Anatolia. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 75 (2-3) 95-115. [CrossRef]
51. 57. GÜNBATAN, T., GÜRBÜZ, İ. and ÖZKAN, A. M. G. (2016). The current status of ethnopharmacobotanical knowledge in Çamlıdere (Ankara, Turkey). Turkish Journal of Botany, 40 (3) 241-249. [CrossRef]
52. 58. Saikia, A. P., Ryakala, V. K., Sharma, P., Goswami, P. and Bora, U. (2006). Ethnobotany of medicinal plants used by Assamese people for various skin ailments and cosmetics. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 106 (2) 149-157. [CrossRef]
53. 59. Tabassum, N. and Hamdani, M. (2014). Plants used to treat skin diseases. Pharmacogn Rev, 8 (15) 52-60. [CrossRef] 60. Khan, N., Khushtar, M., Ahmad, N., Hasan, N., Khan, Z., Idris, S., Ahmad, A. and Zishan, M. (2017). Nutritional importance and pharmacological activity of Mangifera indica. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 6 258-273. [CrossRef]
54. 61. Kumalasari, M., Marwing, A., Kususmawati, E., Mustika, I., Lusiana, N., Widayanti, L., Andiarna, F., Andyarini, E. and Hidayati, S. (2020). Development of Extract of Herbal Plants as Anti-Scabies in Pesantren. [CrossRef]
55. 62. Alamgeer, Sharif, A., Asif, H., Younis, W., Riaz, H., Bukhari, I. A. and Assiri, A. M. (2018). Indigenous medicinal plants of Pakistan used to treat skin diseases: a review. Chin Med, 13 52. [CrossRef]
56. 63. Emre, G., Dogan, A., Haznedaroglu, M. Z., Senkardes, I., Ulger, M., Satiroglu, A., Emmez, B. C. and Tugay, O. (2021). An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in Mersin (Turkey). Frontiers in Pharmacology, 12 . [CrossRef]
57. 64. Koçyi̇ği̇t, M. and Özhatay, N. (2006). Wild plants used as medicinal purpose in Yalova (Northwest Turkey). Turkish Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3 (2) 91-103, https://www.turkjps.org/archives/archive-detail/article-preview/wld-plants-used-as-medcnal-purpose-in-yalova-north/12564 Erişim Tarihi:02.02.2022
58. 65. ÇAKIR, E. A. (2017). A comprehensive review on Ethnomedicinal utilization of gymnosperms in Turkey. Eurasian Journal of Forest Science, 5 (1) 35-47. [CrossRef]
59. 66. Nigussie, G. (2021). A review on traditionally used medicinal plants for scabies therapy in Ethiopia. Advances in Traditional Medicine, 21 (2) 199-208. [CrossRef]
60. 67. Kingston, C., Jeeva, S., Jeeva, G., Kiruba, S., Mishra, B. and Kannan, D. (2009). Indigenous knowledge of using medicinal plants in treating skin diseases in Kanyakumari district, Southern India. http://nopr.niscair.res.in/handle/123456789/3966 Erişim Tarihi:10.02.2022
61. 68. Basch, E., Ulbricht, C., Hammerness, P., Bevins, A. and Sollars, D. (2004). Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.), thymol. Journal of herbal pharmacotherapy, 4 (1) 49-67. [CrossRef]
62. 69. Uritu, C. M., Mihai, C. T., Stanciu, G.-D., Dodi, G., Alexa-Stratulat, T., Luca, A., Leon-Constantin, M.-M., Stefanescu, R., Bild, V. and Melnic, S. (2018). Medicinal plants of the family Lamiaceae in pain therapy: A review. Pain Research and Management, 2018. [CrossRef]
63. 70. DEMİREZER, L., ERSÖZ, T., SARAÇOĞLU, İ., ŞENER, B., KÖROĞLU, A. and YALÇIN, F. (2019). A’dan Z’ye Tıbbi Bitkiler (Tamamlayıcı tıbbın Onayladığı Bitkiler ve Güvenli Kullanım rehberi).
64. 71. Murniati, A. and Rohmawati, I. (2018). The Influence Of Using Extract Neem Leaf (Azadirachta indica A. juss) Soap In The Scabies lesions grade II Healing. Journal of Agromedicine and Medical Sciences, 4 (3) 140-146. [CrossRef]
65. 72. Ayaz, S., Hannan, A., Usmanghani, K., Nazar, H., Mohiuddin, E., Akram, M. and Khan, M. I. (2011). ScaNeem: Herbo-mineral therapy for scabies. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 5 (24) 5706-5712. [CrossRef]
66. 73. Badgujar, S. B., Patel, V. V., Bandivdekar, A. H. and Mahajan, R. T. (2014). Traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Ficus carica: A review. Pharmaceutical biology, 52 (11) 1487-1503. [CrossRef]
67. 74. Yeşilada, E., Sezik, E., Honda, G., Takaishi, Y., Takeda, Y. and Tanaka, T. (1999). Traditional medicine in Turkey IX:: Folk medicine in north-west Anatolia. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 64 (3) 195-210. [CrossRef]
68. 75. Sezik, E., Tabata, M., Yesilada, E., Honda, G., Goto, K. and Ikeshiro, Y. (1991). Traditional medicine in Turkey I. Folk medicine in northeast Anatolia. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 35 (2) 191-196. [CrossRef]
69. 76. OA, O., OA, O. and LA, A. (2009). Preliminary study of effectiveness of Aloe vera in scabies treatment. Phytotherapy Research: An International Journal Devoted to Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Natural Product Derivatives, 23 (10) 1482-1484. [CrossRef]
70. 77. Prevention, C. a. Web cite (2020). From https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/scabies/prevent.html Erişim Tarihi: 20.09.2020 Erişim Tarihi: 15.10.2021 78. Bhunu, C. P., Mushayabasa, S. and Monera, T. G. (2013). Assessing the Impact of Vaccination on Controlling the Spread of Human Scabies. ISRN Computational Biology, 2013 362973. [CrossRef]
71. 79. Demirezer, L., Ersöz, T., Saraçoğlu, İ., Şener, B., Köroğlu, A. and Yalçın, F. (2021). A'dan Z'ye Tıbbi Yağlar ve Aromatik Sular. Hayykitap-810, Hayat Güzeldir-99, İstanbul