BAZI ASYNEUMA GRISEB. & SCHENK TAKSONLARININ KARŞILAŞTIRMALI YAPRAK ANATOMİSİ

Öz

Amaç: Asyneuma Griseb. & Schenk, dünya çapında kabul görmüş 34 türle temsil edilmektedir ve doğal yayılışı Doğu Orta Avrupa'dan Japonya ve Kuzey Çin-hindi'ye kadar geniş bir alanı kapsamaktadır. Asyneuma bitkileri, otsu, basit veya dallı çiçekler mor, menekşe veya mavi renkli ve kapsül meyveler ile karakterize edilir. Campanulaceae familyasının feniletanoid (fenilproponoid), alkaloidler, siyanogenetik heterosit, flavonoit, triterpen, antosiyanin, fenolik asitler, uçucu yağ, kumarin ve polisakkarit gibi biyoaktif bileşikler içerdiğini göstermektedir. Ayrıca familya bitkilerinin antioksidan, yara iyileştirici, antienflamatuar, analjezik, antiobezite, balgam söktürücü, antihepatotoksik, antitümöral, antiaterosklerotik, nöroprotektif, antidepresan, tonik ve α-glukosidaz inhibitör aktiviteleri olduğu bilinmektedir. Bu çalışmada Asyneuma limonifolium subsp. limonifolium, A. limonifolium subsp. pestalozzae (Boiss.) Damboldt, A. linifolium subsp. linifolium ve A. linifolium subsp. nallihanicum Kit Tan & Yıldız yapraklarının anatomik yapıları incelenmiştir. Gereç ve Yöntem: Asyneuma limonifolium subsp. limonifolium, A. limonifolium subsp. pestalozzae (Boiss.) Damboldt, A. linifolium subsp. nallihanicum Kit Tan & Yıldız Ankara'dan toplanmıştır. A. linifolium subsp. linifolium Antalya'dan toplanmıştır. Bitki kısımları alkolde (%70) korunmuştur. Jilet kullanılarak mikroskobik kesitler alınmıştır. Dokular Sartur reaktifi ile boyanmıştır ve ışık mikroskobunda incelenmiştir. Işık mikroskobuna bağlı bir kamera ile mikrofotoğrafları çekilmiştir. Sonuç ve Tartışma: Sonuçlar, Asyneuma limonifolium subsp. limonifolium ve A. limonifolium subsp. pestalozzae taban ve gövde yapraklarının benzer olduğunu göstermiştir. Yapraklar bifasiyal ve palizat parenkiması 1-2 sıralıdır. Ayrıca, tek hücreli örtü tüyleri ve anomostik stomalar her iki epidermal yüzeyde de gözlenmiştir. Bunun yanında, A. linifolium subsp. linifolium’un yaprağı monofasiyal, A. linifolium subsp. nallihanicum’un ise bifasiyaldir. Ek olarak, A. linifolium subsp. linifolium'un epidermal tabakasında tek hücreli tüyler bulunurken, A. linifolium subsp. nallihanicum’da ise yoktur. Anomostik stomalar, her iki alt türün yaprak üst ve alt yüzeylerinde tespit edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Asyneuma
• bitki anatomisi
• Campanulaceae
• farmasötik botanik
• tıbbi bitkiler

COMPARATIVE LEAF ANATOMY OF SOME ASYNEUMA GRISEB. & SCHENK TAXA

Öz

Objective: The Asyneuma Griseb. & Schenk is represented by 34 accepted species worldwide and its native range covers a wide area from East Central Europe to Japan and Northern Indo-china. The plants of Asyneuma are characterized by herbaceous, simple or branched inflorescences, purple, violet or blue corolla and capsule fruits. Studies show that the Campanulaceae family contains bioactive compounds phenylethanoid (phenylproponoid), alkaloids, cyanogenetic heteroside, flavonoid, triterpene, anthocyanin, phenolic acid, essential oil, coumarin and polysaccharide. In addition, it is known that plants in the family have antioxidant, wound healing, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antiobesity, expectorant antihepatotoxic, antitumoral, antiatherosclerotic, neuroprotective, antidepressant, tonic and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. In this study, the anatomical structures of Asyneuma limonifolium subsp. limonifolium, A. limonifolium subsp. pestalozzae (Boiss.) Damboldt, A. linifolium subsp. linifolium and A. linifolium subsp. nallihanicum Kit Tan & Yıldız leaves were examined. Material and Method: Asyneuma limonifolium subsp. limonifolium, A. limonifolium subsp. pestalozzae (Boiss.) Damboldt, A. linifolium subsp. nallihanicum Kit Tan & Yıldız were collected from Ankara. A. linifolium subsp. linifolium was collected from Antalya. Plant parts preserved in alcohol (70%). Microscopic sections were taken using a razor blade. Tissues were stained with Sartur's reagent and examined with a light microscope. Microphotographs were taken with a camera attached to a light microscope. Result and Discussion: The results showed that, the anatomical structures of the basal and cauline leaves of Asyneuma limonifolium subsp. limonifolium and A. limonifolium subsp. pestalozzae were similar. The leaves are bifacial and the palisade parenchyma 1-2 rows. In addition, the unicellular, non-glandular hairs and anomocytic stomata were observed on both epidermal surfaces. Besides, the leaf of A. linifolium subsp. linifolium is monofacial while that of A. linifolium subsp. nallihanicum is bifacial. Also, unicellular hairs were present on epidermal layer of A. linifolium subsp. linifolium while A. linifolium subsp. nallihanicum were not. The anomocytic stomata were determined on the upper and lower leaf surfaces of both subspecies.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Asyneuma
• Campanulaceae
• medicinal plants
• pharmaceutical botany
• plant anatomy

Kaynakça

1. 1. Bulut, G., Haznedaroğlu, M.Z., Doğan, A., Koyu, H., Tuzlacı, E. (2017). An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in Acipayam (Denizli-Turkey). Journal of Herbal Medicine, 10, 64-81. [CrossRef]
2. 2. Çakılcıoğlu, U., Khatun, S., Türkoğlu, İ., Hayta, S. (2011). Ethnopharmacological survey of medicinal plants in Maden (Elazığ-Turkey). Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 137(1), 469-486. [CrossRef]
3. 3. Özgişi, K., Yaylaci, Ö.K., Sezer, O., Öztürk, D., Koyuncu, O., Atila, O. (2017). Yunusemre Beldesi (Eskişehir) ve Çevresinin Florası. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 21(1), 64-78.
4. 4. Özüdoğru, B., Akaydın, G., Erik, S., Yesilada, E. (2011). Inferences from an ethnobotanical field expedition in the selected locations of Sivas and Yozgat provinces (Turkey). Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 137(1), 85-98.[CrossRef]
5. 5. Polat, R., Cakilcioglu, U., Kaltalioğlu, K., Ulusan, M.D., Türkmen, Z. (2015). An ethnobotanical study on medicinal plants in Espiye and its surrounding (Giresun-Turkey). Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 163, 1-11. [CrossRef]
6. 6. Sargın, S.A., Akçicek, E., Selvi, S. (2013). An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by the local people of Alaşehir (Manisa) in Turkey. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 150(3), 860-874. [CrossRef]
7. 7. Kültür, Ş. (2007). Medicinal plants used in Kırklareli province (Turkey). Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 111(2), 341-364. [CrossRef]
8. 8. POWO. (2023). Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet; http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/ Retrieved 31 July 2023.

9. 9. Evans, W. (2002). Trease and Evans pharmacognosy (15th ed.). WB Saunders, p.39.
10. 10. Davis, P.H. (1978). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Vol.: 6. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, p.2.
11. 11. Bacon, J.S.D. (1959). Carbonhydrates of the rampion, Campanula rapunculus. Soil Research, 184(25). [CrossRef]
12. 12. Cuendet, M., Potterat, O., Hostettmann, K. (2000). Flavonoids and phenylpropanoid derivates from Campanula barbata. Phytochemistry, 56, 631-636. [CrossRef]
13. 13. Harborne, J.B., Baxter, H., Moss, P.G. (1996). Dictionary of plant toxins. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, England, p.233.
14. 14. Ishida, S., Okasaka, M., Ramos, F., Kashiwada, Y., Takaishi, Y., Kodzhimatov, O.K., Ashurmetov, O. (2008). New alkaloid from the aerial parts of Codonopsis clematidea. Journal of Natural Medicines, 62, 236-238. [CrossRef]
15. 15. Lee, I.R., Ko, J.H. (1992). Isolation of triterpenoid and phenylpropanoid from Codonopsis ussuriensis. Archives of Pharmacal Research, 15(4), 289-291. [CrossRef]
16. 16. Morteza-Semnani, K., Saeedi, M., Akbarzadeh, M. (2008). The essential oil composition of Asyneuma pulchellum. Chemistry of Natural Compounds, 44(6), 787-788. [CrossRef]
17. 17. Poonpatana, S., Kasemsuwan, B., Trakulboon, B.P. (1978). Chemical investigation of Lobelia chinensis, Lour, Lobeliaceae. Warasan Phesatchasat, 5(2), 41-46.
18. 18. Plouvier, V. (1970). Coumarin glycosides (fraxoside and ısofraxoside) and flavone glycosides in some Campanulaceae and Caprifoliaceae. Sciences Naturelles, 270(11), 1526-1528.
19. 19. Teslov, L.S. (1979). Triterpene compounds of Campanula patula. Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, 4, 582-583. [CrossRef]
20. 20. Teslov, L.S. (1996). Phenolic compounds of the above-ground part of Campanula rapunculoides L. Rastitel’nye Resursy, 32(3), 87-92.
21. 21. Toki, K., Saito, N., Nishi, H., Tatsuzawa, F., Shigihara, A., Honda, T. (2009). 7-Acylated anthocyanins with p-hydroxybenzoic acid in the flowers of Campanula medium. Heterocycles, 77(1), 401-408. [CrossRef]
22. 22. Yayli, N., Yildirim, N., Usta, A., Oezkurt, S., Akguen, V. (2003). Chemical constituents of Campanula lactiflora. Turkish Journal of Chemistry, 27(6), 749-755.
23. 23. Andrade-Cetto, A., Becerra-Jimenez, J., Cardenas-Vazquez, R. (2008). Alfa-glucosidase-inhibiting activity of some Mexican plants used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 116, 27-32. [CrossRef]
24. 24. Dumlu, M.U., Gurkan, E., Tuzlaci, E. (2008). Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of Campanula alliariifolia. Natural Product Research, 22(6), 477-482. [CrossRef]
25. 25. Güvenç, A., Akkol, E. K., Hürkul, M. M., Süntar, İ., Keleş, H. (2012). Wound healing and anti-inflammatory activities of the Michauxia L’Hérit (Campanulaceae) species native to Turkey. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 139(2), 401-408. [CrossRef]
26. 26. Kim, J.Y., Kim, D.H., Kim, H.G., Song, G.-Y., Chung, Y.C., Roh, S.H., Jeong, H.G. (2006). Inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced expression of adhesion molecules in human endothelial cells by the saponins derived from roots of Platycodon grandiflorum. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 210(1-2), 150-156. [CrossRef]
27. 27. Lammers, T.G. (2007). The families and genera of vascular plants. Edited by K. Kubitzki. Volume VIII. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag Berlin, p.30-33.
28. 28. Lee, J.-Y., Yoon, J.-W., Kim, C.-T., Lim, S.-T. (2004). Antioxidant activity of phenylpropanoid esters isolated and identified from Platycodon grandiflorum A.DC. Phytochemistry, 65, 3033-3039. [CrossRef]
29. 29. Lee, K.J., Choi, C.H., Chung, Y.C., Kim, Y.S., Ryu, S.Y., Roh, S.H., Jeong H.G. (2004). Protective effect of saponins derived from roots of Platycodon grandiflorum on tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced oxidative hepatotoxicity. Toxicology Letters, 147(3), 271-282. [CrossRef]
30. 30. Lee, K.J., Shin, D.W., Chung, Y.C., Jeong, H.G. (2006). Chemopreventive effect of saponins derived from roots of Platycodon grandiflorum on 4-(methynitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone-induced lung tumorigenesis in A/J mice. Archives of Pharmacal Research, 29(8), 651-656. [CrossRef]
31. 31. Li-Kun, H., Yi-Nan, Z., Bao-Jun, X., Hiromichi, O., Yoshiyuki, K. (2002). Saponin from Platycodi Radix ameliorate high fat diet-induced obesity in mice. The Journal of Nutrition, 132(8), 2241-2245.
32. 32. Racz-Kotilla, E., Petre, M., Racz, G. (1982). Anti-nociceptive effect of Platycodon grandiflorum extracts. Revista Medicala, 28(2), 180-182.
33. 33. Shin, C.Y., Lee, W.J., Lee, E.B., Choi, E.Y., Ko, K.H. (2002). Platycodin D and D3 increase airway mucin release in vivo and in vitro in rats and hamsters. Planta Medica, 68(3), 221-225. [CrossRef]
34. 34. Son, I.H., Park, Y.H., Lee, S.I., Yang, H.D., Moon, H.-I. (2007). Neuroprotective activity of triterpenoid saponins from Platycodi Radix against glutamate-induced toxicity in primary cultured rat cortical cells. Molecules, 12(5), 1147-1152. [CrossRef]
35. 35. Subarnas, A., Oshima, Y., Sidik, O., Ohuzumi, Y. (1992). An antidepressant principle of Lobelia inflata L. (Campanulaceae). Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 81(7), 620-621.
36. 36. Damboldt, J. (1978). Asyneuma Griseb. & Schenk. In: P.H. Davis (Ed.), Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands, Vol. 6, (pp. 65-81). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
37. 37. Hürkul, M.M. (2021). Leaf, stem and root anatomy of Consolida thirkeana (Boiss.) Bornm. (Ranunculaceae). Journal of Research in Pharmacy, 25(4), 415-419. [CrossRef]
38. 38. Hürkul, M.M., Yayla, Ş. (2021). Leaf anatomy of Quercus macranthera subsp. syspirensis (K. Koch) Menitsky. Biyolojik Çeşitlilik ve Koruma, 14(3), 405-410. [CrossRef]
39. 39. Hürkul, M.M., Yayla, Ş. (2023). The anatomical features of Cirsium caucasicum (Adams) Petr. (Asteraceae): root, stem, leaf and phyllary. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, 27(1), 23-29. [CrossRef]
40. 40. Candan, F., Öztürk Çali, İ. (2012). Morphological and anatomical investigations on endemic Asyneuma limonifolium (L.) Janchen subsp. pestalozzae (Boiss.) Damboldt (Campanulaceae). BALWOIS 2012-Balkan Water Observation and information System Conference, Ohrid, Republic of Macedonia, 28 May-2 June 2012.
41. 41. Metcalfe, C.R., Chalk, L. (1965). Anatomy of the dicotyledons. Vol. II. Oxford Press. p.812.
42. 42. Eckhart, W. (1929). Die Blütentrichome der Campanulaceen und ihre verwertbarkeit als phylogenetisch-systematisches merkmal. Österreichische Botanische Zeitschrift, 78, 129-156.