GC-MS ANALYSIS OF ESSENTIAL OIL AND ANTICANCER ACTIVITIES OF EXTRACTS FROM DISCARDED LEAVES OF NICOTIANA TABACUM LINN.

Yıl 2022, , 291 - 307, 29.05.2022

Samia Hajjar Ali Jaber , Milad El Rıachı Fadi Abdel Sater Edmond Cheble

https://doi.org/10.33483/jfpau.991289

Cited By: 2

Öz

Objective: Cancer is still one of the most fatal diseases that threaten human health. Since the effectiveness of conventional cancer therapies based on chemotherapy, radiotherapy, cytotoxic drugs, and surgery is limited by their toxic effects, new therapies are needed. Secondary metabolites from plants exhibit good biological activities. The effect of solvent polarity and method of extraction on the yield of extraction, and the effect of the solvent extract on the biological activities of Nicotiana tabacum Linn. leaves extracts were evaluated. The essential oil extract of the leaves will be analyzed as well.

Material and Method: Samples of tobacco leaves, grown in Lebanon, were the subject of this work. Two methods of extraction in a series of solvents with decreasing polarities were performed. The antitumor activity was evaluated on breast adenocarcinoma MCF7 cells using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) cytotoxicity assay. The chemical composition analysis was conducted using TLC and GC-MS for essential oil.

Result and Discussion: The Nicotiana tabacum extracts exhibit anticancer activities, and it is affected by the solvent used. Moreover, the polarity and method of extraction significantly affect the yield of extraction. These results required further investigations on this plant and must be tested on other cancer cell lines. The TLC analysis of different extracts lead us to suggest the presence of α-4,8,13-duvatriene-1,3-diol, β -4,8,13-duvatriene-1,3-diol and Z-abienol (Z-AB). Totally 19 volatile constituents were detected in N. tabacum and the main components were pentadecanal (47.71 %), biosol (15.88 %), solanone (11.06 %), thymol (5.52 %), damascenone (2.16 %), and β-Caryophyllene (2.19 %). As well as that many studies are required to determine the active principles and their mode of action.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Antitumor, essential oil, GC-MS, Nicotiana tabacum, solvent polarity

KULLANILMAYAN NICOTIANA TABACUM LINN. YAPRAKLARINDAN ELDE EDİLEN UÇUCU YAĞIN GC-MS ANALİZİ VE EKSTRENİN ANTİKANSER AKTİVİTESİ

Öz

Amaç: Kanser, günümüzde hala insan hayatını tehdit eden en ölümcül hastalıklardan biridir. Kemoterapi, radyoterapi, sitotoksik ilaçlar ve cerrahiye dayalı geleneksel kanser tedavilerinin etkinliği, toksik etkilerden dolayı sınırlı olduğundan, yeni tedavilere ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Bitkilerden elde edilen sekonder metabolitler, iyi biyolojik aktivite göstermektedir. Çözücü polaritesi ve ekstraksiyon yönteminin, ekstraksiyonun verimi üzerine etkisi ve ekstraksiyonun Nicotiana tabacum Linn. ekstresinin biyolojik aktivitesi üzerine etkisi değerlendirilmiştir. Bunun yanında, yapraklardan elde edilen uçucu yağın analizi de gerçekleştirilmiştir.

Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmanın konusu, Lübnan’da yetişen tütün yapraklarından alınan örneklerdir. Azalan polaritede çözücü serisi ile iki ekstraksiyon yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Antitümör aktivite; meme adenokarsinoma MCF7 hücrelerinde, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) sitotoksisite testi ile değerlendirilmiştir. Ekstrenin kimyasal içeriği İTK ile, uçucu yağınki ise GC-MS ile değerlendirilmiştir.

Sonuç ve Tartışma: Nicotiana tabacum ekstreleri antikanser aktivite göstermiş ve çözücü türünün bu aktiviteyi etkilediği gözlenmiştir. Ayrıca, polarite ve ekstraksiyon yöntemi, ekstraksiyon verimini önemli ölçüde etkilemiştir. Bu sonuçlar doğrultusunda, bitki üzerine daha ileri çalışmalar yapılması ve başka kanser hücre serileri üzerinde testlerin yürütülmesi gerekmektedir. Farklı ekstrelerin İTK analizleri; α-4,8,13-duvatrien-1,3-diol, β -4,8,13-duvatrien-1,3-diol ve Z-abienol (Z-AB) bileşiklerinin varlığını göstermiştir. N. tabacum içeriğinde 19 uçucu bileşik tespit edilmiştir ve bunların arasında pentadekanal (47.71 %), biosol (15.88 %), solanon (11.06 %), timol (5.52 %), damasenone (2.16 %), and β-karyofilen (2.19 %) bileşikleri major olarak bulunmaktaır. Bunun yanı sıra aktif bileşiklerin ve etki biçimlerinin belirlenmesi için çok sayıda çalışmaya ihtiyaç vardır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Antitümör, çözücü polaritesi, GC-MS, Nicotiana tabacum, uçucu yağ

Kaynakça

• 1. Wang H, Khor TO, Shu L, Su Z, Fuentes F, Lee J-H, Kong A-NT (2012) Plants against cancer: a review on natural phytochemicals in preventing and treating cancers and their druggability. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 12:1281–1305. [CrossRef]
• 2. Ochwang’i DO, Kimwele CN, Oduma JA, Gathumbi PK, Mbaria JM, Kiama SG (2014) Medicinal plants used in treatment and management of cancer in Kakamega County, Kenya. J Ethnopharmacol 151:1040–1055. [CrossRef]
• 3. Greenwell M, Rahman PKSM (2015) Medicinal plants: their use in anticancer treatment. Int J Pharm Sci Res 6:4103–4112. [CrossRef]
• 4. Aiello P, Sharghi M, Mansourkhani SM, Ardekan AP, Jouybari L, Daraei N, Peiro K, Mohamadian S, Rezaei M, Heidari M, Peluso I, Ghorat F, Bishayee A, Kooti W (2019) Medicinal plants in the prevention and treatment of colon cancer. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2019:e2075614. [CrossRef]
• 5. O’Reilly MS, Boehm T, Shing Y, Fukai N, Vasios G, Lane WS, Flynn E, Birkhead JR, Olsen BR, Folkman J (1997) Endostatin: An Endogenous Inhibitor of Angiogenesis and Tumor Growth. Cell 88:277–285. [CrossRef]
• 6. The American Cancer Society medical and editorial content team Chemotherapy Side Effects. https://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatments-and-side-effects/treatment-types/chemotherapy/chemotherapy-side-effects.html Accessed 9 Aug 2021
• 7. Cragg GM, Newman DJ (2005) Plants as a source of anti-cancer agents. J Ethnopharmacol 100:72–79. [CrossRef]
• 8. Sivaraj R, Rahman PKSM, Rajiv P, Narendhran S, Venckatesh R (2014) Biosynthesis and characterization of Acalypha indica mediated copper oxide nanoparticles and evaluation of its antimicrobial and anticancer activity. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 129:255–258. [CrossRef]
• 9. Bassam Hassan (December 19th 2019). Plants and Cancer Treatment, Medicinal Plants - Use in Prevention and Treatment of Diseases, Bassam Abdul Rasool Hassan, IntechOpen. Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/70522
• 10. Jaber A, Soukariyeh R, Khalil A, Abdel-sater F, Cheble E (2020) Biological activities of total oligomeric flavonoids enriched extracts of nicotiana tabacum from eight Lebanese regions. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res 6:70–77. [CrossRef]
• 11. Rawat A, Mal R (2013) Phytochemical properties and pharmcological activities of Nicotiana tabacum. Indian J Pharm Biol Res 1:74–82. [CrossRef]
• 12. Régie Libanaise des tabacs et tombacs Tobacco’s economic contribution. In: REGIE LIBANAISE Tab. TOMBACS. https://www.rltt.com.lb/Article/31/tobaccos-economic-contribution/en Accessed 9 Aug 2021
• 13. Sharma Y, nagar A, Srivastava N, Dua D (2016) Antibacterial activity, phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of stem of nicotiana tabacum. Int J Pharm Sci Res 7:1156–67. [CrossRef]
• 14. Zhang X, Gao H, Zhang L, Liu D, Ye X (2012) Extraction of essential oil from discarded tobacco leaves by solvent extraction and steam distillation, and identification of its chemical composition. Ind Crops Prod 39:162–169. [CrossRef]
• 15. Wang H, Zhao M, Yang B, Jiang Y, Rao G (2008) Identification of polyphenols in tobacco leaf and their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Food Chem 107:1399–1406. [CrossRef]
• 16. Ameya G, Manilal A, Merdekios B (2017) In vitro antibacterial activity and phytochemical analysis of Nicotiana tabacum L. extracted in different organic solvents. Open Microbiol J 11:352–359. [CrossRef]
• 17. Nawaz H, Shad M, Rehman N, Andaleeb H, Ullah N (2020) Effect of solvent polarity on extraction yield and antioxidant properties of phytochemicals from bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) seeds. Braz J Pharm Sci 56:e17129. [CrossRef]
• 18. Thouri A, Chahdoura H, El Arem A, Omri Hichri A, Ben Hassin R, Achour L (2017) Effect of solvents extraction on phytochemical components and biological activities of Tunisian date seeds (var. Korkobbi and Arechti). BMC Complement Altern Med 17:248. [CrossRef] 19. Nawaz H, Aslam M, Muntaha ST (2019) Effect of solvent polarity and extraction method on phytochemical composition and antioxidant potential of corn silk. Free Radic Antioxid 9:5–11. [CrossRef]
• 20. British Pharmacopoeia Commission (1980) British Pharmacopoeia, 1980. Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, Atlantic House, Holborn Viaduct. London
• 21. Wakeel A, Jan SA, Ullah I, Shinwari ZK, Xu M (2019) Solvent polarity mediates phytochemical yield and antioxidant capacity of Isatis tinctoria. PeerJ 7:1–19. [CrossRef]
• 22. Karabegović IT, Veljković VB, Lazić ML (2011) Ultrasound-assisted extraction of total phenols and flavonoids from dry tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) leaves. Nat Prod Commun 6:1855–1856. [CrossRef]
• 23. Pyka A (2014) Detection progress of selected drugs in TLC. BioMed Res Int 2014:e732078. [CrossRef]
• 24. Jijhotiya A, Singhal DM, Goyal DS (2017) Preliminary phytochemical screening of leaves extracts of Nicotiana tabacum. 4:56–61. [CrossRef]
• 25. Oeung S, Nov V, Ung H, Roum K, Yin V, Keo S, Chea S (2017) Phytochemical analysis of different extracts of leaves of Nicotiana tabacum L. of Cambodia. Asian J Pharmacogn 1:18–26. [CrossRef]
• 26. Lawson DR, Danehower DA (1989) Quantitative thin-layer chromatography of Nicotiana tabacum leaf surface components. J Chromatogr A 463:429–440. [CrossRef]
• 27. Candelaria-Dueñas S, Serrano-Parrales R, Ávila-Romero M, Meraz-Martínez S, Orozco-Martínez J, Ávila-Acevedo JG, García-Bores AM, Cespedes-Acuña CL, Peñalosa-Castro I, Hernandez-Delgado T (2021) Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of some components of the essential oils of plants used in the traditional medicine of the Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley, Puebla, México. Antibiotics 10:295. [CrossRef]
• 28. Dutra RC, Pittella F, Dittz D, Marcon R, Pimenta DS, Lopes MTP, Raposo NRB (2012) Chemical composition and cytotoxicity activity of the essential oil of Pterodon emarginatus. Rev Bras Farmacogn 22:971–978. [CrossRef]
• 29. Francomano F, Caruso A, Barbarossa A, Fazio A, La Torre C, Ceramella J, Mallamaci R, Saturnino C, Iacopetta D, Sinicropi MS (2019) β-Caryophyllene: a sesquiterpene with countless biological properties. Appl Sci 9:5420. [CrossRef]
• 30. Popova V, Ivanova T, Stoyanova A, Nikolova V, Hristeva T, Gochev V, Yonchev Y, Nikolov N, Zheljazkov VD (2020) Terpenoids in the essential oil and concentrated aromatic products obtained from Nicotiana glutinosa L. leaves. Molecules 25:30. [CrossRef]
• 31. Alagić S, “Selekcija” IS, Palić R, Stojanović G, Nikolić M (2002) Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of the oriental tobacco yaka. J Essent Oil Res 14:230–232. [CrossRef]
• 32. Popova V, Ivanova T, Nikolova V, Stoyanova A, Docheva M, Hristeva T, Damyanova S, Nikolov N (2017) Biologically active and volatile compounds in leaves and extracts of nicotiana alata link & otto from Bulgaria. J Pharm Sci Res 9:2045–2051. [CrossRef]
• 33. Popova V, Ivanova T, Prokopov T, Nikolova M, Stoyanova A, Zheljazkov VD (2019) Carotenoid-related volatile compounds of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) essential oils. Mol Basel Switz 24. [CrossRef]
• 34. Palic R, Stojanovic G, Alagic S, Nikolic M, Lepojevic Z (2002) Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil and CO2 extracts of the oriental tobacco, Prilep. Flavour Fragr J 17:323–326. [CrossRef]
• 35. Yang LY, Yang SL, Li JY, Ma JH, Pang T, Zou CM, He B, Gong M (2018) Effects of different growth temperatures on growth, development, and plastid pigments metabolism of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) plants. Bot Stud 59:5. [CrossRef]