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Climate change and its impact on women's living

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 4, 482 - 487, 30.07.2024
https://doi.org/10.32322/jhsm.1481918

Öz

Climate change is one of the biggest global health threats to the world’s population. Global warming can occur largely due to increased levels of greenhouse gases caused by human activities and conditions such as the burning of fossil fuels (carbon dioxide), livestock (methane from manure), industrial emissions, vehicle/factory exhaust and chlorofluorocarbon aerosols that trap extra heat in the Earth’s atmosphere. The resulting extreme weather conditions lead to uncontrollable fires, air pollution, ecological changes and floods. The realization of ecological changes has major impacts on population displacement, family fragmentation, violence, water availability and quality, food security, public health and economic infrastructures. The consequences of ecological changes affect public safety and their ability to maintain health. Climate change also has direct impacts on human health and well-being. Particularly vulnerable populations are affected, including women, pregnant women, children, persons with disabilities and the elderly, who make up the majority of disadvantaged populations globally. In addition, when disasters occur, communities of different ethnic groups, low-income and disadvantaged individuals are more affected by climate change challenges. The climate crisis negatively alters the balance of risk for women’s sexual and reproductive health and rights, as well as for newborn and child health. Obstetric nurses and midwives have a unique opportunity to raise awareness, educate and advocate for mitigation strategies to reverse climate change affecting patients and their families. The objective of this review is to examine the circumstances under which climate change may emerge as a significant public health, social justice, human rights, economic, and women’s health challenge. The FIGO reports that the current climate crisis poses an imminent health risk to pregnant women, developing fetuses, and reproductive health, and calls for community-wide solutions, government policies, and global action.

Kaynakça

  • WHO. World Health Organization Constitution. Accessed 5.05, 2024. https://www.who.int/about/accountability/governance/constitution
  • UNICEF. United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund. The Climate Crisis Is a Child Rights Crisis: Introducing the Children’s Climate Risk Index. 2021. Accessed 04.06, 2024. https://knowledge.unicef.org/data/resource/climate-crisis-child-rights-crisis-introducing-childrens-climate-risk-index
  • Proulx K, Daelmans B, Baltag V, Banati P. Climate change impacts on child and adolescent health and well-being: a narrative review. J Glob Health. 2024;14:04061.
  • Watts N, Amann M, Arnell N, et al. The 2019 report of the lancet countdown on health and climate change: ensuring that the health of a child born today is not defined by a changing climate. Lancet. 2019;394(10211):1836-1878.
  • Gupta K. Impact of climate change, environmental toxins and pollution on the AOFOG region: what can OBGYNs do? IJOG. 2024;74(1):22-26.
  • Sillmann J. Intergovernmental Program for Climate Change (IPCC) Sixth Assessment Report. Accessed 5.05, 2024. https://www.ipcc.ch/assessment-report/ar6/
  • Organization WH. Climate change. Accessed 05.05, 2024. https://www.ipcc.ch/assessment-report/ar6/
  • Fatema SR, Islam MS, East L, Usher K. Women’s health-related vulnerabilities in natural disasters: a systematic review protocol. BMJ Open. 2019;9(12):e032079.
  • Denton F. Climate change vulnerability, impacts, and adaptation: why does gender matter? GAD. 2002;10(2):10-20.
  • Casey G, Shayegh S, Moreno-Cruz J, Bunzl M, Galor O, Caldeira K. The impact of climate change on fertility. Environ Res Lett. 2019;14(5):054007.
  • Hilmert CJ, Kvasnicka-Gates L, Teoh AN, Bresin K, Fiebiger S. Major flood related strains and pregnancy outcomes. Health Psychol. 2016;35(11):1189.
  • Ozaki A, Nomura S, Leppold C, et al. Breast cancer patient delay in Fukushima, Japan following the 2011 triple disaster: a long-term retrospective study. BMC Cancer. 2017;17:1-13.
  • David-West G, Musa F, Frey MK, et al. Cross-sectional study of the impact of a natural disaster on the delivery of gynecologic oncology care. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2015;9(6):605-608.
  • Vohra K, Vodonos A, Schwartz J, Marais EA, Sulprizio MP, Mickley LJ. Global mortality from outdoor fine particle pollution generated by fossil fuel combustion: Results from GEOS-Chem. Environ Res. 2021;195:110754.
  • Duncan K. Global climate change, air pollution, and women’s health. WIT Transac Ecology Environ. 2006;99:633-643.
  • Koman PD, Hogan KA, Sampson N, et al. Examining joint effects of air pollution exposure and social determinants of health in defining “at risk” populations under the Clean Air Act: susceptibility of pregnant women to hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. World Med Health Policy. 2018;10(1):7-54.
  • Carré J, Gatimel N, Moreau J, Parinaud J, Léandri R. Does air pollution play a role in infertility?: a systematic review. Environ Health. 2017;16:1-16.
  • Mahalingaiah S, Hart J, Laden F, et al. Adult air pollution exposure and risk of infertility in the Nurses’ Health Study II. Hum Reprod. 2016;31(3):638-647.
  • Xue T, Zhu T, Geng G, Zhang Q. Association between pregnancy loss and ambient PM2· 5 using survey data in Africa: a longitudinal case-control study, 1998-2016. Lancet Planetary Health. 2019;3(5):e219-e225.
  • Gaskins AJ, Hart JE, Mínguez-Alarcón L, et al. Residential proximity to major roadways and traffic in relation to outcomes of in vitro fertilization. Environ Int. 2018;115:239-246.
  • Li X, Huang S, Jiao A, et al. Association between ambient fine particulate matter and preterm birth or term low birth weight: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Pollut. 2017;227:596-605.
  • Casey JA, Karasek D, Ogburn EL, et al. Retirements of coal and oil power plants in California: association with reduced preterm birth among populations nearby. Am J Epidemiol. 2018;187(8): 1586-1594.
  • Mendola P, Nobles C, Williams A, et al. Air pollution and preterm birth: do air pollution changes over time influence risk in consecutive pregnancies among low-risk women? Int J Environ Res Public Health.. 2019;16(18):3365.
  • Heft-Neal S, Driscoll A, Yang W, Shaw G, Burke M. Associations between wildfire smoke exposure during pregnancy and risk of preterm birth in California. Environ Res. 2022;203:111872.
  • Administration NOaA. Weather Related Fatality and Injury Statistics. Weather fatalities 2020. Accessed 07.05, 2024. https://www.weather.gov/hazstat/
  • NASA. 2020 tied for warmest year on record, NASA analysis shows. Accessed 07.05, 2024. https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/2020-tied-for-warmest-year-on-record-nasa-analysis-shows/
  • Popovich N C-SW. Hidden toll of the northwest heat wave: hundreds of extra deaths. New York Times. Accessed 07.05, 2024. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/08/11/climate/deaths-pacific-northwest-heat-wave.html
  • Rylander C, Øyvind Odland J, Manning Sandanger T. Climate change and the potential effects on maternal and pregnancy outcomes: an assessment of the most vulnerable the mother, fetus, and newborn child. Glob Health Action. 2013;6(1):19538.
  • Poursafa P, Keikha M, Kelishadi R. Systematic review on adverse birth outcomes of climate change. J Res Med Sci. 2015;20(4):397-402.
  • Zhang Y, Yu C, Wang L. Temperature exposure during pregnancy and birth outcomes: an updated systematic review of epidemiological evidence. Environ Pollut. 2017;225:700-712.
  • Bekkar B, Pacheco S, Basu R, DeNicola N. Association of air pollution and heat exposure with preterm birth, low birth weight, and stillbirth in the US: a systematic review. JAMA Network Open. 2020;3(6):e208243-e208243.
  • Carolan-Olah M, Frankowska D. High environmental temperature and preterm birth: a review of the evidence. Midwifery. 2014;30(1):50-59.
  • Zhang W, Spero TL, Nolte CG, et al. Projected changes in maternal heat exposure during early pregnancy and the associated congenital heart defect burden in the United States. J Am Heart Assoc. 2019;8(3):e010995.
  • Hu Z, Li T. Too hot to handle: The effects of high temperatures during pregnancy on adult welfare outcomes. J Environ Econ Manage. 2019;94:236-253.
  • Isen A, Rossin-Slater M, Walker R. Relationship between season of birth, temperature exposure, and later life wellbeing. PNAS. 2017;114(51):13447-13452.
  • He S, Kosatsky T, Smargiassi A, Bilodeau-Bertrand M, Auger N. Heat and pregnancy-related emergencies: risk of placental abruption during hot weather. Environ Int. 2018;111:295-300.
  • Deryng D, Conway D, Ramankutty N, Price J, Warren R. Global crop yield response to extreme heat stress under multiple climate change futures. Environ Res Lett. 2014;9(3):034011.
  • Dimitrova A, Ingole V, Basagaña X, et al. Association between ambient temperature and heat waves with mortality in South Asia: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Int. 2021;146: 106170.
  • Helldén D, Andersson C, Nilsson M, Ebi KL, Friberg P, Alfvén T. Climate change and child health: a scoping review and an expanded conceptual framework. The Lancet Planetary Health. 2021;5(3):e164-e175.
  • Xu Z, Sheffield PE, Su H, Wang X, Bi Y, Tong S. The impact of heat waves on children’s health: a systematic review. Int J Biometeorol. 2014;58:239-247.
  • Minovi D. Toxic floodwaters on the Gulf coast and beyond: commentary on the public health implications of chemical releases triggered by extreme weather. Environmental Justice. 2021;14(2):105-109.
  • Mallett LH, Etzel RA. Flooding: what is the impact on pregnancy and child health? Disasters. 2018;42(3):432-458.
  • WHO. Climate Change and Health. Accessed 07.05, 2024. https://www.who.int/globalchange/publications/reports/final_who_gender.pdf
  • Kamal A-HM, Umama U, Roman S, Khan MM. Impact of flood on women’s sexual and reproductive health: An empirical evidence from northern Bangladesh. Glob J Med Res. 2018;18(5): 56-64.
  • Xiao J, Huang M, Zhang W, et al. The immediate and lasting impact of Hurricane Sandy on pregnancy complications in eight affected counties of New York State. Sci Total Environ. 2019;678: 755-760.
  • Conforti P, Ahmed S, Markova G. Impact of disasters and crises on agriculture and food security, 2017.
  • Iqbal S, Ali I. Maternal food insecurity in low-income countries: Revisiting its causes and consequences for maternal and neonatal health. J Agriculture Food Res. 2021;3:100091.
  • Mathers C. The global burden of disease: 2004 update. World Health Organization; 2008.
  • N Costa MC, Cardim LL, Teixeira MG, et al. Case Fatality rate related to microcephaly congenital zika syndrome and associated factors: a nationwide retrospective study in Brazil †. Viruses. 2020;12(11):1228. doi:10.3390/v12111228
  • Schantz-Dunn J, Nour NM. Malaria and pregnancy: a global health perspective. Rev Obstet Gynecol. 2009;2(3):186-192.
  • Chibueze EC, Tirado V, Lopes KD, et al. Zika virus infection in pregnancy: a systematic review of disease course and complications. Reprod Health. 2017;14(1):28. doi:10.1186/s12978-017-0285-6
  • Campbell-Lendrum D, Manga L, Bagayoko M, Sommerfeld J. Climate change and vector-borne diseases: what are the implications for public health research and policy?. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2015;370(1665):20130552. doi:10.1098/rstb. 2013.0552
  • Chua PL, Ng CFS, Tobias A, Seposo XT, Hashizume M. Associations between ambient temperature and enteric infections by pathogen: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Planet Health. 2022;6(3):e202-e218.
  • Kraay AN, Man O, Levy MC, Levy K, Ionides E, Eisenberg JN. Understanding the impact of rainfall on diarrhea: testing the concentration-dilution hypothesis using a systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Health Perspect. 2020;128(12):126001.
  • Deliver W. The link between sexual and reproductive health and climate change: an evidence review. 2021.
  • Pacheco SE. Catastrophic effects of climate change on children’s health start before birth. J Clin Invest. 2020;130(2):562-564.
  • Lai BS, Lewis R, Livings MS, La Greca AM, Esnard AM. Posttraumatic stress symptom trajectories among children after disaster exposure: a review. J Traumatic Stress. 2017;30(6):571-582.
  • Rocque RJ, Beaudoin C, Ndjaboue R, et al. Health effects of climate change: an overview of systematic reviews. BMJ Open. 2021;11(6):e046333.
  • Bettiol A, Gelain E, Milanesio E, Asta F, Rusconi F. The first 1000 days of life: traffic-related air pollution and development of wheezing and asthma in childhood. A systematic review of birth cohort studies. Environ Health. 2021;20:1-10.
  • Communities CotE. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: A Strategy for ICT R&D and Innovation in Europe: Raising the Game. vol 116. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities; 2009.
  • Atwoli L, Baqui AH, Benfield T, et al. Call for emergency action to limit global temperature increases, restore biodiversity, and protect health. Lancet Reg Health West Pac. 2021;14:100274. doi:10.1016/j.lanwpc.2021.100274
Yıl 2024, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 4, 482 - 487, 30.07.2024
https://doi.org/10.32322/jhsm.1481918

Öz

Kaynakça

  • WHO. World Health Organization Constitution. Accessed 5.05, 2024. https://www.who.int/about/accountability/governance/constitution
  • UNICEF. United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund. The Climate Crisis Is a Child Rights Crisis: Introducing the Children’s Climate Risk Index. 2021. Accessed 04.06, 2024. https://knowledge.unicef.org/data/resource/climate-crisis-child-rights-crisis-introducing-childrens-climate-risk-index
  • Proulx K, Daelmans B, Baltag V, Banati P. Climate change impacts on child and adolescent health and well-being: a narrative review. J Glob Health. 2024;14:04061.
  • Watts N, Amann M, Arnell N, et al. The 2019 report of the lancet countdown on health and climate change: ensuring that the health of a child born today is not defined by a changing climate. Lancet. 2019;394(10211):1836-1878.
  • Gupta K. Impact of climate change, environmental toxins and pollution on the AOFOG region: what can OBGYNs do? IJOG. 2024;74(1):22-26.
  • Sillmann J. Intergovernmental Program for Climate Change (IPCC) Sixth Assessment Report. Accessed 5.05, 2024. https://www.ipcc.ch/assessment-report/ar6/
  • Organization WH. Climate change. Accessed 05.05, 2024. https://www.ipcc.ch/assessment-report/ar6/
  • Fatema SR, Islam MS, East L, Usher K. Women’s health-related vulnerabilities in natural disasters: a systematic review protocol. BMJ Open. 2019;9(12):e032079.
  • Denton F. Climate change vulnerability, impacts, and adaptation: why does gender matter? GAD. 2002;10(2):10-20.
  • Casey G, Shayegh S, Moreno-Cruz J, Bunzl M, Galor O, Caldeira K. The impact of climate change on fertility. Environ Res Lett. 2019;14(5):054007.
  • Hilmert CJ, Kvasnicka-Gates L, Teoh AN, Bresin K, Fiebiger S. Major flood related strains and pregnancy outcomes. Health Psychol. 2016;35(11):1189.
  • Ozaki A, Nomura S, Leppold C, et al. Breast cancer patient delay in Fukushima, Japan following the 2011 triple disaster: a long-term retrospective study. BMC Cancer. 2017;17:1-13.
  • David-West G, Musa F, Frey MK, et al. Cross-sectional study of the impact of a natural disaster on the delivery of gynecologic oncology care. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2015;9(6):605-608.
  • Vohra K, Vodonos A, Schwartz J, Marais EA, Sulprizio MP, Mickley LJ. Global mortality from outdoor fine particle pollution generated by fossil fuel combustion: Results from GEOS-Chem. Environ Res. 2021;195:110754.
  • Duncan K. Global climate change, air pollution, and women’s health. WIT Transac Ecology Environ. 2006;99:633-643.
  • Koman PD, Hogan KA, Sampson N, et al. Examining joint effects of air pollution exposure and social determinants of health in defining “at risk” populations under the Clean Air Act: susceptibility of pregnant women to hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. World Med Health Policy. 2018;10(1):7-54.
  • Carré J, Gatimel N, Moreau J, Parinaud J, Léandri R. Does air pollution play a role in infertility?: a systematic review. Environ Health. 2017;16:1-16.
  • Mahalingaiah S, Hart J, Laden F, et al. Adult air pollution exposure and risk of infertility in the Nurses’ Health Study II. Hum Reprod. 2016;31(3):638-647.
  • Xue T, Zhu T, Geng G, Zhang Q. Association between pregnancy loss and ambient PM2· 5 using survey data in Africa: a longitudinal case-control study, 1998-2016. Lancet Planetary Health. 2019;3(5):e219-e225.
  • Gaskins AJ, Hart JE, Mínguez-Alarcón L, et al. Residential proximity to major roadways and traffic in relation to outcomes of in vitro fertilization. Environ Int. 2018;115:239-246.
  • Li X, Huang S, Jiao A, et al. Association between ambient fine particulate matter and preterm birth or term low birth weight: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Pollut. 2017;227:596-605.
  • Casey JA, Karasek D, Ogburn EL, et al. Retirements of coal and oil power plants in California: association with reduced preterm birth among populations nearby. Am J Epidemiol. 2018;187(8): 1586-1594.
  • Mendola P, Nobles C, Williams A, et al. Air pollution and preterm birth: do air pollution changes over time influence risk in consecutive pregnancies among low-risk women? Int J Environ Res Public Health.. 2019;16(18):3365.
  • Heft-Neal S, Driscoll A, Yang W, Shaw G, Burke M. Associations between wildfire smoke exposure during pregnancy and risk of preterm birth in California. Environ Res. 2022;203:111872.
  • Administration NOaA. Weather Related Fatality and Injury Statistics. Weather fatalities 2020. Accessed 07.05, 2024. https://www.weather.gov/hazstat/
  • NASA. 2020 tied for warmest year on record, NASA analysis shows. Accessed 07.05, 2024. https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/2020-tied-for-warmest-year-on-record-nasa-analysis-shows/
  • Popovich N C-SW. Hidden toll of the northwest heat wave: hundreds of extra deaths. New York Times. Accessed 07.05, 2024. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/08/11/climate/deaths-pacific-northwest-heat-wave.html
  • Rylander C, Øyvind Odland J, Manning Sandanger T. Climate change and the potential effects on maternal and pregnancy outcomes: an assessment of the most vulnerable the mother, fetus, and newborn child. Glob Health Action. 2013;6(1):19538.
  • Poursafa P, Keikha M, Kelishadi R. Systematic review on adverse birth outcomes of climate change. J Res Med Sci. 2015;20(4):397-402.
  • Zhang Y, Yu C, Wang L. Temperature exposure during pregnancy and birth outcomes: an updated systematic review of epidemiological evidence. Environ Pollut. 2017;225:700-712.
  • Bekkar B, Pacheco S, Basu R, DeNicola N. Association of air pollution and heat exposure with preterm birth, low birth weight, and stillbirth in the US: a systematic review. JAMA Network Open. 2020;3(6):e208243-e208243.
  • Carolan-Olah M, Frankowska D. High environmental temperature and preterm birth: a review of the evidence. Midwifery. 2014;30(1):50-59.
  • Zhang W, Spero TL, Nolte CG, et al. Projected changes in maternal heat exposure during early pregnancy and the associated congenital heart defect burden in the United States. J Am Heart Assoc. 2019;8(3):e010995.
  • Hu Z, Li T. Too hot to handle: The effects of high temperatures during pregnancy on adult welfare outcomes. J Environ Econ Manage. 2019;94:236-253.
  • Isen A, Rossin-Slater M, Walker R. Relationship between season of birth, temperature exposure, and later life wellbeing. PNAS. 2017;114(51):13447-13452.
  • He S, Kosatsky T, Smargiassi A, Bilodeau-Bertrand M, Auger N. Heat and pregnancy-related emergencies: risk of placental abruption during hot weather. Environ Int. 2018;111:295-300.
  • Deryng D, Conway D, Ramankutty N, Price J, Warren R. Global crop yield response to extreme heat stress under multiple climate change futures. Environ Res Lett. 2014;9(3):034011.
  • Dimitrova A, Ingole V, Basagaña X, et al. Association between ambient temperature and heat waves with mortality in South Asia: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Int. 2021;146: 106170.
  • Helldén D, Andersson C, Nilsson M, Ebi KL, Friberg P, Alfvén T. Climate change and child health: a scoping review and an expanded conceptual framework. The Lancet Planetary Health. 2021;5(3):e164-e175.
  • Xu Z, Sheffield PE, Su H, Wang X, Bi Y, Tong S. The impact of heat waves on children’s health: a systematic review. Int J Biometeorol. 2014;58:239-247.
  • Minovi D. Toxic floodwaters on the Gulf coast and beyond: commentary on the public health implications of chemical releases triggered by extreme weather. Environmental Justice. 2021;14(2):105-109.
  • Mallett LH, Etzel RA. Flooding: what is the impact on pregnancy and child health? Disasters. 2018;42(3):432-458.
  • WHO. Climate Change and Health. Accessed 07.05, 2024. https://www.who.int/globalchange/publications/reports/final_who_gender.pdf
  • Kamal A-HM, Umama U, Roman S, Khan MM. Impact of flood on women’s sexual and reproductive health: An empirical evidence from northern Bangladesh. Glob J Med Res. 2018;18(5): 56-64.
  • Xiao J, Huang M, Zhang W, et al. The immediate and lasting impact of Hurricane Sandy on pregnancy complications in eight affected counties of New York State. Sci Total Environ. 2019;678: 755-760.
  • Conforti P, Ahmed S, Markova G. Impact of disasters and crises on agriculture and food security, 2017.
  • Iqbal S, Ali I. Maternal food insecurity in low-income countries: Revisiting its causes and consequences for maternal and neonatal health. J Agriculture Food Res. 2021;3:100091.
  • Mathers C. The global burden of disease: 2004 update. World Health Organization; 2008.
  • N Costa MC, Cardim LL, Teixeira MG, et al. Case Fatality rate related to microcephaly congenital zika syndrome and associated factors: a nationwide retrospective study in Brazil †. Viruses. 2020;12(11):1228. doi:10.3390/v12111228
  • Schantz-Dunn J, Nour NM. Malaria and pregnancy: a global health perspective. Rev Obstet Gynecol. 2009;2(3):186-192.
  • Chibueze EC, Tirado V, Lopes KD, et al. Zika virus infection in pregnancy: a systematic review of disease course and complications. Reprod Health. 2017;14(1):28. doi:10.1186/s12978-017-0285-6
  • Campbell-Lendrum D, Manga L, Bagayoko M, Sommerfeld J. Climate change and vector-borne diseases: what are the implications for public health research and policy?. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2015;370(1665):20130552. doi:10.1098/rstb. 2013.0552
  • Chua PL, Ng CFS, Tobias A, Seposo XT, Hashizume M. Associations between ambient temperature and enteric infections by pathogen: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Planet Health. 2022;6(3):e202-e218.
  • Kraay AN, Man O, Levy MC, Levy K, Ionides E, Eisenberg JN. Understanding the impact of rainfall on diarrhea: testing the concentration-dilution hypothesis using a systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Health Perspect. 2020;128(12):126001.
  • Deliver W. The link between sexual and reproductive health and climate change: an evidence review. 2021.
  • Pacheco SE. Catastrophic effects of climate change on children’s health start before birth. J Clin Invest. 2020;130(2):562-564.
  • Lai BS, Lewis R, Livings MS, La Greca AM, Esnard AM. Posttraumatic stress symptom trajectories among children after disaster exposure: a review. J Traumatic Stress. 2017;30(6):571-582.
  • Rocque RJ, Beaudoin C, Ndjaboue R, et al. Health effects of climate change: an overview of systematic reviews. BMJ Open. 2021;11(6):e046333.
  • Bettiol A, Gelain E, Milanesio E, Asta F, Rusconi F. The first 1000 days of life: traffic-related air pollution and development of wheezing and asthma in childhood. A systematic review of birth cohort studies. Environ Health. 2021;20:1-10.
  • Communities CotE. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: A Strategy for ICT R&D and Innovation in Europe: Raising the Game. vol 116. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities; 2009.
  • Atwoli L, Baqui AH, Benfield T, et al. Call for emergency action to limit global temperature increases, restore biodiversity, and protect health. Lancet Reg Health West Pac. 2021;14:100274. doi:10.1016/j.lanwpc.2021.100274
Toplam 61 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Doğum ve Kadın Hastalıkları Hemşireliği
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Esra Özer 0000-0002-0711-6482

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Temmuz 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 14 Mayıs 2024
Kabul Tarihi 4 Haziran 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

AMA Özer E. Climate change and its impact on women’s living. J Health Sci Med /JHSM /jhsm. Temmuz 2024;7(4):482-487. doi:10.32322/jhsm.1481918

Üniversitelerarası Kurul (ÜAK) Eşdeğerliği:  Ulakbim TR Dizin'de olan dergilerde yayımlanan makale [10 PUAN] ve 1a, b, c hariç  uluslararası indekslerde (1d) olan dergilerde yayımlanan makale [5 PUAN]

Dahil olduğumuz İndeksler (Dizinler) ve Platformlar sayfanın en altındadır.

Not:
Dergimiz WOS indeksli değildir ve bu nedenle Q olarak sınıflandırılmamıştır.

Yüksek Öğretim Kurumu (YÖK) kriterlerine göre yağmacı/şüpheli dergiler hakkındaki kararları ile yazar aydınlatma metni ve dergi ücretlendirme politikasını tarayıcınızdan indirebilirsiniz. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/journal/2316/file/4905/show 


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