Comparative Evaluation of Antioxidant Capacities of Sage (Salvia spp.) Extracts Using Different Solvents

Öz

Backround: Growing interest in natural approaches to disease prevention has led to an increased demand for systematic and reliable information in herbal medicine. Oxidative stress has been linked to numerous diseases, and antioxidants are becoming increasingly important in reducing oxidative damage. The genus Salvia, belonging to the Lamiaceae family, is known for its antioxidant properties. In this study, the antioxidant capacities of sage (Salvia spp.), a plant commonly consumed as tea or used as a gargle and also containing endemic species in Anatolia were investigated using different solvents: ethanol, methanol, chloroform, and water. Materials and Methods: The extracts were prepared by maceration, and their antioxidant activities were determined based on the percentage inhibition of the 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical cation. The primary aim of the study was to identify the extract with the highest antioxidant activity. In addition, the antioxidant capacities of the extracts were compared to butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), a commonly used synthetic antioxidant. Results: The water, methanol, and ethanol extracts exhibited the highest antioxidant activities, all of which were found to be higher than that of BHT. In contrast, the chloroform extract showed lower antioxidant capacity compared to both the other extracts and BHT. Conclusions: These findings concluded that sage extracts obtained with polar solvents may serve as effective natural antioxidant agents.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Salvia spp
• Antioxidant activity
• ABTS assay
• Maceration
• BHT

Destekleyen Kurum

TÜBİTAK 2209-A Project. Project Title: Investigation of the Antioxidant Capacities of Different Extracts of Sage (Salvia spp.).

Proje Numarası

TÜBİTAK 2209-A Project. Project Title: Investigation of the Antioxidant Capacities of Different Extracts of Sage (Salvia spp.).

Etik Beyan

Not applicable

Teşekkür

The author is very thankful to University of Health Sciences for their contribution to the completion of this research.

Adaçayı (Salvia spp.) Bitki Ekstrelerinin Farklı Çözücüler Kullanılarak Antioksidan Kapasitelerinin Karşılaştırmalı Olarak Değerlendirilmesi

Öz

Backround: Hastalıklardan korunmanın farklı yollarının araştırılmasıyla günümüzde bitkisel tedavilerde sistemik ve güvenilir bilgiye gereksinim artmıştır. Oksidatif stres birçok hastalık ile ilişkili bulunmuş ve oksidatif stresin azaltılmasında antioksidanlar giderek önem kazanmıştır. Lamiaceae familyasına ait Salvia cinsinin antioksidan özellikleri bilinmektedir. Bu çalışmada Anadolu’da endemik türleri de bulunan, halk arasında genellikle çay ve gargara olarak kullanılan adaçayı (Salvia spp.) bitkisinin etanol, metanol ve kloroform ve çözücüleri ile hazırlanan ekstrelerinin antioksidan kapasiteleri incelenmiştir. Böylece en yüksek antioksidan aktiviteye sahip adaçayı ekstresinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Materials and Methods: Maserasyon yöntemiyle elde edilen ekstrelerin, 2,2-azinobis (3-etilbenzothiazollin-6-sulfonik asit) (ABTS) radikal katyonunun inhibisyon yüzdesine göre antioksidan aktiviteleri belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca ekstrelerin antioksidan aktiviteleri, sentetik antioksidan olarak kullanılan bütil hidroksitolüen (BHT) ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Results: Sırasıyla su, metanol ve etanol ekstreleri en yüksek antioksidan aktiviteleri gösterirken, bu aktiviteler BHT’ye kıyasla daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Öte yandan, kloroform ekstresi diğer çözücülere ve BHT’ye göre daha düşük antioksidan kapasite göstermiştir. Conclusions: Bu bulgular, polar çözücülerle elde edilen adaçayı özlerinin etkili doğal antioksidan ajanlar olarak hizmet edebileceğini ortaya koymuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Adaçayı
• Antioksidan aktivite
• ABTS
• Maserasyon
• BHT

Destekleyen Kurum

TÜBİTAK 2209-A Proje başlıği: Ada Çayının (Salvia spp.) Farklı Ekstrelerinin Antioksidan Kapasitelerinin Araştırılması

Proje Numarası

TÜBİTAK 2209-A Project. Project Title: Investigation of the Antioxidant Capacities of Different Extracts of Sage (Salvia spp.).

Etik Beyan

Gerekli değil

Teşekkür

Yazar, bu araştırmanın tamamlanmasına katkılarından dolayı Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi’ne teşekkürlerini sunar.

Kaynakça

1. Ibrahim B, Kurt AA, Zeren B, Türkmen D, Akgün Ş, Akıncı C, Yarmalı H, et al. Antimicrobial synergy of Lavandula angustifolia L. and Rosa damascena L. essential oils: preparation of herbal lip formulations. J Res Pharm. 2025;29(4):1636‑1652.
2. Aslan İ. Plants and Cosmetics. Fitomed. 2025;3:49‑51.
3. Özdemir HE, Aslan İ, Çakıcı B, Türker B, Çelik CE. Microbiological property evaluation of natural essential oils used in green cosmetic industry. Curr Perspect Med Aromat Plants. 2018;1(2):111‑116.
4. Yazıcı M, Duman G, Aslan İ, Durucan A, Şahin F. The antifungal activity of liposomal ointment formulation of essential oil of Satureja hortensis. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2025;22(Suppl):S108.
5. Remok F, Saidi S, Gourich AA, Zibouh K, Maouloua M, Makhoukhi FE, et al. Phenolic content, antioxidant, antibacterial, antihyperglycemic, and α‑amylase inhibitory activities of aqueous extract of Salvia lavandulifolia Vahl. Pharmaceuticals. 2023;16(3):395.
6. Yazıcı‑Tütüniş S, Alim Toraman GÖ, Dinçel ED, Tufan S, Akalın E, Tan E, et al. In silico and in vitro antibacterial evaluation of eight Anatolian Salvia species with chemical profiling by LC‑HRMS. Sci Rep. 2025;15(1):31404.
7. Alp H. The essential oil content of Salvia officinalis in Konya grown. J Biotechnol Bioprocessing. 2021;2(6):01‑03.
8. Ghorbani A, Esmaeilizadeh M. Pharmacological properties of Salvia officinalis and its components. J Tradit Complement Med. 2017;7(4):433‑440.

9. Gilani AH, Rehman NU, Khan A, Alkharfy KM. Studies on bronchodilator activity of Salvia officinalis (Sage): possible involvement of K⁺ channel activation and phosphodiesterase inhibition. Phytother Res. 2015;29(9):1323‑1329.
10. Halliwell B. Antioxidants: the basics—what they are and how to evaluate them. Adv Pharmacol. 1997;38:3‑20.
11. Dai J, Mumper RJ. Plant phenolics: extraction, analysis and their antioxidant and anticancer properties. Molecules. 2010;15(10):7313‑7352.
12. Bursalıoğlu EO, Kocapir OE, Aslan İ. Can black tea and green tea prevent cancer? Novel drug delivery approaches. Curr Perspect Med Aromat Plants. 2025;8(1):24‑35.
13. Uluca H, Çelebi LT, Çakıcı B, Ekşi Ö, Bursalıoğlu EO, Bayır İ, Aslan İ. Differences between the feeding of hydroponically grown curly vegetables with postbiotic free nutrient solution and ATAGREEN postbiotic supplemented nutrient solution. Curr Perspect Med Aromat Plants. 2025;8(1):13‑23.
14. Aslan İ, Kurt AA. In‑vitro comparison release study of novel liposome and conventional formulation containing Rosmarinus officinalis extract. Curr Perspect Med Aromat Plants. 2021;4(1):13‑21.
15. Doğanay D, Aydın M, Aslan N, Çelik İ, Doğanay A, Çelik MY. Parents’ habits of using food supplements for their children: The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic process use of nutritional supplements in children during COVID-19. J Res Pharm. 2025; 29(1): 335-345
16. Aslan İ, Kurt AA. Characterization and optimization of phytosome formulation containing alcohol‑free Umckalin from Pelargonium sidoides. Curr Perspect Med Aromat Plants, 2020;3(1):49‑53.
17. Yılar, M., Bayar, Y., & Abacı Bayar, A. A. (2021). Determination of Salvia species and soil property naturally distributed in Kırşehir provinces. Journal of Agricultural Faculty of Gaziosmanpasa University, 38(1), 38-45. https://doi.org/10.13002/jafag4742
18. Pellegrini, N., Proteggente, A., Pannala, A., Yang, M., & Rice-Evans, C. (1999). Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 26(9-10), 1231-1237. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5849(98 )00315-3
19. Temel HE, Demirci B, Demirci F, Celep F, Kahraman A, Doğan, M. Chemical characterization and anticholinesterase effects of essential oils derived from Salvia species. Journal of Essential Oil Research. 2016; 28(4): 322–331.
20. Hamdan H, Fourtouni E, Abdo M, Louka N. Antiviral activity of Lavandula angustifolia L. and Salvia officinalis L. essential oils against avian influenza H5N1 virus. Industrial Crops and Products, 2021;172, Article 114108.
21. Işık M. Anticholinergic, antioxidant activity and LC-MS/MS analysis of ethanol extract from Salvia officinalis L. International Journal of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, 2020; 5(1); 51-61.
22. Sadeghnia HR, Yousefi B, Rajabi O. In vitro biological activity of Salvia leriifolia Benth essential oil relevant to the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Phytotherapy Research, 2009;23(8); 1077–1083
23. Rayan, M., Abu-Farich, B., Basha, W., Rayan, A., & Abu-Lafi, S. (2020). Correlation between antibacterial activity and free-radical scavenging: In-vitro evaluation of polar/non-polar extracts from 25 plants. Processes, 8(1), 117.
24. Farhat, M. B., Landoulsi, A., Chaouch-Hamada, R., & Skhiri, F. Z. (2013 ). Characterization and quantification of phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties of Salvia species growing in different habitats. Industrial Crops and Products, 49, 301-307.
25. Janicsák, G., Máthé, I., Miklóssy, G., & Blunden, G. (2010 ). Comparative study of the antioxidant activities of eleven Salvia species. Natural Product Communications, 5(2), 221-224.
26. Mervić, M., Džafić, A., & Toromanović, J. (2022 ). Comparative Antioxidant, Anti-Acetylcholinesterase and Anti-α-Glucosidase Activities of Different Salvia Species. Molecules, 27(6), 1969.