Araştırma Makalesi
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Development, Characterization and Antimicrobial Potential of a New Natural Based Sunscreen Formulation

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 4, 108 - 120, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.58854/jicm.1833905

Öz

Backround
This study aimed to formulate a natural sunscreen containing botanical extracts and to evaluate its physicochemical stability, spectroscopic characteristics, particle size distribution and antimicrobial performance. The assessment focused on the clinical relevance of pH, viscosity, UV absorption capacity and microbial safety parameters.
Materials and Methods
The sunscreen formulation was prepared as a 100 g batch by separately heating the oil and aqueous phases containing emulsifiers, emollients, stabilizers and chelating agents to 60 °C. Antimicrobial activity was assessed using a disk diffusion method against E. coli, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, E. hirae, and C. albicans, employing standardized inocula, appropriate controls, and measurement of inhibition zones.
Results
The formulation demonstrated a skin-compatible pH of 7.15 and a viscosity of 16,900 cP under controlled conditions. FT-IR analysis identified characteristic peaks at 2917 cm-1 and 2853 cm⁻¹ (Shea Butter), 3358 cm⁻¹ (green tea polyphenols) and 1635 cm⁻¹ (Aloe vera), confirming the integrity of natural actives. UV-Vis spectroscopy showed strong absorption around 220 nm, with significant activity across 230–300 nm, indicating effective UVC–UVB protection. Antimicrobial testing showed minimal diffusion based activity: inhibition zones ranged from 6.00 ± 0.33 mm for E. coli to 8.00 ± 0.67 mm for E. hirae and C. albicans. Compared to ofloxacin (17–33 mm) and nystatin (25 mm).
Conclusion
The natural nanosized sunscreen exhibited favorable physicochemical stability, effective UV absorption properties and structurally validated biological components. The antimicrobial formulation has demonstrated protective efficacy suitable for cosmetic use. Overall, the results support the sunscreen’s potential as a safe, stable and biocompatible topical product for routine skin protection.

Kaynakça

  • El-Boury S, Couteau C, Boulande L, Paparis E, Coiffard L. J. M. Effect of the combination of organic and inorganic filters on the Sun Protection Factor (SPF) determined by in vitro method. International journal of pharmaceutics 2007; 340(1-2): 1-5.
  • Gilaberte Y, Carrascosa JM. Sun protection in children: realities and challenges. Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas (English Edition) 2014; 105(3): 253-262.
  • Ağadayı E, Alsancak AD, Üstünol D, Şencan İ, Küçükceran H, Kahveci R, Özkara A. Aile hekimliği polikliniğine başvuran hastalarda malign melanom risk faktörlerinin değerlendirilmesi ve güneşten korunma hakkındaki tutumları. Konuralp Medical Journal 2017; 9(3): 177-182.
  • Li H, Colantonio S, Dawson A, Lin X, Beecker J. Sunscreen application, safety, and sun protection: the evidence. Journal of cutaneous medicine and surgery 2019; 23(4): 357-369.
  • Livingston PM, White V, Hayman J, Dobbinson S. Sun exposure and sun protection behaviours among Australian adolescents: trends over time. Preventive medicine 2003; 37(6): 577-584.
  • Challapalli SD, Shetty KR, Bui Q, Osazuwa-Peters N, Boakye EA. Sun protective behaviors among adolescents and young adults in the United States. Journal of the National Medical Association 2023; 115(4): 353-361.
  • Koşar Ş, Ekinci M, Öztürk AA. Cilt tipleri ve ihtiyaçlara göre dermakozmetik ürün önerilmesinde eczacının rolü ve nanokozmetikler: geleneksel derleme. Journal of Literature Pharmacy Sciences 2022; 11(2).
  • Saiwaeo S, Arwatchananukul S, Mungmai L, Preedalikit W, Aunsri N. Human skin type classification using image processing and deep learning approaches. Heliyon 2023; 9(11).
  • Güneş GÜ, Sıcak ve Derimiz. Ankara Medical Journal 2015; 15(3).
  • He H, Li A, Li S, Tang J, Li L, Xiong L. Natural components in sunscreens: Topical formulations with sun protection factor (SPF). Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy 2020; 134, 111161.
  • Bozyel ME, Canli K, Benek A, Yetgin A, Altuner, EM. Biochemical composition and in vitro antimicrobial activity of endemic Helichrysum arenarium ssp. aucheri ethanol extract. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin 2011; 30(02): 869-875.
  • Saba AM, Baba AH, Mohammed IY, Abdulqadir M. Influence of extraction methods on the composition of various fatty acids in shea butter processed from selected shea kernels. Nigerian Journal of Tropical Engineering 2022; 16(1): 11-25.
  • Senthilkumar SR, Sivakumar T. Green tea (Camellia sinensis) mediated synthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles and studies on their antimicrobial activities. Int. j. Pharm. Sci. 2014; 6(6): 461-465.
  • Mishra AK, Mishra A, Chattopadhyay P. Assessment of in vitro sun protection factor of Calendula officinalis L.(asteraceae) essential oil formulation. Journal of Young Pharmacists 2012; 4(1): 17-21.
  • Moeur HP, Zanella A, Poon T. An introduction to UV-vis spectroscopy using sunscreens. Journal of Chemical Education 2006; 83(5): 769.
  • Surber C, Osterwalder U. Challenges in sun protection. Curr Probl Dermatol 2021: 55;1-43.
  • Diffey BL. Sources and measurement of ultraviolet radiation. Methods 2002; 28(1): 4-13.
  • Ribeiro, A. R., Estanqueiro, M., Oliveira, M. B., & Lobo, J. M. S. Main benefits and applicability of plant extracts in skin care products. Cosmetics 2015; 2(2): 48–65.
  • Saewan, N., & Jimtaisong, A. Natural products as photoprotection. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology 2015; 14(1): 47–63.
  • Kaur, C. D., & Saraf, S. In vitro sun protection factor determination of herbal oils used in cosmetics. Pharmacognosy Research 2010; 2(1): 22–25.
  • Herman A. Antimicrobial ingredients as preservative booster and components of self-preserving cosmetic products. Current microbiology 2019; 76(6): 744-754.
  • Varvaresou A, Papageorgiou S, Tsirivas E, Protopapa E, Kintziou H, Kefala V, Demetzos C. Self-preserving cosmetics. International Journal of cosmetic science 2009; 31(3): 163-175.
  • Sirelkhatim A, Mahmud S, Seeni A, Kaus NHM, Ann LC, Bakhori SKM, Mohamad D. Review on zinc oxide nanoparticles: antibacterial activity and toxicity mechanism. Nano-Micro Letters 2015; 7(3): 219-242.
  • Gupta K, Singh RP, Pandey A, Pandey A. Photocatalytic antibacterial performance of TiO2 and Ag-doped TiO2 against S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and E. coli. Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 2013; 4(1): 345-351.
  • Dréno B, Araviiskaia E, Berardesca E, Gontijo G, Sanchez Viera M, Xiang LF, Bieber T. Microbiome in healthy skin, update for dermatologists. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, 2016; 30(12): 2038-2047.
  • CLSI. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing 2024; 34th ed. CLSI supplement M100. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute.
  • Russell, AD. Similarities and differences in the responses of microorganisms to biocides. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 2003; 52(5): 750–763.
  • Orth, D. S. Preservative efficacy testing and challenge testing in cosmetic products. International Journal of Cosmetic Science 2004; 26(3): 147–153.

Yeni Doğal Bazlı Güneş Koruyucu Formülasyonun Geliştirilmesi, Karakterizasyonu ve Antimikrobiyal Potansiyeli

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 4, 108 - 120, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.58854/jicm.1833905

Öz

Geçmiş
Bu çalışma, bitki özleri içeren doğal bir güneş kremi formüle etmek ve bunun fizikokimyasal stabilitesini, spektroskopik özelliklerini, partikül boyut dağılımını ve antimikrobiyal performansını değerlendirmek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Değerlendirme, pH, viskozite, UV absorpsiyon kapasitesi ve mikrobiyal güvenlik parametrelerinin klinik önemi üzerinde odaklanmıştır.
Gereç ve Yöntem
Güneş koruyucu formülasyonu, emülgatörler, yumuşatıcılar, stabilizatörler ve kenetleme ajanları içeren yağ ve sulu fazların ayrı ayrı 60 °C'ye ısıtılmasıyla 100 g'lık bir parti halinde hazırlanmıştır. Antimikrobiyal aktivite, standartlaştırılmış inokulumlar, uygun kontroller ve inhibisyon bölgelerinin ölçümü kullanılarak E. coli, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, E. hirae ve C. albicans'a karşı disk difüzyon yöntemi ile değerlendirilmiştir.
Sonuçlar
Formülasyon, kontrollü koşullar altında ciltle uyumlu 7,15 pH ve 16.900 cP viskozite göstermiştir. FT-IR analizi, 2917 cm-1 ve 2853 cm-1 (Shea Yağı), 3358 cm-1 (yeşil çay polifenolleri) ve 1635 cm-1 (Aloe vera) değerlerinde karakteristik pikler tespit ederek doğal aktif maddelerin bütünlüğünü doğrulamıştır. UV-Vis spektroskopisi, 220 nm civarında güçlü bir absorpsiyon ve 230-300 nm arasında görülen pikler etkili UVC-UVB koruması olduğunu ortaya koydu. Antimikrobiyal testler, ofloxacin 17–33 mm ve nystatin 25 mm ile karşılaştırıldığında, minimum difüzyon bazlı aktivite gösterdi: inhibisyon bölgeleri E. coli için 6,00 ± 0,33 mm ile E. hirae ve C. albicans için 8,00 ± 0,67 mm arasında değişmektedir
Sonuç
Doğal nano boyutlu güneş kremi, uygun fizikokimyasal stabilite, etkili UV absorpsiyon özellikleri ve stabil bir yapı sergilemiştir. Antimikrobiyal formülasyon, kozmetik kullanım için uygun koruyucu etkinlik göstermiştir. Genel olarak, sonuçlar güneş kreminin rutin cilt koruması için güvenli, stabil ve biyouyumlu bir topikal ürün olduğunu desteklemiştir.

Kaynakça

  • El-Boury S, Couteau C, Boulande L, Paparis E, Coiffard L. J. M. Effect of the combination of organic and inorganic filters on the Sun Protection Factor (SPF) determined by in vitro method. International journal of pharmaceutics 2007; 340(1-2): 1-5.
  • Gilaberte Y, Carrascosa JM. Sun protection in children: realities and challenges. Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas (English Edition) 2014; 105(3): 253-262.
  • Ağadayı E, Alsancak AD, Üstünol D, Şencan İ, Küçükceran H, Kahveci R, Özkara A. Aile hekimliği polikliniğine başvuran hastalarda malign melanom risk faktörlerinin değerlendirilmesi ve güneşten korunma hakkındaki tutumları. Konuralp Medical Journal 2017; 9(3): 177-182.
  • Li H, Colantonio S, Dawson A, Lin X, Beecker J. Sunscreen application, safety, and sun protection: the evidence. Journal of cutaneous medicine and surgery 2019; 23(4): 357-369.
  • Livingston PM, White V, Hayman J, Dobbinson S. Sun exposure and sun protection behaviours among Australian adolescents: trends over time. Preventive medicine 2003; 37(6): 577-584.
  • Challapalli SD, Shetty KR, Bui Q, Osazuwa-Peters N, Boakye EA. Sun protective behaviors among adolescents and young adults in the United States. Journal of the National Medical Association 2023; 115(4): 353-361.
  • Koşar Ş, Ekinci M, Öztürk AA. Cilt tipleri ve ihtiyaçlara göre dermakozmetik ürün önerilmesinde eczacının rolü ve nanokozmetikler: geleneksel derleme. Journal of Literature Pharmacy Sciences 2022; 11(2).
  • Saiwaeo S, Arwatchananukul S, Mungmai L, Preedalikit W, Aunsri N. Human skin type classification using image processing and deep learning approaches. Heliyon 2023; 9(11).
  • Güneş GÜ, Sıcak ve Derimiz. Ankara Medical Journal 2015; 15(3).
  • He H, Li A, Li S, Tang J, Li L, Xiong L. Natural components in sunscreens: Topical formulations with sun protection factor (SPF). Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy 2020; 134, 111161.
  • Bozyel ME, Canli K, Benek A, Yetgin A, Altuner, EM. Biochemical composition and in vitro antimicrobial activity of endemic Helichrysum arenarium ssp. aucheri ethanol extract. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin 2011; 30(02): 869-875.
  • Saba AM, Baba AH, Mohammed IY, Abdulqadir M. Influence of extraction methods on the composition of various fatty acids in shea butter processed from selected shea kernels. Nigerian Journal of Tropical Engineering 2022; 16(1): 11-25.
  • Senthilkumar SR, Sivakumar T. Green tea (Camellia sinensis) mediated synthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles and studies on their antimicrobial activities. Int. j. Pharm. Sci. 2014; 6(6): 461-465.
  • Mishra AK, Mishra A, Chattopadhyay P. Assessment of in vitro sun protection factor of Calendula officinalis L.(asteraceae) essential oil formulation. Journal of Young Pharmacists 2012; 4(1): 17-21.
  • Moeur HP, Zanella A, Poon T. An introduction to UV-vis spectroscopy using sunscreens. Journal of Chemical Education 2006; 83(5): 769.
  • Surber C, Osterwalder U. Challenges in sun protection. Curr Probl Dermatol 2021: 55;1-43.
  • Diffey BL. Sources and measurement of ultraviolet radiation. Methods 2002; 28(1): 4-13.
  • Ribeiro, A. R., Estanqueiro, M., Oliveira, M. B., & Lobo, J. M. S. Main benefits and applicability of plant extracts in skin care products. Cosmetics 2015; 2(2): 48–65.
  • Saewan, N., & Jimtaisong, A. Natural products as photoprotection. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology 2015; 14(1): 47–63.
  • Kaur, C. D., & Saraf, S. In vitro sun protection factor determination of herbal oils used in cosmetics. Pharmacognosy Research 2010; 2(1): 22–25.
  • Herman A. Antimicrobial ingredients as preservative booster and components of self-preserving cosmetic products. Current microbiology 2019; 76(6): 744-754.
  • Varvaresou A, Papageorgiou S, Tsirivas E, Protopapa E, Kintziou H, Kefala V, Demetzos C. Self-preserving cosmetics. International Journal of cosmetic science 2009; 31(3): 163-175.
  • Sirelkhatim A, Mahmud S, Seeni A, Kaus NHM, Ann LC, Bakhori SKM, Mohamad D. Review on zinc oxide nanoparticles: antibacterial activity and toxicity mechanism. Nano-Micro Letters 2015; 7(3): 219-242.
  • Gupta K, Singh RP, Pandey A, Pandey A. Photocatalytic antibacterial performance of TiO2 and Ag-doped TiO2 against S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and E. coli. Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 2013; 4(1): 345-351.
  • Dréno B, Araviiskaia E, Berardesca E, Gontijo G, Sanchez Viera M, Xiang LF, Bieber T. Microbiome in healthy skin, update for dermatologists. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, 2016; 30(12): 2038-2047.
  • CLSI. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing 2024; 34th ed. CLSI supplement M100. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute.
  • Russell, AD. Similarities and differences in the responses of microorganisms to biocides. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 2003; 52(5): 750–763.
  • Orth, D. S. Preservative efficacy testing and challenge testing in cosmetic products. International Journal of Cosmetic Science 2004; 26(3): 147–153.
Toplam 28 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Tıbbi Bakteriyoloji
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Şaban Kalay 0000-0002-9363-0073

Gözde Güler Bu kişi benim

Emirhan Şallı Bu kişi benim

Mustafa Eray Bozyel

Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Aralık 2025
Kabul Tarihi 28 Aralık 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Kalay, Ş., Güler, G., Şallı, E., Bozyel, M. E. (2025). Development, Characterization and Antimicrobial Potential of a New Natural Based Sunscreen Formulation. Journal of Immunology and Clinical Microbiology, 10(4), 108-120. https://doi.org/10.58854/jicm.1833905
AMA Kalay Ş, Güler G, Şallı E, Bozyel ME. Development, Characterization and Antimicrobial Potential of a New Natural Based Sunscreen Formulation. J Immunol Clin Microbiol. Aralık 2025;10(4):108-120. doi:10.58854/jicm.1833905
Chicago Kalay, Şaban, Gözde Güler, Emirhan Şallı, ve Mustafa Eray Bozyel. “Development, Characterization and Antimicrobial Potential of a New Natural Based Sunscreen Formulation”. Journal of Immunology and Clinical Microbiology 10, sy. 4 (Aralık 2025): 108-20. https://doi.org/10.58854/jicm.1833905.
EndNote Kalay Ş, Güler G, Şallı E, Bozyel ME (01 Aralık 2025) Development, Characterization and Antimicrobial Potential of a New Natural Based Sunscreen Formulation. Journal of Immunology and Clinical Microbiology 10 4 108–120.
IEEE Ş. Kalay, G. Güler, E. Şallı, ve M. E. Bozyel, “Development, Characterization and Antimicrobial Potential of a New Natural Based Sunscreen Formulation”, J Immunol Clin Microbiol, c. 10, sy. 4, ss. 108–120, 2025, doi: 10.58854/jicm.1833905.
ISNAD Kalay, Şaban vd. “Development, Characterization and Antimicrobial Potential of a New Natural Based Sunscreen Formulation”. Journal of Immunology and Clinical Microbiology 10/4 (Aralık2025), 108-120. https://doi.org/10.58854/jicm.1833905.
JAMA Kalay Ş, Güler G, Şallı E, Bozyel ME. Development, Characterization and Antimicrobial Potential of a New Natural Based Sunscreen Formulation. J Immunol Clin Microbiol. 2025;10:108–120.
MLA Kalay, Şaban vd. “Development, Characterization and Antimicrobial Potential of a New Natural Based Sunscreen Formulation”. Journal of Immunology and Clinical Microbiology, c. 10, sy. 4, 2025, ss. 108-20, doi:10.58854/jicm.1833905.
Vancouver Kalay Ş, Güler G, Şallı E, Bozyel ME. Development, Characterization and Antimicrobial Potential of a New Natural Based Sunscreen Formulation. J Immunol Clin Microbiol. 2025;10(4):108-20.

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