AVRUPA’NIN KALBİNDE İSTİSMARCI ANAYASALCILIK: MACARİSTAN VE POLONYA VAKALARI

Öz

Avrupa Birliği (AB) kurulduğu yıllardan bu yana savunduğu liberal değerler ile gerek Birlik içerisinde gerek ise komşu ülkelere yönelik politikasında demokrasinin en önemli temsilcilerinden birisi olmuştur. Ancak son yıllarda AB önemli sınavlardan geçerken, küresel çapta yaşanan köklü değişimler, Birlik içerisindeki politikaları da derinden etkilemiş ve üye ülkelerin Birlik değerlerinden uzaklaşmasına neden olmuştur. Özellikle Macaristan ve Polonya’da neredeyse son 10 yıl içinde yasal düzenlemeler temelinde oluşturulan demokratik gerilemeler ve Birliğin bu düzenlemelere tepki vermekte geç ve yetersiz kaldığına yönelik tartışmalar yoğun bir şekilde mevcuttur. Bu noktada bu çalışmada, Macaristan ve Polonya’da yaşanan gelişmeler David Landau ve Rosalind Dixon’ın “istismarcı anayasacılık” terimi ışığında değerlendirilmiş ve liberal demokrasilerin anayasalar üzerinde yapılan yasa değişiklikleri ile nasıl aşındırıldığı sorusuna cevap vermeye çalışılmıştır. Macaristan ve Polonya örnekleri, iki ülkenin de AB üyesi olmasına rağmen anayasal sistemlerinin Birlik değerlerine aykırı bir şekilde dönüşüme uğraması açısından oldukça dikkat çekicidir. Çalışmada Avrupa Birliği’nin ve ilgili organlarının bu ülkelerdeki yargı reformlarına tepkilerinin yetersiz ve zayıf olduğu, yaptırımların gecikmesinin Polonya ve Macaristan’ın resmi kanallar yoluyla giderek daha anti demokratik bir düzene dönüşmesinin önünü açtığı savunulmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• İstismarcı Anayasacılık
• Macaristan
• Avrupa Birliği
• Polonya
• Anayasa Değişikliği

ABUSIVE CONSTITUTIONALISM IN THE HEART OF THE EUROPE: CASES OF HUNGARY AND POLAND

Öz

The European Union (EU) has been one of the most important representatives of democracy, both in the Union and in its policy towards neighboring countries, with the liberal values it has defended since its inception. However, while the EU has been intensively tested in recent years, the radical changes experienced on a global scale have also deeply affected the policies within the Union and resulted in the alienation of the member states from the values that the Union has upheld so far. The cases of democratic backsliding created especially in Hungary and Poland on the basis of legal regulations over the last decade and that the delayed and poor reaction from the Union to these regulations are currently being intensely debated. Therefore, the present study addresses the developments in Hungary and Poland in the light of the term “abusive constitutionalism” introduced by David Landau and Rosalind Dixon and intends to answer the question of “how liberal democracies are eroded by means of the amendments or replacements on constitutions”. The examples of Hungary and Poland are quite remarkable in respect to the transformation that their constitutional systems have gone through. Because these transformations occurred in a way contrary to the values of the Union, despite the fact that both countries are members of the EU. The present study argues that the reaction of the European Union and its related organs to the judicial reforms in these countries is insufficient and weak, and that the delay in imposing sanctions paves the way for Poland and Hungary to become increasingly anti-democratic by official means.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Abusive Constitutionalism
• Hungary
• European Union
• Poland
• Constitutional Amendment
• Abusive Constitutionalism, Hungary, European Union, Poland, Constitutional Amendment

Kaynakça

1. AB Başkanlığı (2020). “AB Yapısı ve İşleyişi.” https://www.ab.gov.tr/3.html (Accessed 25.10.2021).
2. Bayar, Halil İbrahim (2018). “Macaristan Parlamentosu’nda Yasama ve Denetim.” Yasama Dergisi, (21), 85-118.
3. Bayram, Hanifi Mehmet (2018). “Avrupa Birliği’nin Dayandığı Değerlerin Korunması.” Uyuşmazlık Mahkemesi Dergisi, 6(11), 67-82.
4. BBC News (2021). “Polonya’da Anayasa Mahkemesi, AB hukukunun ulusal mevzuata üstünlüğünü reddetti.” https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-58836842 (Accessed 25.10.2021).
5. BBC News (2021). “Poland constitution: EU warns over threat to rule of law.” https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-36429325 (Accessed 30.11.2021).
6. Council of Europe (2021). “Poland: Judicial independence remains at risk according to new report from GRECO. https://www.coe.int/en/web/portal/-/poland-judicial-independenceremains-at-risk according-to-new-report-from-greco (Accessed 16.10.2021).
7. Council of Europe (2021). “Poland: Judicial independence remains at risk according to new report from GRECO. https://www.venice.coe.int/WebForms/pages/?p=01_01_Statute_ old (Accessed 18.10.2021).
8. Council of Europe (2013). “Opinion on the Fourth Amendment to the Fundamental Law of Hungary.” https://www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/default.aspx?pdffile=cdl-ad(2013)012-e (Accessed 30.11.2021).

9. Daly, Tom Gerald (2019). “Democratic Decay: Conceptualising an Emerging Research Field.” Hague Journal on the Rule of Law, 11(1), 9-36.
10. Demirkan, Tarık (2012). “Kısıtlayıcı’ Macar anayasası yürürlükte.” https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler/2012/01/120102_hungary_constitution (Accessed 17.10.2021).
11. Deutsche Welle (2015). “Macaristan’da Idam Tartışması.” www.dw.com/tr/macaristanda-idam-tartışması/a-18416339 (Accessed 16.10.2021).
12. Dixon, Rosalind and Landau, David (2019). “1989–2019: From democratic to abusive constitutional borrowing.” International Journal of Constitutional Law, 17(2), 489-496.
13. European Commission (2015). “Commission opens infringement procedure against Hungary concerning its asylum law.” (Accessed 17.10.2021).
14. Ginsburg, Tom and Huq, Aziz Z. (2018). “Democracy’s “Near Misses”. Journal of Democracy, 29(4), 16-30.
15. Hegedűs István and Végh, István (2015). “Illiberal Democracies: What Can the European Union Do in Case a Member State Regularly and Systematically Breaches European Values and Regulations?” Open Society Foundations.
16. Hungary Today (2019). “Orbán: Europe Can Only Be Saved by Returning to Christianity.” https://hungarytoday.hu/orban-christianity-europe-persecuted/ (Accessed 20.10.2021).
17. Hoffmann, Stanley. (1966) “Obstinate or Obsolete? The Fate of the Nation-State and the Case of Western Europe. Daedalus, 95 (3), 862-915.
18. Hooghe, Liesbet and Marks, Gary (2019). “Grand theories of European integration in the twenty-first century”, Journal of European Public Policy, 26(8), 1113-1133.
19. Krastev, Ivan and Holmes, Stephen (2020). “The Light that Failed: Why the West is Losing the Fight for Democracy.” Pegasus Books.
20. Landau, David (2013). “Abusive Constitutionalism”. U.C. Davis Law Review, 47(1), 189-260.
21. Lijphart, Arend (1999). “Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms and Performance in Thirty-Six Countries”. New Haven CT: Yale University Press.
22. Müller, Jan Werner (2014). “Rising to the challenge of constitutional capture.” https://www.eurozine.com/rising-to-the-challenge-of-constitutional-capture/ (Accessed 20.10.2021).
23. Onis, Ziya and Kutlay, Mustafa (2019). “Global Shifts and the Limits of the EU’s Transformative Power in the European Periphery: Comparative Perspectives from Hungary and Turkey”. Government and Opposition, 71(2), 226-253.
24. Özkan, Yusuf (2021). “AB ile Macaristan arasında ‘eşcinsel karşıtı yasa’ krizi büyüyor, AB Komisyonu yaptırım için harekete geçiyor”. https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-57611691(Accessed 19.10.2021).
25. Pech, Laurent, Wachowiec Patryk, Mazur Dariusz (2021). “Poland’s Rule of Law Breakdown: A Five Year Assessment of EU’s (In)Action”. Hague Journal on the Rule of Law, 1-43.
26. Rankin, Jennifer (2011). “Orbán defends media law”. https://www.politico.eu/article/orban-defends-media-law/ ( Accessed 18.10.2021).
27. Ratip, Mehmet (2011). “Yeni Macar Anayasası Ne Anlatıyor? Türkiye’nin Katılımsız Bir Anayasa Yapım Sürecinden Çıkarabileceği Dersler.” Türkiye Ekonomi Politikaları Araştırma Vakfı.
28. Rinke, Andreas (2015). “Luxembourg minister warns Poland against path to dictatorship”. https://www.reuters.com/article/poland-constitution-eu-idUKL8N14C1YC20151223 (Accessed 16.10.2021).
29. Scheppele, Kim Lane (2015). “Understanding Hungary’s Constitutional Revolution in Armin von Bogdandy and Pál Sonnevend, Constitutional Crisis in the European Constitutional Area: Theory, Law and Politics in Hungary and Romania”. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 111-124.
30. Scheppele, Kim Lane (2014). “Legal but not Fair: Viktor Orbán’s New Supermajority”. https://verfassungsblog.de/legal-but-not-fair-viktor-orbans-new-supermajority/ (Accessed 15.10.2021).
31. Śledzińska-Simon, Anna (2018). “The Rise and Fall of Judicial Self-Government in Poland: On Judicial Reform Reversing Democratic Transition”. German Law Journal, 19(7), 1839-1870.
32. Uitz, Renáta (2015). “Can you tell when an illiberal democracy is in the making? An appeal to comparative constitutional scholarship from Hungary”. International Journal of Constitutional Law, 13(1), 279–300.
33. Wanat, Zosia (2021). “Poland hit with record €1M daily fine in EU rule-of-law dispute.” https://www.politico.eu/article/poland-record-1-million-euros-daily-fine-eu-rule-of-law-dispute/ (Accessed 30.11.2021).
34. Kırbaş-Canikoğlu (2017). “Venedik Komisyonu.” Ankara Barosu Dergisi. (3). 345-350