Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Pandemi Esnasında Göçün Güvenlikleştirilmesi: Amerika Birleşik Devletlerinden Örnekler

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 1, 5 - 21, 30.04.2021

Öz

Bu araştırma, Güvenlikleştirme Teorisi çerçevesinde ABD’de COVID-19 nedeniyle göçün güvenlikleştirilip güvenlikleştirilmediğini incelemektedir. Bu amaçla şu örnekler analiz edilecektir: İlk olarak, ABD’ye iltica talebinde bulunan kişileri, süreçleri tamamlanana kadar Meksika’da bekleten Göç Koruma Protokolü (GKP) ve ikinci olarak Mart 2020 itibariyle belgesiz göçmenlerin ABD’ye girişini askıya alan Hastalık Kontrol Merkezi (HKM) kararı. Donald Trump’ın seçilmesinden itibaren ABD’de göçün güvenlikleştirilmeye başlandığı ve bunun sonucunda oluşturulan GKP gibi politikaların pandemi döneminde göçmenleri etkilediği öne sürülecektir. GKP duruşmalarının Koronavirüs salgını ortaya atılarak askıya alınması, sığınmacı haklarını ve geri göndermeme yasasını tehlikeye attığından göçün güvenlikleştirilmesi için koşullar yaratmıştır. Ayrıca, pandemi süresince belgesiz göçmenlerin girişini yasaklayan HKM kararının gerekli, ölçülü ve meşru olmadığı iddia edilecektir. İlk olarak, birçok doktor ve bilim insanı HKM kararının aksine göçü durdurmanın ABD’deki COVID vakalarının sayısını önemli ölçüde azaltacağını destekleyecek yeterli kanıt olmadığını savunduğundan karar gereksizdir. İkincisi, sınır dışı edilen kişi sayısı, kararın süresindeki keyfilik, refakatsiz çocukların sığınma sisteminden dışlanması ve bu karar ile virüsü kontrol altına almak için alınan diğer önlemler arasındaki eşitsizlik nedeniyle HKM hükmü orantılı değildir. Son olarak, karar meşru değildir çünkü hükümetin normal siyaset kurallarını çiğneyerek ve uluslararası göç yasalarını geçersiz kılarak gerçekte sahip olduğundan daha fazla yetki kullandığı yönünde eleştirilere yol açmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • AP News (2020). “Pence ordered borders closed after CDC experts refused”, https://apnews.com/article/virus-outbreak-pandemics-public-health-new-york-health4ef0c6c5263815a26f8aa17f6ea490ae (Accessed 12.02.2021).
  • Buzan Barry., Weaver Ole., Wilde De Jaap. (1998). Security: A New Framework for Analysis. Lynne Reinner Publishers.
  • Byaruhanga, Ronald. (2020). “The impact of covıd-19 on securitisation of migration and mobility in the United States”. European Journal of Social Sciences Studies, 5(6), 95– 109. https://doi.org/10.46827/ejsss.v5i6.939.
  • Carlotti Sebastian. (2020). “Migration policy and health insecurity Italy’s response to COVID-19 and the impact of the Security Decree”. Rivista Trimestrale di Scienza dell’Amministrazione. doi: 10.32049/RTSA.2020.2.14.
  • CBS News (2020). “Federal judge skeptical of Trump order used to expel migrants at border”, https://www.cbsnews.com/news/federal-judge-trump-order-migrant-expulsions-policy-aclu/ (Accessed 12.02.2021).
  • Colombia Mailman School of Public Health (2020). “Public Health Experts Urge U.S. Officials to Withdraw Order Enabling Mass Expulsion of Asylum Seekers”, https://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/public-health-now/news/public-health-experts-urge-us-officials-withdraw-order-enabling-mass-expulsion-asylum-seekers Accessed (22.02.2021).
  • Council on Foreign Relations (2020). “U.S. Detention of Child Migrants”, https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/us-detention-child migrants#:~:text=Under%20U.S.%20law%2C%20unaccompanied%20alien,necessarily%20enter%20the%20country%20alone (Accessed 10.02.2021).
  • Education Week (2020). “The Coronavirus Spring: The Historic Closing of U.S. Schools (A Timeline)”, https://www.edweek.org/leadership/the-coronavirus-spring-the-historic-closing-of-u-s-schools-a-timeline/2020/07 (Accessed 05.03.2021)
  • Gilman, Denise. (2020). “Barricading the Border: COVID-19 and the Exclusion of Asylum Seekers at the U.S. Southern Border”. Frontiers in Human Dynamics, 2, 1–10. https:// doi.org/10.3389/fhumd.2020.595814.
  • Human Rights First (2018). “The Flores Settlement and Family Incarceration: A Brief History and Next Steps”, https://www.humanrightsfirst.org/resource/flores-settlement-and-family-incarceration-brief-history-and-next-steps (Accessed 05.03.2021).
  • Human Rights Watch (2020). “Q&A: Trump Administration’s ‘Remain in Mexico’ Program” https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/01/29/qa-trump-administrations-remain-mexico-program (Acessed 03.03.2021).
  • Human Rights Watch (2021). “Like I’m Drowning” https://www.hrw.org/report/2021/01/06/im-drowning/children-and-families-sent-harm-us-remain-mexico-program (Acessed 03.03.2021).
  • International Crisis Group (2020). “Deportation and Disease: Central America’s COVID-19 Dilemmas”, https://www.crisisgroup.org/latin-america-caribbean/central-america/ guatemala/deportation-and-disease-central-americas-covid-19-dilemmas (Accessed 10.02.2021).
  • Khanna, Anoop. (2020). “Impact of Migration of Labour Force due to Global COVID-19 Pandemic with Reference to India”. Journal of Health Management, 22(2), 181–191. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972063420935542.
  • Lee, N. Jean., Mahmud, Mahreen., Morduch, Jonathan., Ravindran, Saravana., & Shonchoy, S. Abu. (2021). “Migration, externalities, and the diffusion of COVID-19 in South Asia”. Journal of Public Economics, 193, 1-51. 104312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104312.
  • Li, Angran., Liu, Zhen., Luo, Mengsha., & Wang, Yan. (2020). “Human mobility restrictions and inter-provincial migration during the COVID-19 crisis in China”. Chinese Sociological Review, 53(1), 87–113. https://doi.org/10.1080/21620555.2020.1821183.
  • Mardin Deniz., Özvarış Bahar. Şevkat., Sakarya Sibel., Kayı İlker., Gürsoy Gül., Yukarıkır, Neslihan., Başpınar Anıl. (2020). “Covid-19 sürecinde Türkiye’de göçmen ve mültecilerin durumu”. Sağlık ve Toplum Özel Sayı, 112-118.
  • Mukumbang, C. Ferdinand., Ambe, N. Anthony., & Adebiyi, O. Babatope. (2020). “Unspoken inequality: how COVID-19 has exacerbated existing vulnerabilities of asylum-seekers, refugees, and undocumented migrants in South Africa”. International Journal for Equity in Health, 19(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-020-01259-4.
  • National Geographic (2021). “Exclusive: We finally know how much kids spread coronavirus. Here’s how it can help schools”, https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/we-now-know-how-much-children-spread-coronavirus Accessed (03.03.2021).
  • NEWS4SA (2020). “Trump quietly shuts down asylum at U.S. borders to fight virus”, https://news4sanantonio.com/news/nation-world/trump-quietly-shuts-down-asylum-at-us-borders-to-fight-virus Accessed (02.02.2021).
  • Nunes João. (2020). “The Covid-19 pandemic: securitization, neoliberal crisis and global vulnerabilization”. Cadernos de saúde pública vol. 36(5), 1-4 doi: 10.1590/0102-311X00063120.
  • Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights “The principle of non-refoulement under international human rights law”, https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Migration/GlobalCompactMigration/ThePrincipleNon-RefoulementUnderInternationalHumanRightsLaw.pdf (Accessed 02.03.2021).
  • Paul, Ruxandra. (2020). “Europe’s essential workers: Migration and pandemic politics in Central and Eastern Europe during COVID 19”. European Policy Analysis, 6(2), 238– 263. https://doi.org/10.1002/epa2.1105.
  • Politifact (2020). “Donald Trump promissed to build a border wall and make Mexico pay for it. That didn’t happen” , https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/promises/ trumpometer/promise/1397/build-wall-and-make-mexico-pay-it/ (Acessed 25.02.2021).
  • Reuters (2020). “U.S. deports 400 migrant children under new coronavirus rules”, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-usa-deportations/u-s-deports-400-migrant-children-under-new-coronavirus-rules-idUSKBN21P354 (Accessed 12.02.2021).
  • Shen, Jianfa. (2020). “Covid-19 and inter-provincial migration in China”. Eurasian Geography and Economics, 61(4–5), 620–626. https://doi.org/10.1080/15387216.2020.1820355.
  • Shi, Qiujie., & Liu, Tao. (2020). “Should internal migrants be held accountable for spreading COVID-19?”. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 52(4), 695–697. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518x20916764.
  • Singh Kant Shri., Chaudhary Aditi., (2020). “Return migration of labourers in the surge of COVID-19 in India: Multidimensional vulnerability and public health challenges”. MOJ Public Health. 9(5), 166-173. doi:10. 15406/mojph.2020.09.00341.
  • Sirkeci, Ibrahim., & Yucesahin, Murat. M. (2020). “Coronavirus and migration: Analysis of human mobility and the spread of Covid-19”. Migration Letters, 17(2), 379–398. https://doi.org/10.33182/ml.v17i2.935.
  • Song, Yu-Wen., Zang, Pan., Xing Ding, Zhong., Fang, Yu-Xin., Zhu, Guo-Li, Zhu, Ya., Bao, Jun.-Chang., Chen, Feng., Wu, Ming., & Peng, Hang.-Zhi. (2020). “Massive migration promotes the early spread of COVID-19 in China: a study based on a scalefree network”. Infectious Diseases of Poverty, 9(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-020-00722-2.
  • Suhardiman, Diana., Rigg, Jonathan., Bandur, Marcel., Marschke, Melissa., Miller, Anne Michelle., Pheuangsavanh, Noudsavanh., Sayatham, Mayyong., & Taylor, David. (2020). “On the Coattails of globalization: migration, migrants and COVID-19 in Asia”. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 47(1), 88–109. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 1369183x.2020.1844561.
  • The Guardian (2021). “Remain in Mexico program needlessly exposed migrants to harm, reports say” https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/jan/06/remain-in-mexicomigrants-trump-biden-human-rights-watch (Acessed 02.03.2021).
  • The Intercept (2020). ”Citing Coronavirus, U.S. and Mexico Block Kids From Asylum” https://theintercept.com/2020/04/16/coronavirus-mexico-border-children-asylum/ (Accessed 11.02.2021).
  • The New York Times (2020). “Trump Cites Coronavirus as He Announces a Border Crackdown”, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/20/us/politics/trump-border-coronavirus. html (Accessed 12.02.2021).
  • The Washington Post (2017). “Trump signs ‘Buy American, Hire American’ executive order, promising to fight for American workers”, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2017/04/18/trump-signs-buy-american-hire-american-executive-order-promising-to-fight-for-american-workers/ Accessed (04.02.2021).
  • TRAC Immigration (2021). “Details on MPP (Remain in Mexico) Deportation” Proceedings, https://trac.syr.edu/phptools/immigration/mpp/ (Accessed 02.03.2021).
  • WorldoMeter (2021). “Total Coronavirus Cases in El Salvador” https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/country/el-salvador/ (Acessed 02.03.2021).
  • WorldoMeter (2021). “Total Coronavirus Cases in Honduras” https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/country/honduras/ (Acessed 02.03.2021).
  • Zanker, Luise Franzisca ., & Moyo, Khangelani. (2020). “The Corona Virus and Migration Governance in South Africa: Business As Usual?”. Africa Spectrum, 55(1), 100–112. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002039720925826.

ANALYZING SECURITIZATION OF MIGRATION DURING THE PANDEMIC: EXAMPLES FROM THE UNITED STATES

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 1, 5 - 21, 30.04.2021

Öz

In the last decade, the world has witnessed an increase in immigration opposition and securitization as an inevitable outcome through prioritizing certain governments that fuel up anti-immigrant sentiments. With the election of Donald Trump, the United States applied certain policies that not only made the asylum system more challenging but also constructed a bifurcation that prioritized U.S. citizens against “an enemy” where the country should be protected form. With the novel Coronavirus sweeping all over the world, the securitized policies of the U.S. affected migrant than most of
other people and exacerbated their dire living conditions. The suspension of the Migration Protection Protocol hearings, a policy that the Trump administrated put into force in 2019 which sends migrants at the U.S. borders to Mexico to wait their asylum procedure being finalized, had drastic effects on asylum seekers who were sent to the most dangerous cities of Mexico. Several asylum-seekers that were interviewed later expressed experiencing sexual assaults and robberies that were a result of the MPP policy and the suspension of the MPP hearings due to COVID-19 which made them trapped there indefinitely. Likewise, an order that was enforced in the name of a public health, CDC issue that halted undocumented migration in the U.S., resulted with the expulsion of hundreds of thousands asylum seekers out of the U.S. territories without providing any chance to hear their asylum claims. In light of these examples, this study investigates the following: Has migration been securitized in the United States during the Coronavirus pandemic in the Trump administration?

The implementation of MPP and the suspension of its hearings as well as the CDC order will be analyzed through using the framework of Securitization Theory. It will be argued that policies that were created as a result of securitization of migration like MPP creates violent conditions for migrants and results with the violation of asylum rights and non-refoulement principle. Furthermore it will be argued that the CDC order is not a necessary, proportional and a legitimate action. The analyses of these two examples suggest that migration is being securitized in the U.S. in the pandemic times.

Kaynakça

  • AP News (2020). “Pence ordered borders closed after CDC experts refused”, https://apnews.com/article/virus-outbreak-pandemics-public-health-new-york-health4ef0c6c5263815a26f8aa17f6ea490ae (Accessed 12.02.2021).
  • Buzan Barry., Weaver Ole., Wilde De Jaap. (1998). Security: A New Framework for Analysis. Lynne Reinner Publishers.
  • Byaruhanga, Ronald. (2020). “The impact of covıd-19 on securitisation of migration and mobility in the United States”. European Journal of Social Sciences Studies, 5(6), 95– 109. https://doi.org/10.46827/ejsss.v5i6.939.
  • Carlotti Sebastian. (2020). “Migration policy and health insecurity Italy’s response to COVID-19 and the impact of the Security Decree”. Rivista Trimestrale di Scienza dell’Amministrazione. doi: 10.32049/RTSA.2020.2.14.
  • CBS News (2020). “Federal judge skeptical of Trump order used to expel migrants at border”, https://www.cbsnews.com/news/federal-judge-trump-order-migrant-expulsions-policy-aclu/ (Accessed 12.02.2021).
  • Colombia Mailman School of Public Health (2020). “Public Health Experts Urge U.S. Officials to Withdraw Order Enabling Mass Expulsion of Asylum Seekers”, https://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/public-health-now/news/public-health-experts-urge-us-officials-withdraw-order-enabling-mass-expulsion-asylum-seekers Accessed (22.02.2021).
  • Council on Foreign Relations (2020). “U.S. Detention of Child Migrants”, https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/us-detention-child migrants#:~:text=Under%20U.S.%20law%2C%20unaccompanied%20alien,necessarily%20enter%20the%20country%20alone (Accessed 10.02.2021).
  • Education Week (2020). “The Coronavirus Spring: The Historic Closing of U.S. Schools (A Timeline)”, https://www.edweek.org/leadership/the-coronavirus-spring-the-historic-closing-of-u-s-schools-a-timeline/2020/07 (Accessed 05.03.2021)
  • Gilman, Denise. (2020). “Barricading the Border: COVID-19 and the Exclusion of Asylum Seekers at the U.S. Southern Border”. Frontiers in Human Dynamics, 2, 1–10. https:// doi.org/10.3389/fhumd.2020.595814.
  • Human Rights First (2018). “The Flores Settlement and Family Incarceration: A Brief History and Next Steps”, https://www.humanrightsfirst.org/resource/flores-settlement-and-family-incarceration-brief-history-and-next-steps (Accessed 05.03.2021).
  • Human Rights Watch (2020). “Q&A: Trump Administration’s ‘Remain in Mexico’ Program” https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/01/29/qa-trump-administrations-remain-mexico-program (Acessed 03.03.2021).
  • Human Rights Watch (2021). “Like I’m Drowning” https://www.hrw.org/report/2021/01/06/im-drowning/children-and-families-sent-harm-us-remain-mexico-program (Acessed 03.03.2021).
  • International Crisis Group (2020). “Deportation and Disease: Central America’s COVID-19 Dilemmas”, https://www.crisisgroup.org/latin-america-caribbean/central-america/ guatemala/deportation-and-disease-central-americas-covid-19-dilemmas (Accessed 10.02.2021).
  • Khanna, Anoop. (2020). “Impact of Migration of Labour Force due to Global COVID-19 Pandemic with Reference to India”. Journal of Health Management, 22(2), 181–191. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972063420935542.
  • Lee, N. Jean., Mahmud, Mahreen., Morduch, Jonathan., Ravindran, Saravana., & Shonchoy, S. Abu. (2021). “Migration, externalities, and the diffusion of COVID-19 in South Asia”. Journal of Public Economics, 193, 1-51. 104312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104312.
  • Li, Angran., Liu, Zhen., Luo, Mengsha., & Wang, Yan. (2020). “Human mobility restrictions and inter-provincial migration during the COVID-19 crisis in China”. Chinese Sociological Review, 53(1), 87–113. https://doi.org/10.1080/21620555.2020.1821183.
  • Mardin Deniz., Özvarış Bahar. Şevkat., Sakarya Sibel., Kayı İlker., Gürsoy Gül., Yukarıkır, Neslihan., Başpınar Anıl. (2020). “Covid-19 sürecinde Türkiye’de göçmen ve mültecilerin durumu”. Sağlık ve Toplum Özel Sayı, 112-118.
  • Mukumbang, C. Ferdinand., Ambe, N. Anthony., & Adebiyi, O. Babatope. (2020). “Unspoken inequality: how COVID-19 has exacerbated existing vulnerabilities of asylum-seekers, refugees, and undocumented migrants in South Africa”. International Journal for Equity in Health, 19(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-020-01259-4.
  • National Geographic (2021). “Exclusive: We finally know how much kids spread coronavirus. Here’s how it can help schools”, https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/we-now-know-how-much-children-spread-coronavirus Accessed (03.03.2021).
  • NEWS4SA (2020). “Trump quietly shuts down asylum at U.S. borders to fight virus”, https://news4sanantonio.com/news/nation-world/trump-quietly-shuts-down-asylum-at-us-borders-to-fight-virus Accessed (02.02.2021).
  • Nunes João. (2020). “The Covid-19 pandemic: securitization, neoliberal crisis and global vulnerabilization”. Cadernos de saúde pública vol. 36(5), 1-4 doi: 10.1590/0102-311X00063120.
  • Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights “The principle of non-refoulement under international human rights law”, https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Migration/GlobalCompactMigration/ThePrincipleNon-RefoulementUnderInternationalHumanRightsLaw.pdf (Accessed 02.03.2021).
  • Paul, Ruxandra. (2020). “Europe’s essential workers: Migration and pandemic politics in Central and Eastern Europe during COVID 19”. European Policy Analysis, 6(2), 238– 263. https://doi.org/10.1002/epa2.1105.
  • Politifact (2020). “Donald Trump promissed to build a border wall and make Mexico pay for it. That didn’t happen” , https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/promises/ trumpometer/promise/1397/build-wall-and-make-mexico-pay-it/ (Acessed 25.02.2021).
  • Reuters (2020). “U.S. deports 400 migrant children under new coronavirus rules”, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-usa-deportations/u-s-deports-400-migrant-children-under-new-coronavirus-rules-idUSKBN21P354 (Accessed 12.02.2021).
  • Shen, Jianfa. (2020). “Covid-19 and inter-provincial migration in China”. Eurasian Geography and Economics, 61(4–5), 620–626. https://doi.org/10.1080/15387216.2020.1820355.
  • Shi, Qiujie., & Liu, Tao. (2020). “Should internal migrants be held accountable for spreading COVID-19?”. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 52(4), 695–697. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518x20916764.
  • Singh Kant Shri., Chaudhary Aditi., (2020). “Return migration of labourers in the surge of COVID-19 in India: Multidimensional vulnerability and public health challenges”. MOJ Public Health. 9(5), 166-173. doi:10. 15406/mojph.2020.09.00341.
  • Sirkeci, Ibrahim., & Yucesahin, Murat. M. (2020). “Coronavirus and migration: Analysis of human mobility and the spread of Covid-19”. Migration Letters, 17(2), 379–398. https://doi.org/10.33182/ml.v17i2.935.
  • Song, Yu-Wen., Zang, Pan., Xing Ding, Zhong., Fang, Yu-Xin., Zhu, Guo-Li, Zhu, Ya., Bao, Jun.-Chang., Chen, Feng., Wu, Ming., & Peng, Hang.-Zhi. (2020). “Massive migration promotes the early spread of COVID-19 in China: a study based on a scalefree network”. Infectious Diseases of Poverty, 9(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-020-00722-2.
  • Suhardiman, Diana., Rigg, Jonathan., Bandur, Marcel., Marschke, Melissa., Miller, Anne Michelle., Pheuangsavanh, Noudsavanh., Sayatham, Mayyong., & Taylor, David. (2020). “On the Coattails of globalization: migration, migrants and COVID-19 in Asia”. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 47(1), 88–109. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 1369183x.2020.1844561.
  • The Guardian (2021). “Remain in Mexico program needlessly exposed migrants to harm, reports say” https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/jan/06/remain-in-mexicomigrants-trump-biden-human-rights-watch (Acessed 02.03.2021).
  • The Intercept (2020). ”Citing Coronavirus, U.S. and Mexico Block Kids From Asylum” https://theintercept.com/2020/04/16/coronavirus-mexico-border-children-asylum/ (Accessed 11.02.2021).
  • The New York Times (2020). “Trump Cites Coronavirus as He Announces a Border Crackdown”, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/20/us/politics/trump-border-coronavirus. html (Accessed 12.02.2021).
  • The Washington Post (2017). “Trump signs ‘Buy American, Hire American’ executive order, promising to fight for American workers”, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2017/04/18/trump-signs-buy-american-hire-american-executive-order-promising-to-fight-for-american-workers/ Accessed (04.02.2021).
  • TRAC Immigration (2021). “Details on MPP (Remain in Mexico) Deportation” Proceedings, https://trac.syr.edu/phptools/immigration/mpp/ (Accessed 02.03.2021).
  • WorldoMeter (2021). “Total Coronavirus Cases in El Salvador” https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/country/el-salvador/ (Acessed 02.03.2021).
  • WorldoMeter (2021). “Total Coronavirus Cases in Honduras” https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/country/honduras/ (Acessed 02.03.2021).
  • Zanker, Luise Franzisca ., & Moyo, Khangelani. (2020). “The Corona Virus and Migration Governance in South Africa: Business As Usual?”. Africa Spectrum, 55(1), 100–112. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002039720925826.
Toplam 39 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Uluslararası İlişkiler
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Aslınur İnalcı Bu kişi benim 0000-0001-9294-5703

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Nisan 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 2 Şubat 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA İnalcı, A. (2021). ANALYZING SECURITIZATION OF MIGRATION DURING THE PANDEMIC: EXAMPLES FROM THE UNITED STATES. Journal of International Relations and Political Science Studies(1), 5-21.