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Religious Insurgency and the Limits of State

Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1 30 Haziran 2026
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Religious Insurgency and the Limits of State

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Why do states possessing overwhelming military superiority continually fail to achieve lasting political victory against religious insurgencies? This article takes a look at the that question through a comparative analysis of Boko Haram, ISIS, Hamas, and the Taliban alongside the contrasting case of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) in Sri Lanka. Leveraging strategic studies, counterinsurgency theory, and Olivier Roy’s concept of deterritorialised ideology, the article argues that military superiority is at many times insufficient where insurgent movements are sustained by transnational ideological frameworks capable of surviving territorial defeat, leadership decapitation, and organisational fragmentation. The study develops a comparative framework examining military, political, and societal dimensions of conflict outcomes in conventional and asymmetric warfare contexts. It argues that religious ideology functions not just as a mobilisation tool, but as a durable source of legitimacy and organisational rebirth interacting with governance failure, external sanctuary, and social embeddedness. The LTTE case establishes that permanent military defeat of a non-state actor is possible under specific structural conditions, including centralised leadership, territorially bounded objectives, and the absence of deterritorialised ideological mobilisation. The findings suggest that counterinsurgency strategies focused primarily on kinetic operations are unlikely to yield a lasting political settlement, especially where insurgencies stay within resilient ideological and social structures.

Anahtar Kelimeler

asymmetric warfare, insurgency, centre of gravity, Operation Hadin Kai, counterinsurgency

Kaynakça

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  2. Africa Center for Strategic Studies. (2025). The evolution of Africa’s militant Islamist groups. https://africacenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Deaths-Linked-to-MIGs-In-Last-Decade.pdf
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  5. Clausewitz, C. von. (1984). On war (M. Howard & P. Paret, Eds. & Trans.). Princeton University Press.
  6. Connable, B. (2012). Embracing the fog of war: Assessment and metrics in counterinsurgency. RAND Corporation.
  7. Collier, Paul and Anke Hoeffler (2004). Greed and Grievance in Civil War. Oxford Economic Papers, 56 (4), 563-595.
  8. Cordesman, A. H. (2020). The Afghan war in 2020: Meeting the challenge of an uncertain outcome. Center for Strategic and International Studies.
  9. Cronin, Audrey Kurth (2009). How Terrorism Ends: Understanding the Decline and Demise of Terrorist Campaigns. Princeton University Press.
  10. Freedman, L. (2019). Ukraine and the art of strategy. Oxford University Press.

Kaynak Göster

APA
Okon, I. (2026). Religious Insurgency and the Limits of State. Uluslararası İlişkiler Çalışmaları Dergisi, 6(1), 29-42. https://doi.org/10.62425/jirs.1955500
AMA
1.Okon I. Religious Insurgency and the Limits of State. Uluslararası İlişkiler Çalışmaları Dergisi. 2026;6(1):29-42. doi:10.62425/jirs.1955500
Chicago
Okon, Idiongomfon. 2026. “Religious Insurgency and the Limits of State”. Uluslararası İlişkiler Çalışmaları Dergisi 6 (1): 29-42. https://doi.org/10.62425/jirs.1955500.
EndNote
Okon I (01 Haziran 2026) Religious Insurgency and the Limits of State. Uluslararası İlişkiler Çalışmaları Dergisi 6 1 29–42.
IEEE
[1]I. Okon, “Religious Insurgency and the Limits of State”, Uluslararası İlişkiler Çalışmaları Dergisi, c. 6, sy 1, ss. 29–42, Haz. 2026, doi: 10.62425/jirs.1955500.
ISNAD
Okon, Idiongomfon. “Religious Insurgency and the Limits of State”. Uluslararası İlişkiler Çalışmaları Dergisi 6/1 (01 Haziran 2026): 29-42. https://doi.org/10.62425/jirs.1955500.
JAMA
1.Okon I. Religious Insurgency and the Limits of State. Uluslararası İlişkiler Çalışmaları Dergisi. 2026;6:29–42.
MLA
Okon, Idiongomfon. “Religious Insurgency and the Limits of State”. Uluslararası İlişkiler Çalışmaları Dergisi, c. 6, sy 1, Haziran 2026, ss. 29-42, doi:10.62425/jirs.1955500.
Vancouver
1.Idiongomfon Okon. Religious Insurgency and the Limits of State. Uluslararası İlişkiler Çalışmaları Dergisi. 01 Haziran 2026;6(1):29-42. doi:10.62425/jirs.1955500