Jelly-Coats of Amphibian Egg; Morphological Structure, Effect on Fertilization and Immunobiological Activity

Yıl 2023, , 1647 - 1652, 01.09.2023

Behlül Koç Bilican , Murat Kaya

https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.1265923

Öz

Amphibians are cold-blooded vertebrates that serve as a bridge between aquatic life and terrestrial life with more than 8000 species in the world, divided into 3 orders: Anura, Urodela and Gymnophiona. In addition, they have been the subject of many studies due to their cosmopolitan structure, easy culturing, amplification and potential clinical applications. The mature eggs of most animal species are surrounded by extracellular layers or structures such as vitelline membrane, jelly, and zona pellucida. Amphibian eggs are bordered by a vitelline envelope of these structures and several jelly layers that are structurally and chemically different. These layers are characteristic feature of amphibian eggs and are described as a gelatinous matrix that is insoluble in water. These jelly layers, which look quite simple from the outside, protect the embryo against harsh environmental conditions in nature, nourish it, and allow it to grow and develop. The information in the literature on amphibian egg jelly, which plays such an important role, is very limited. In this review, the morphological structure, content, effect on fertilization and immunobiological activity of amphibian egg jelly are discussed.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Amphibian, Fertilization, Immunobiology

Amfibi Yumurta Jel Katmanları; Morfolojik Yapısı ve İçeriği, Fertilizasyon Üzerine Etkisi ve İmmünobiyolojik Aktivites

Öz

Amfibiler, sucul yaşam ile karasal yaşam arasında bir köprü görevi gören Anura, Urodela ve Gymnophiona olmak üzere 3 takıma ayrılan ve dünyada 8000’den fazla türe sahip olan soğukkanlı omurgalı canlılardır. Bununla birlikte, kozmopolit olmaları, kolay kültüre edilebilmeleri, çift yaşamlı olmaları ve potansiyel klinik uygulamaları sayesinde birçok çalışmaya konu olmuştur. Çoğu hayvan türünün olgun yumurtaları, vitellin zar, jel ve zona pellusida gibi hücre dışı katmanlar veya yapılarla çevrilidir. Amfibi yumurtaları bu yapılardan bir vitellin zarf ile yapısal ve kimyasal olarak farklı birkaç jel tabakayla çevrilidir. Bu jel tabaka, amfibi yumurtalarının karakteristik bir özelliğidir. Suda çözünmeyen jelatinimsi bir matris olarak tanımlanmaktadırlar. Dışardan bakıldığında oldukça basit yapılı görünen bu jel tabakalar doğada zorlu ortam şartlarına karşı embriyoyu korumakta, beslemekte, büyümesine ve gelişmesine olanak sağlamaktadırlar. Bu denli önemli bir görev gören amfibi yumurta jeli üzerine literatürde yer alan bilgiler oldukça sınırlıdır. Bu derlemede amfibi yumurta jelinin morfolojik yapısı, içeriği, fertilizasyon üzerine olan etkisi ve immünobiyolojik aktivitesi ele alınmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Amfibi, Fertilizasyon, İmmünobiyoloji

Kaynakça

• Altig, R. ve McDiarmid, R. W. (2007). Morphological diversity and evolution of egg and clutch structure in amphibians. Herpetological Monographs, 21 (1), 1-32.
• Bakos, M. A., Kurosky, A. ve Hedrick, J. L. (1990). Physicochemical characterization of progressive changes in the Xenopus laevis egg envelope following oviductal transport and fertilization. Biochemistry, 29 (3), 609-615.
• Carroll Jr, E. J., Wei, S. H., Nagel, G. M. ve Ruibal, R. (1991). Structure and Macromolecular Composition of the Egg and Embryo Jelly Coats of the Anuran Lepidobatrachus laevis: (frog jelly coat/fertilization/glycoprotein). Development, Growth & Differentiation, 33 (1), 37-43.
• Chesnel, A., Lerivray, H. ve Jego, P. (2019). Lectin-Induced Agglutination of Microorganisms in Urodelan Amphibian Egg Jelly. Proceedings of the Third Symposium, Lyon, France, June 26–28, 1985 (pp. 647-652): De Gruyter.
• Folkes, B., Grant, R. ve Jones, J. (1950). 440. Frog-spawn mucin. Journal of the Chemical Society (Resumed), 2136-2140.
• Freeman, S. B. (1968). A study of the jelly envelopes surrounding the egg of the amphibian, Xenopus laevis. The Biological Bulletin, 135 (3), 501-513.
• Humphries Jr, A. ve Hughes, W. (1959). A study of the polysaccharide histochemistry of the oviduct of the newt, Triturus viridescens. The Biological Bulletin, 116 (3), 446-451.
• Ishihara, K., Hosono, J., Kanatani, H. ve Katagiri, C. (1984). Toad egg-jelly as a source of divalent cations essential for fertilization. Developmental biology, 105 (2), 435-442.
• Khalifa, A. Y., AlMalki, M. A. ve Bekhet, G. M. (2021). Pathological and mortality findings associated with Aeromonas hydrophila from frog eggs in Al‐Ahsa region of Saudi Arabia. Aquaculture Research, 52 (3), 1227-1236.
• Katagiri, C. (1987). Role of oviducal secretions in mediating gamete fusion in anuran amphibians. Zoological science, 4 (1), 1-14.
• Lee, P. A. (1967). Studies of frog oviducal jelly secretion. I. Chemical analysis of secretory product. Journal of Experimental Zoology, 166 (1), 99-106.
• Morris, R. L. ve Tanner, W. W. (1969). Rana pretiosa Baird and Girard, a life history study. The Great Basin Naturalist 29, 45–81.
• Nakajima, Y., Suzuki, H., Sakakibara, F., Kawauchi, H., Mizuno, D. ve Yamazaki, M. (1986). Induction of a cytotoxin from murine macrophages by an animal lectin. The Japanese Journal of Experimental Medicine, 56 (1), 19-25.
• Olson, J. H. ve Chandler, D. E. (1999). Xenopus laevis egg jelly contains small proteins that are essential to fertilization. Developmental biology, 210 (2), 401-410.
• Peavy, T. R., Hernandez, C. ve Carroll, E. J. (2003). Jeltraxin, a frog egg jelly glycoprotein, has calcium-dependent lectin properties and is related to human serum pentraxins CRP and SAP. Biochemistry, 42 (44), 12761-12769.
• Perlmann, P. ve Perlmann, H. (1957). Analysis of the surface structures of the sea urchin egg by means of antibodies. II. The J- and A-antigens. Exp Cell Res, 13 (3), 454-474.
• Rombough, C., ve Bowerman, J. (2021). The structure of spotted frog (rana luteiventris and rana pretiosa) eggs: a physical description and historical perspective. Northwestern Naturalist, 102 (1), 1-8.
• Salthe, S. N. (1963). The egg capsules in the Amphibia. Journal of Morphology, 113 (2), 161-171.
• Shaver, J. ve Barch, S. (1960). Experimental studies on the role of jelly coat material in fertilization in the frog. Acta Embryol. et Morphol. Exp, 3, 180-189.
• Shaver, J., Barch, S. ve Shivers, C. (1962). Tissue‐specificity of frog egg‐jelly antigens. Journal of Experimental Zoology, 151 (2), 95-103.
• Stebbins, R. C. (2003). A field guide to western reptiles and amphibians, 3rd edition. The Peterson field guide series. New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin Co.
• Steinke, J. ve Benson Jr, D. (1970). The structure and polysaccharide cytochemistry of the jelly envelopes of the egg of the frog, Rana pipiens. Journal of Morphology, 130 (1), 57-65.
• Titani, K., Takio, K., Kuwada, M., Nitta, K., Sakakibara, F., Kawauchi, H., Takayanagi, G. ve Hakomori, S. (1987). Amino acid sequence of sialic acid binding lectin from frog (Rana catesbeiana) eggs. Biochemistry, 26 (8), 2189-2194.
• Turani, B., Aliko, V. ve Faggio, C. (2020). Allurin and egg jelly coat impact on in-vitro fertilization success of endangered Albanian water frog, Pelophylax shqipericus. Natural product research, 34 (6), 830-837.
• Tyler, A. (1959). Some immunobiological experiments on fertilization and early development in sea urchins. Experimental Cell Research, 7, 183-199.
• Yurewicz, E. C., Oliphant, G. ve Hedrick, J. L. (1975). Macromolecular composition of Xenopus laevis egg jelly coat. Biochemistry, 14 (14), 3101-3107.