Kenevirde Görülen Hastalıklara Genel Bir Bakış

Yıl 2020, , 748 - 762, 01.06.2020

Mehmet Ali Şevik

https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.670642

Öz

Cannabis sativa türünün bir varyetesi olan endüstriyel kenevir (Cannabis sativa ssp. vulgaris L.), kültürü yapılan önemli bir endüstri bitkisidir. Endüstriyel kenevir insanlık tarihinin en eski bitkisel ham madde kaynaklarından birisi olarak bilinmektedir. Kenevir çevre koşullarına, hastalık ve zararlılara karşı oldukça hassastır. Olumsuz çevre koşullarında bitkiler hastalıklara daha yatkın hale gelmektedir. Kenevir bitkilerinde meydana gelen hastalıklar biyotik (bakteri, fungus, virüs, viroid, fitoplasma) ve abiyotik (besin elementi noksanlıkları) faktörlerden kaynaklanmaktadır. Cannabis türlerinde yüzden fazla mikroorganizma hastalık oluşturabilmektedir. Hastalıkların yaygınlığı iklim şartlarına ve bölgeye göre değişkenlik gösterebilmektedir. Kenevirde görülebilen önemli fungal hastalıkları arasında; kurşuni küf, beyaz çürüklük, çökerten, çeşitli yaprak leke hastalıkları yanıklık ve kök çürüklükleri yer almaktadır. Bakteriyel yanıklık, solgunluk, kök uru, Xanthomonas yaprak leke ve striatura ulcerosa kenevirde önemli bakteriyel hastalıklar arasında yer almaktadır. Kenevir çizgi, kenevir mozayik, yonca mozayik, hıyar mozayik ve arabis mozayik virüslerinin kenevir çeşitlerinde hastalıklara neden olduğu rapor edilmiştir. Bu makalede, kenevir bitkilerini olumsuz etkileyen önemli hastalıklar, belirtileri, bulaşma ve yayılma yolları ve mücadele yöntemleri kısaca özetlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Cannabis, kenevir, hastalık, bakteri, fungus, virüs

Teşekkür

Kenevir konusunda kaynak temininde yardımları için, OMÜ Kenevir Araştırmaları Enstitüsü müdürü Prof.Dr. Selim Aytaç’a teşekkür ederim.

An Overview of Hemp Diseases

Öz

Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa var. vulgaris L.), a variant of the C. sativa plant, is an important industrial crop. Industrial hemp is one of the oldest crops plants know to humans. Hemp is very sensitive to environmental conditions, diseases, and pests. Environmentally stressed plants become predisposed to diseases. Diseases of Cannabis are caused by biotic (bacteria, fungi, viruses, viroids, phytoplasmas) or abiotic (nutrient deficiencies) sources. Cannabis species suffer over 100 diseases. Disease prevalence is also varied by geography and climate. Serious fungal diseases on hemp include gray mold, hemp canker, damping off, assorted leaf spots, blights, root rots. Important bacterial diseases include bacterial blight, wilt, crown gall, striatura ulcerosa, and xanthomonas leaf spot. In Cannabis cultivars were reported including the diseases caused by Hemp streak virus (HSV), Hemp mosaic virus (HMV), Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), and Arabis mosaic virus (ArMV). Important diseases affecting the hemp crop along with their symptoms, means of movement and dispersal, and management are briefly summarized in the paper.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Cannabis, hemp, disease, bacterium, fungus, virus

Kaynakça

• Agrios GN, 1997. Plant Pathology, 4th Edition: Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 200-216.
• Al-Saleh MA, Amer MA, 2013. Biological and molecular variability of Alfalfa mosaic virus affecting alfalfa crop in Riyadh Region. Plant Pathology Journal, 29: 410-417.
• Andre CM, Hausman JF, Guerriero G, 2016. Cannabis sativa. The plant of the thousand and one molecules. Frontiers in Plant Science, 7: 1-17.
• Aytac S, Ayan AK, Arslanoglu SF, 2017. Endüstriyel tip kenevir (Cannabis sativa L) yetiştiriciliği. Karadeniz’in Lif Bitkileri Çalıştayı, 5-6 Mayıs 2017, Samsun.
• Aytac S, 2018. An environmentally friendly plant in terms of oxygen supply: Hemp. ICOEST 4th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology, September 19-23, Ukraine, pp: 31-34.
• Aytaç S, Gizlenci Ş, Arslanoğlu F, Ayan AK, Efendioğluçelik A, Aksoy D, Paslı R, 2019. Türkiye kenevir genotiplerinin THC ve CBD içerikleri. Uluslararası 19 Mayıs Bilimsel Yaklaşım Kongresi, 27-29 Aralık 2019, Samsun.
• Bakro F, Wielgusz K, Bunalski M, Jedryczka M, 2018. An overview of pathogen and insect threats to fibre and oilseed hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) and methods for their biocontrol. Integrated Control in Oilseed Crops IOBC-WPRS Bulletin, 136: 9-20.
• Blattny C, Osvald CV, Novak J, 1950. Virosy a z viros podezrele zjevy u konopi. Ochrana Rostlin, 23: 5-9.
• Edwardson JR, Christie RG, 1997. Viruses infecting peppers and other solanaceous crops, Vol. 1, Monograph 18-1. University of Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, Florida.
• EPPO, 2002. Arabis mosaic nepovirus. Data Sheets on Quarantine Pests. EPPO Global Database. https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/ARMV00/distribution (Erişim tarihi: 20.12.2019)
• Dingha B, Sandler L, Bhowmik A, Akotsen-Mensah C, Jackai L, Gibson K, Turco R, 2019. Industrial hemp knowledge and interest among North Carolina organic farmers in the United States. Sustainability, 11: 2691.
• Gallitelli D, 2000. The ecology of cucumber mosaic virus and sustainable agriculture. Virus Research, 71: 9-12.
• Gedik G, Avinç OO, Yavaş A, 2010. Kenevir lifinin özellikleri ve tekstil endüstrisinde kullanımıyla sağladığı avantajlar. Tekstil Teknolojileri Elektronik Dergisi, 4: 39-48.
• Ghani M, Basit A, 1975. Investigations on the natural enemies of marijuana, Cannabis sativa L. and Opium poppy, Papaver somniferum L. Annual Report, Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, Pakistan station, 8 pp.
• Giladi Y, Hadad L, Luria N, Cranshaw W, Lachman O, Dombrovsky A, 2019. First report of Beet curly top virus infecting Cannabis sativa L., in Western Colorado. Plant Disease, https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-08-19-1656-PDN
• Gildow FE, Shah DA, Sackett WM, Butzler T, Nault BA, Fleischer SJ, 2008. Transmission efficiency of Cucumber mosaic virus by aphids associated with virus epidemics in snap bean. Phytopathology, 98: 1233-1241.
• Gizlenci Ş, Acar M, Yiğen Ç, Aytaç S, 2019. Kenevir Tarımı. Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı, Tarımsal Araştırmalar ve Politikalar Genel Müdürlüğü (TAGEM) Yayınları. s: 66.
• Grabowska L, Rębarz M, Chudy M, 2009. Breeding and cultivation of industrial hemp in Poland. Herba Polonica, 55: 328-334.
• Hadad L, Luria N, Smith E, Sela N, Lachman O, Dombrovsky A, 2019. Lettuce chlorosis virus disease: A new threat to cannabis production. Viruses, 11: 802.
• Hughes JDA, Odu BO, 2003. Plant Virology in Sub-Saharan Africa: Proceedings of a Conference Organized by IITA: International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria. IITA.
• Jaspars EMJ, Bos L, 1980. Alfalfa mosaic virus. 229.
• Jeffries CJ, 1998. FAO/IPGRI Technical guidelines for the safe movement of germplasm: Potato, 19: 73-79.
• Kegler H, Spaar D., 1997. Kurzmitteilung zur Virusanfalligkeit von Hanfsorten (Cannabis sativa L.). Archives Phytopathologie, 30: 457-464.
• Kominek P, Svoboda P, Abou Ghanem-Sabanadzovic N, 2003. Improved detection of Arabis mosaic virus in grapevine and hop plants. Acta Virologica, 47: 199-200.
• Kumari R., Bhardwaj P, Singh L., Zaidi AA, Hallan V, 2013. Biological and molecular characterization of Cucumber mosaic virus Subgroup II Isolate causing severe mosaic in cucumber. Indian Journal of Virology 24: 27-34.
• Lisson SX, Mendham NJ, 1995. Tasmanian hemp research. Journal of International Hemp Association, 2: 82-85.
• Ma LJ, Geiser DM, Proctor RH, Rooney AP, O’Donnell K, Trail F, Kazan K, 2013. Fusarium pathogenomics. Annual Review of Microbiology, 67: 399-416.
• McPartland JM, 1983. Phomopsis ganjae sp. nov. on Cannabis sativa. Mycotaxon, 18: 527-530.
• McPartland JM, 1995: Cannabis pathogens XI: Septoria spp. on Cannabis sativa sensu stricto. Sydowia, 47: 44-53.
• McPartland JM, 1996. A review of Cannabis diseases. Journal of the International Hemp Association 3: 19-23.
• McPartland JM, Clarke RC, Watson DP, 2000. Hemp diseases and pests: Management and biological control. New York: CABI Publishing.
• McPartland JM, 2003. Diseases of hemp. https://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/resources/commonnames/Pages/Hemp.aspx
• Nykter M, 2006 Microbial quality of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) and flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) from plants to thermal insulation. University of Helsinki Department of Agrotechnology, p.97.
• Ouedraogo RS, Pita JS, Somda IP, Traore O, Roossinck MJ, 2019. Impact of cultivated hosts on the recombination of Cucumber mosaic virus. Journal of Virology, 93: e01770-18.
• Palukaitis P, Roossinck MJ, Dietzgen RG, Francki RIB, 1992. Cucumber mosaic virus. Advances in Virus Research, 41: 281-348.
• Parrella G, 2000. Evidence for two distinct subgroups of Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) from France and Italy and their relationships with other AMV strains. Archives of Virology, 145: 2659-2667.
• Pandotra VR, Sastry KSM, 1967. Wilt: a new disease of hemp in India. Indian Journal of Agricultural Science 37: 520.
• Patschk K, Gottwald R, Muller R, 1997. First results of phytopathological observations in hemp cultivation in the state of Brandenburg. Nachrichtenblatt des Deutschen Pflanzenschutzdienstes, 49: 286-290.
• Pimentel D, McLaughlin L, Zepp A. 1991: Environmental and economic impacts of reducing U.S. agricultural pesticide use. In: CRC Handbook of Pest Management in Agriculture (Ed. Pimentel D,), 2nd Ed., Vol. I. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 679-686.
• Punja ZK, Collyer D, Scott C, Lung S, Holmes J, Sutton D, 2019. Pathogens and molds affecting production and quality of Cannabis sativa L. Frontiers in Plant Science, 10: 1120-1123.
• Ranalli P, 1999. Advances in Hemp Research, CRC Press.
• Righetti L, Paris R, Ratti C, Calassanzio M, Onofri C, Calzolari D, Menzel W, Knierim D, Magagnini G, Pacifico D, Grassi G, 2018. Not the one, but the only one: About cannabis cryptic virus in plants showing ‘hemp streak’ disease symptoms. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 150: 575-588.
• Sands DC, Kennett G, Knox-Zidack N, Miller RV, Ford E. 1987. Demonstration of potential biocontrol agents against Cannabis. Department of Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT. 10 pp.
• Schmelzer K, 1963. Investigations on viruses of ornamental and wild woody plants. 2nd part. Viroses of Forsythia, Lonicera, Ligustrum and Laburnum. Phytopathologische Zeitschrift, 46: 105-138.
• Schmidt HE, Karl E, 1970. Analysis of the viruses of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) with regard to the hemp aphid (Phorodon cannabis) as virus vector. Zentralblatt Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunden, Infektionskrankheiten Hygiene, 125: 16-22.
• Scheifele G, 1998. Final report: Determining the feasibility and potential of field production of low THC industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) for fibre and seed grain in northern Ontario. Kemptville College/University of Guelph, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.
• Smith IM, Dunez J, Phillips DH, Lelliott RA, Archer SA. 1988. European Handbook ofPlatzt Diseases. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford. 583 pp.
• Scholthof KBG, Adkins S, Czosnek H, Palukaitis P, Jacquot E, Hohn T, Hemenway C, 2011. Top 10 plant viruses in molecular plant pathology. Molecular Plant Pathology, 12: 938-954.
• Soosaar JL, Burch-Smith TM, Dinesh-Kumar SP, 2005. Mechanisms of plant resistance to viruses. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 3: 789-798.
• Thresh JM, Ormerod P, 1989. Arabis mosaic virus in English hop plantings. In: Proceedings of the International Workshop on Hop Virus Diseases, pp.43-54.
• Whitfield AE, Falk BW, Rotenberg D, 2015. Insect vector-mediated transmission of plant viruses. Virology, 479: 278-289.
• Xu H, Nie J, 2006. Identification, characterization and molecular detection of Alfalfa mosaic virus in potato. Phytopathology, 96: 1237-1242.
• Zitter TA, Murphy JF, 2009. Cucumber mosaic virus. The Plant Health Instructor. DOI: 10.1094/PHI-I-2009-0518-01.