Determination of Soil Enzyme Activities in Different Wheat Growing Stages under Different Tillage Systems

Öz

Soil physical, chemical and biological properties under agricultural production are constantly changing due to both agricultural practices and climatic factors. For this reason, it is very important to examine soil properties according to plant species and the applications made on soils. In our study, soil urease, alkaline phosphatase and catalase activities were investigated in some wheat growing periods under minimum and conventional tillage systems. For this purpose, soil samples were collected at sowing, stemming and grain filling periods of wheat at the depths of 0-10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm and analyzed for determining soil enzyme activities. Results showed that the highest urease and alkaline phosphatase activities were in stemming in both tillage systems and catalase activity was found to be statistically insignificant during the plant growth period. In addition, it was determined that urease and alkaline phosphatase activities were higher in minimum tillage systems, and urease, alkaline phosphatase and catalase activities decreased with increasing soil depth.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Soil enzymes
• wheat
• minimum tillage
• conventional tillage

Farklı Toprak İşleme Sistemlerinde Yetiştirilen Buğday Bitkisinin Farklı Gelişim Dönemlerinde Toprakların Enzim Aktivitelerinin Belirlenmesi

Öz

Tarımsal üretim altında kalan toprakların fiziksel kimyasal ve biyolojik özellikleri gerek tarımsal uygulamalar gerekse iklim faktörleri sebebiyle sürekli değişime uğramaktadırlar. Bu nedenle yetiştirilen bitki türüne, topraklar üzerinde yapılan uygulamalara göre toprak özelliklerinin incelenmesi oldukça önemlidir. Bu araştırmada minimum ve konvansiyonel toprak işlemeli tarım sistemleri altında yetiştirilen buğday (Triticum aestivum) bitkisinin, bazı gelişim dönemlerinde (ekim, sapa kalkma ve tane dolum) üreaz, alkali fosfataz ve katalaz aktiviteleri araştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla buğdayın, ekim, sapa kalkma ve tane dolum dönemlerinde farklı derinliklerden (0-10,10-20 ve 20-30 cm) toprak örnekleri alınmış ve analizleri yapılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda; en yüksek üreaz ve alkali fosfataz aktivitelerinin her iki toprak işleme sisteminde de sapa kalkma döneminde olduğu; katalaz aktivitesinin ise bitki gelişim periyodu süresince istatistiksel olarak önemsiz olduğu bulunmuştur. Ayrıca minimum toprak işleme sistemlerinde üreaz ve alkalin fosfataz aktivitelerinin daha yüksek olduğu ve toprak derinliği arttıkça üreaz, alkali fosfataz ve katalaz aktivitelerinin azaldığı belirlenmiştir. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Toprak enzimleri
• buğday
• minimum toprak işleme
• konvansiyonel toprak işleme

Kaynakça

1. Anonim, 2018. T. C. Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara.
2. Bandick AK, Dick, RP, 1999. Field management effects on soil enzyme activities. Soil biology and biochemistry, 31(11): 1471-1479
3. Beck TH, 1971. Die messung der katalaseaktivitaet von Böden. Zeitschrift für Pflanzenernährung und Bodenkunde 130 (1): 68-81.
4. Borowik A, Wyszkowska J, 2016. Soil moisture as a factor affecting the microbiological and biochemical activity of soil. Plant, Soil and Environment, 62(6): 250-255.
5. Burns RG, 1982. Enzyme activity in soil: location and a possible role in microbial ecology. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 14 (5): 423-427.
6. Cai X, Lin Z, Penttinen P, Li Y, Li Y, Luo Y, Yue T, Jiang P, Fu W, 2018. Effects of conversion from a natural evergreen broadleaf forest to a Moso bamboo plantation on the soil nutrient pools, microbial biomass and enzyme activities in a subtropical area. Forest Ecology and Management, 422: 161–171.
7. Chabi-Olaye A, Nolte C, Schulthess F, Borgemeister C, 2005. Effects of grain legumes and cover crops on maize yield and plant damage by busseola fusca (fuller) (lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in the humid forest of southern Cameroon. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 108 (1): 17-28.
8. Couëdel A, Alletto L, Tribouillois H, Justes É, 2018. Cover crop crucifer-legume mixtures provide effective nitrate catch crop and nitrogen green manure ecosystem services. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 254: 50–59.

9. Deng SP, Tabatabai MA, 1997. Effect of tillage and residue management on enzyme activities in soils: III. Phosphatases and arylsulfatase. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 24: 141–146.
10. Dick RP, 1994. Soil enzyme activities as indicators of soil quality. Defining soil quality for a sustainable environment, 35: 107-124.
11. Dick RP, Rasmussen PE, Kerle EA, 1988. Influence of long-term residue management on soil enzyme activities in relation to soil chemical properties of a wheat-fallow system. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 6(2): 159-164.
12. Garg S, Bahl GS, 2008. Phosphorus availability to maize as influenced by organic manures and fertilizer P associated phosphatase activity in soils. Bioresource Technology, 99(13): 5773-5777.
13. Gee GW, Bauder JW, 1986. Particle-size analysis. Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 1. Physical and Minerological Methods. Second Edition. Agronomy, 9: 383-441.
14. Green VS, Stott DE, Cruz JC, Curi N, 2007. Tillage impacts on soil biological activity and aggreration in a Brazilian Cerrado Oxisol. Soil and Tillage Research, 92: 114–121.
15. Hoffmann GG, Teicher K, 1961. Ein kolorimetrisches verfahren zur bestimmung der urease aktivitat in böden. Z. Pflanzenernahr.Düng. Bodenkunde. 91(140): 55-63.
16. Hofmann ED, Hoffmann GG, 1966. Die bestimmug der biologischen tatigheit in böden mit enzymethoden. Reprinted from Advances in Enzymology and Related Subject of Biochemistry, 28: 365-390.
17. Kemper WD, Rosenau RC, 1986. Aggregate stability and size distribution. methods of soil analysis. Part 1. Physical and Mineralogical Methods (2nd ed.). Agronomy, 9: 425-442, 1188. doi:10.2136/ sssabookser5.1.2ed.c17
18. Landriscini MR, Galantini JA, Duval ME, Capurro JE, 2019. Nitrogen balance in a plant-soil system under different cover crop-soybean cropping in Argentina, Applied Soil Ecology, 133: 124-131.
19. Lei T, Gu Q, Guo X, Ma J, Zhang Y, Sun X, 2018. Urease activity and urea hydrolysis rate under coupling effects of moisture content, temperature, and nitrogen application rate. International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, 11(2): 132-138.
20. Liang Q, Chen H, Gong Y, Yang H, Fan M, Kuzyakov Y, 2014. Effects of 15 years of manure and mineral fertilizers on enzyme activities in particle-size fractions in a North China Plain soil. European Journal of Soil Biology, 60: 112-119.
21. Liu E, Yan C, Mei X, He W, Bing SH., Ding L, Fa T, 2010. Long-term effect of chemical fertilizer, straw, and manure on soil chemical and biological properties in northwest China. Geoderma, 158 (3-4), 173-180.
22. Malobane ME, Nciizah AD, Nyambo P, Mudau FN, Wakindiki II, 2020. Microbial biomass carbon and enzyme activities as influenced by tillage, crop rotation and residue management in a sweet sorghum cropping system in marginal soils of South Africa. Heliyon, 6 (11): e05513.
23. Mclean, EO, 1982. Soil ph and lime requirement. Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties (2nd ed.). Agronomy, 9: 199-224.
24. Meng QDLı, Zhang J, Zhou L, Ma X, Wang H, Wang G, 2016. Soil properties and maize (Zea mays L.) production under manure application combined with deep tillage management in solonetzic soils of Songnen Plain, Northeast China. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 15(4): 879–890.
25. Mirzavand J, Asadi-Rahmani H, Moradi-Talebbeigi R, 2020. Biological indicators of soil quality under conventional, reduced, and no-tillage systems. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 1-14.
26. Mukherjee A, Lal R, 2015. Short-term effects of cover cropping on the quality of a Typic Argiaquolls in Central Ohio. Catena, 131: 125–129.
27. Niu Y, Zhang R, Luo Z, Li L, Cai L, Li G, Xie J, 2016. Contributions of long-term tillage systems on crop production and soil properties in the semi-arid Loess Plateau of China. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 96(8): 2650-2659.
28. Nivelle E, Verzeaux J, Habbib H, Kuzyakov Y, Decocq G, Roger D, Lacoux J, Duclercq J, Spicher F, Nava-Saucedo JE., Catterou M, Dubois F, Tetu F, 2016. Functional response of soil microbial communities to tillage, cover crops and nitrogen fertilization. Applied Soil Ecology, 108: 147–155.
29. Olsen SR, Cole CV, Watanabe FS, Dean LA, 1954. Estimation of available phosphorus in soils by extraction with sodium bicarbonate. US Department of Agriculture, 939.
30. Quilchano, C, Mara˜n´on, T, 2002. Dehydrogenase activity in Mediterranean forest soils. Biol. Fert. Soils. 35: 102-107.
31. Radicetti E, Mancinelli R, Moscetti R, Campiglia E, 2016. Management of winter cover crop residues under different tillage conditions affects nitrogen utilization efficiency and yield of eggplant (Solanum melanogena L.) in Mediterranean environment. Soil and Tillage Research, 155: 329-338.
32. Rahmati M, Eskandari I, Kouselou M, Feiziasl V, Mahdavinia GR, Aliasgharzad N, McKenzie BM, 2020. Changes in soil organic carbon fractions and residence time five years after implementing conventional and conservation tillage practices. Soil and Tillage Research, 200: 104632. Doi:
33. Rhoades JD, 1983. Soluble salts. Methods of Soil Analysis: Part 2 Chemical and Microbiological Properties 9: 167-179.
34. Roldán, A, Salinas-García, JR, Alguacil, MM, Díaz, E, Caravaca, F, 2005. Soil enzyme activities suggest advantages of conservation tillage practices in sorghum cultivation under subtropical conditions. Geoderma, 129(3-4): 178-185.
35. Saha S, Gopinath KA, Mina BL, Gupta HS, 2008. Influence of continuous application of inorganic nutrients to a Maize–Wheat rotation on soil enzyme activity and grain quality in a rainfed Indian soil. European Journal of Soil Biology, 44(5-6): 521-531.
36. Sainju UM, Singh HP, Singh BP, 2017. Soil carbon and nitrogen in response to perennial bioenergy grass, cover crop and nitrogen fertilization. Pedosphere, 27: 223–235. doi:10.1016/S1002-0160(17)60312-6
37. Sánchez-Llerena J, López-Pi˜neiro A, Albarrán A, Pe˜na D, Becerra D, Rato-Nunes JM, 2016. Short and long-term effects of different irrigation and tillage systemson soil properties and rice productivity under Mediterranean conditions. European Journal of Agronomy, 77: 101–110.
38. Sardans J, Peñuelas J, Estiarte M, 2008. Changes in soil enzymes related to C and N cycle and in soil C and N content under prolonged warming and drought in a Mediterranean shrubland. Applied Soil Ecology, 39(2): 223-235.
39. Shi Y, Lalande R, Hamel C, Ziadi N, Gagnon B, Hu Z, 2013. Seasonal variation of microbial biomass, activity, and community structure in soil under different tillage and phosphorus management practices. Biol Fertil Soils, 49: 803–818.
40. Siwik-Ziomek A, Szczepanek M, 2019. Soil extracellular enzyme activities and uptake of N by Oilseed Rape depending on fertilization and seaweed biostimulant application. Agronomy, 9(9): 480
41. Sweeney DW, Moyer JL, 1994. Legume green manures and conservation tillage for grain sorghum production on prairie soil. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 58: 1518-1524.
42. Tang H, Xiao X, Li C, Cheng K, Shi L, Pan X, Wang K, 2020. Tillage and crop residue incorporation effects on soil bacterial diversity in the double-cropping paddy field of southern China. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 1-12.
43. TÜİK, 2019. https://www.tuik.gov.tr/
44. TÜİK, 2020. http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreTablo.do?alt_id=1001
45. Ulrich S, Tischer S, Hofmann B, Christen O, 2010. Biological soil properties in a long-term tillage trial in Germany. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 173, 483–489.
46. Walkley, A., Black, L.A. 1934. An examination of the degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science, 37 (1): 29–38.
47. Wang JB, Chen ZH, Chen LJ, Zhu AN, Wu ZJ, 2011. Surface soil phosphorus and phosphatase activities affected by tillage and crop residue input amounts. Plant Soil and Environment 57 (6): 251–257.
48. Wolff MW, Alsina MM, Stockert CM, Khalsa SDS, Smart DR, 2018. Minimum tillage of a cover crop lowers net GWP and sequesters soil carbon in a California vineyard. Soil and Tillage Research, 175: 244–254.
49. Xu T, Chen X, Hou Y, Zhu B, 2021. Changes in microbial biomass, community composition and diversity, and functioning with soil depth in two alpine ecosystems on the Tibetan plateau. Plant and Soil, 459(1):137-153.
50. Yang H, Wu G, Mo P, Chen S, Wang S, Xiao Y, Fan G, 2020. The combined effects of maize straw mulch and no-tillage on grain yield and water and nitrogen use efficiency of dry-land winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Soil and Tillage Research, 197: 104485.
51. Ye S, Peng B, 2019. Effects of application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on soil fertility and enzyme activities of pear jujube under straw mulching. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 384 (1); 012098. IOP Publishing.