Examining the Influential Parameters on Reducing both Energy and Time Requirements in Open-Source 3D Printers

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 1, 403 - 411, 01.03.2022

Volkan Korkut , Hakan Yavuz

https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.903159

Cited By: 2

Öz

The need for Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) type 3D printers in additive manufacturing family is increasing day by day. In parallel to the accelerating developments in these devices, the technical difficulties and the cost of operation have started to decrease in time. There are numerous studies available in the way to enhance the mechanical properties of parts printed with these devices. However, the energy and the time management in the printing processes have also become a new focus of today's research for more eco-friendly operations. In this study, the amount of energy and the time consumed during the printing period are examined in detail. The experiments are planned in accordance with the Taguchi method for Design of Experiments. Signal-to-Noise Ratio and ANOVA analysis, which are widely accepted and powerful statistical tools in the field of experimental engineering, are used to interpret the results. It is observed that the parameters of platform temperature, the layer thickness, the printing speed and the nozzle temperature are the most influential process parameters on the required power and time respectively. The percentage contributions of these parameters to the process performance is also presented. Furthermore, the optimal combination of parameters with suitable levels were obtained in order to minimize both the power and the time requirement for printing processes. The statistical hypothesis are verified by the confirmatory experiments. As a result, the parameters that significantly reduce the amount of energy and processing time for the production of a part applicable to most printing processes are revealed.

Anahtar Kelimeler

3d printing, energy management, FFF processes

Açık-Kaynaklı 3B Yazıcılarda Enerji ve Zaman Gereksinimini Azaltmada Etkili Parametrelerin İncelenmesi

Öz

Katmanlı imalat ailesinde yaygın olarak tercih edilen cihazlar olan Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) tipi 3D yazıcılara olan ihtiyaç gün geçtikçe artmaktadır. Bu cihazların geliştirilmesi sayesinde kullanım alanlarının artmasına ek olarak, işlem kolaylığı ve maliyeti de azalmaktaya başlamıştır. Basılan parçaların mekanik dayanımını arttırmayı amaçlayan çok sayıda çalışma mevcuttur. Dolayısıyla, çevre dostu bir üretim süreci için yapılan çalışmalar da gittikçe daha nitelikli hale gelmektedir. Bu amaçla, dayanımı yüksek olduğu bilinen özellikte bir numune üzerinde, harcanan enerji ve üretim süresi üzerinde detaylı incelemeler yapılmıştır. Numune üretiminde ihtiyaç duyulan güç ve zaman tüketimi belirli bir deneysel sıraya göre ölçümlenmiştir. Deneyler, Taguchi tabanlı Deneysel Planlama yöntemi temel alınarak planlanmıştır. Deneysel sonuçların yorumlanmasında, mühendislikte yaygın olarak kullanılan, güçlü birer istatistiksel araç olan Sinyal-Gürültü Oranı ve ANOVA analizlerinden yararlanılmıştır. Analizler sayesinde büyükten-küçüğe sırayla, platform sıcaklığı, katman kalınlığı, baskı hızı ve nozzle sıcaklığı parametrelerinin, tüketilen güç ve harcanan zaman üzerinde etkili olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Parametrelerin yüzde oranda etkileri de belirlenmiş olup, en verimli üretim işlemini sağlayabilecek optimum parametrik kombinasyon da elde edilmiştir. Yapılan doğrulama deneyleri sayesinde istatistiksel hipotezlerin doğruluğu da kanıtlanmıştır. Sonuç olarak, her baskı işlemi için geçerli olabilecek, sıradan bir parçanın üretimi için gereken enerji miktarını ve işlem süresini aynı anda ve önemli ölçüde azaltacak parametreler açığa çıkarılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

3B yazıcı, enerji yönetimi, FFF işlemleri

Kaynakça

• ASTM F2792-12a, 2012. Standard terminology for additive manufacturing technologies, F42.19, Ed. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International.
• Baumers M, Tuck C, Wildman R, Ashcroft, I, Rosamond E, Hague R, 2012. Combined build-time, energy consumption and cost estimation for direct metal laser sintering. Proc of the Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium, 278–288.
• Faludi J, Bayley C, Bhogal S, Iribarne M, 2015. Comparing environmental impacts of additive manufacturing vs traditional machining via life-cycle assessment, Rapid Prototyping J, 21(1):14-33.
• Forster A, 2015. Materials testing standards for additive manufacturing of polymer materials: State of the art and standards applicability, NIST Interagency/Internal report, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD.
• Gibson I, Rosen D, Stucker B, 2014. Additive manufacturing technologies: 3D printing, rapid prototyping, and direct digital manufacturing. Springer.
• Griffiths CA, Howarth J, De Almeida-Rowbotham G, Rees A, Kerton R, 2016). A design of experiments approach for the optimisation of energy and waste during the production of parts manufactured by 3D printing. J Clean Prod 139:74–85
• Gutierrez-Osorio A, Ruiz-Huerta L, Caballero-Ruiz A, Siller HR, Borja, V, 2019. Energy consumption analysis for additive manufacturing processes. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 105(1–4):1735–1743.
• Kumar Sood A, Ohdar RK, Mahapatra SS, 2010. Parametric appraisal of mechanical property offused deposition modeling processed parts. Mater Des 31(1):287–295.
• Liu X, Zhang M, Li S, Si L, Peng J, Hu Y, 2017. Mechanical property parametric appraisal of fused deposition modeling parts based on the gray Taguchi method. Int J Adv Manuf Tech, 89(5–8):2387–2397.
• McAlister C, Wood J, 2014. The potential of 3D printing to reduce the environmental impacts of production, ECEEE Ind. Summer Study Energy Effic Retool a Compet Sustain Ind, 1:213– 221.
• Rajpurohit SR, Dave HK, 2018. Flexural strength of fused filament fabricated (FFF) PLA parts on an open-source 3D printer. Advances in Manufacturing, 6(4):430–441.
• Roy RK, 2010. A primer on the Taguchi method, 2nd edn. Society of manufacturing engineers.
• Song R, Clemon L, Telenko C, 2018. Uncertainty and variability of energy and material use by fused deposition modeling printers in makerspaces, J Indl Ecol Wiley/Blackwell, (10):1111.
• Suárez L, & Domínguez M, 2020. Sustainability and environmental impact of fused deposition modelling (FDM) technologies. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 106(3–4):1267–1279.
• Tymrak BM, Kreiger M, Pearce JM, 2014. Mechanical properties of components fabricated with open-source 3-D printers under realistic environmental conditions. Mater Des 58(6):242–246.
• Watson JK, Taminger KMB, 2018. A decision-support model for selecting additive manufacturing versus subtractive manufacturing based on energy consumption. J Clean Prod 176:1316–1322.
• Wohler Associates, 2018. 3D printing and additive manufacturing state of the industry: annual worldwide progress report.